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Effect of the Surface modification of Cellulose nanofibers on the Mechanical Properties and Disintegrability of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites Cover

Effect of the Surface modification of Cellulose nanofibers on the Mechanical Properties and Disintegrability of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
Volume 31 (2023): Issue 6 (December 2023)
By: Justyna Wietecha,  Janusz Kazimierczak and  Agata Jeziorna  
Open Access
|Dec 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Chemical structure of a) polylactide chain, b) cellulose chain
Chemical structure of a) polylactide chain, b) cellulose chain

Fig. 2.

Partially saponified fatty acid methyl esters of castor oil – ZS1 (simplified formula). a) Structure of ricinoleic acid as the main component of castor oil; b) possible products of the transesterification reaction of ricinoleic acid
Partially saponified fatty acid methyl esters of castor oil – ZS1 (simplified formula). a) Structure of ricinoleic acid as the main component of castor oil; b) possible products of the transesterification reaction of ricinoleic acid

Fig. 3.

Chemical structure of CTAB
Chemical structure of CTAB

Fig. 4.

Chemical structure of sucrose palmitate - P1670
Chemical structure of sucrose palmitate - P1670

Fig. 5.

SEM images of NFC samples functionalized with three different compatibilizers after spray drying; a) NFC/ZS1 – 50 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 10 μm (lower picture); b) NFC/CTAB - 20 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture); c) NFC/ P1670 - 20 μm scale bar (uooer picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture)
SEM images of NFC samples functionalized with three different compatibilizers after spray drying; a) NFC/ZS1 – 50 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 10 μm (lower picture); b) NFC/CTAB - 20 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture); c) NFC/ P1670 - 20 μm scale bar (uooer picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture)

Fig. 6.

Comparison of PXRD diffractograms of unmodified and surfactant modified NFC powder samples
Comparison of PXRD diffractograms of unmodified and surfactant modified NFC powder samples

Fig. 7.

SEM images of particles of cellulose nanofibers modified with surfactants after re-dispersion in water: a) NFC/ZS1, b) NFC/CTAB, c) NFC/P1670
SEM images of particles of cellulose nanofibers modified with surfactants after re-dispersion in water: a) NFC/ZS1, b) NFC/CTAB, c) NFC/P1670

Fig. 8.

Photos of composite foils (c-f) and reference samples of pure PLA (a-b)
Photos of composite foils (c-f) and reference samples of pure PLA (a-b)

Fig. 9.

Optical transmittance of neat PLA and PLA CNF composite films (with CNF fibers modified with various surfactants)
Optical transmittance of neat PLA and PLA CNF composite films (with CNF fibers modified with various surfactants)

Fig. 10.

PXRD diffractograms of pure PLA and PLA NFC/surfactants films
PXRD diffractograms of pure PLA and PLA NFC/surfactants films

Fig. 11.

DSC (bottom blue line) and TG (top green line) graphs of pure PLA (a-b) and PLA with unmodified NFC (c) and PLA NFC/ surfactants films (d-f)
DSC (bottom blue line) and TG (top green line) graphs of pure PLA (a-b) and PLA with unmodified NFC (c) and PLA NFC/ surfactants films (d-f)

Fig. 8.

Tensile strength and elongation at break of neat PLA and PLA/NFC composite films
Tensile strength and elongation at break of neat PLA and PLA/NFC composite films

Fig. 9.

Photos and diagram of mass loss of composite foils and reference samples of pure PLA crystalline and PLA amorphic forms after 2 and 3 weeks of composting
Photos and diagram of mass loss of composite foils and reference samples of pure PLA crystalline and PLA amorphic forms after 2 and 3 weeks of composting

Fig. 10.

Disintegrability of PLA NFC composites and reference samples of pure PLA films over time
Disintegrability of PLA NFC composites and reference samples of pure PLA films over time

Physicochemical characteristics of PLA 6201D

Density, g/cm31,24
Melting point, °C155-170
Glass transition point, °C55-60
Contents of D-lactide isomer(%)1,4

TGA and DSC thermal characteristic of pure PLA and PLA NFC/surfactant composites

SampleTGDSC
T1 [°C]T inf [°C]T2 [°C]Δm [%]Tg[°C]ΔCp [J/g*K]Tcc [°C]ΔHcc [J/g]Tm [°C]ΔHm [J/g]
PLAcrystalline99,1122,9136,7-3,354,10,22––155,328,1
PLAamorphic77,6108,0130,9-2,2-3,557,90,54117,6-19,8153,620,1
142,5156,5165,5-1,3
PLA NFC/076,6110,3145,3-3,559,00,59122,1-16,0154,416,1
PLA NFC/ZS181,5109,5147,0-5,052,40,60116,0-18,3154,318,4
PLA NFC/CTAB90,3111,2133,8-3,759,20,60119,3-18,2154,618,2
PLA NFC/P 167092,6113,1137,4-4,257,60,60116,3-17,8154,617,8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2023-0051 | Journal eISSN: 2300-7354 | Journal ISSN: 1230-3666
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Language: English
Page range: 15 - 29
Published on: Dec 15, 2023
Published by: Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open
Keywords:
PLA,
cellulose nanofibres,
surfactants,
green composites
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Business management,
Business informatics,
Process management,
Industrial chemistry,
Cellulose, paper and textiles,
Polymer science and technology,
Materials sciences,
Biomaterials and natural materials

© 2023 Justyna Wietecha, Janusz Kazimierczak, Agata Jeziorna, published by Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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