Table 1.
Basalt fabric parameters (mean value with a variation coefficient)
| Sample | Weave | Linear mass of warp/weft, tex | Warp density, threads·cm-1 | Weft density, threads·cm-1 | Thickness, mm | Areal density, g·m-2 | Bulk density, kg·m-3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | Plain | 138 | 11 | 9 | 0.480 (4%) | 284 (6%) | 592 |
| B2 | Plain | 293 | 9 | 8 | 0.552 (5%) | 391 (7%) | 711 |
| B3 | Plain | 189 | 11 | 9 | 0.582 (3%) | 430 (8%) | 741 |
| B4 | Twill | 296 | 9 | 6 | 0.802 (4%) | 731 (5%) | 914 |
Fig. 1.
Optical microscopy images of both sides of basalt fabrics
Fig. 2.
Micro-CT images of damaged surface: a) yarns of basalt fabric B1 (surface area: 3 mm × 3 mm), b) an enlarged area of the fabric inside the rectangle illustrating protruding parts of basalt fibers (inside yellow circles)
Fig. 3.
Scheme of the measurement system according to ISO 12127-1:2016
Fig. 4.
Scheme of the measurement system according to EN ISO 6942:2022
Table 2.
Structural parameters of composites determined using micro-CT
| Geometrical parameter | Composite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP1 | BP2 | BP3 | BP4 | |
| Total porosity, % | 41.86 | 46.62 | 60.29 | 47.89 |
| Yarn porosity (weft), % | 35.61 | 32.91 | 30.34 | 39.57 |
| Yarn porosity (warp), % | 22.61 | 31.14 | 31.25 | 35.41 |
| Weft density, cm-1 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 8.9 | 6.6 |
| Warp density, cm-1 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 9.6 |
| Density of yarns, cm-2 | 106 | 77 | 101 | 63 |
| Major axis of elliptic yarn cross-section (weft), awe, mm | 0.767 | 0.771 | 0.644 | 1.089 |
| Minor axis of elliptic yarn cross-section (weft), bwe, mm | 0.177 | 0.156 | 0.235 | 0.295 |
| Weft flattering coefficient, ewe = bwe·awe-1 | 0.231 | 0.202 | 0.365 | 0.271 |
| Major axis of elliptic yarn cross-section (warp), awa, mm | 0.838 | 0.855 | 0.820 | 1.168 |
| Minor axis of elliptic yarn cross-section (warp), bwa, mm | 0.134 | 0.311 | 0.174 | 0.306 |
| Warp flattering coefficient, ewa = bwa·awa-1 | 0.160 | 0.364 | 0.212 | 0.262 |
Fig. 5.
3D micro-CT reconstruction of four basalt fabrics with a deposited coating of Parylene C, marked in yellow ( all textile surfaces were reduced to dimensions 3×3 mm)
Table 3.
Threshold time for basalt fabrics and composites
Table 4.
Radiant heat transfer index for basalt fabrics and composites
Fig. 6.
Uncertainty intervals covering the threshold time for unmodified basalt fabrics and composites
Fig. 7.
Uncertainty intervals covering the radiant heat transfer index for unmodified basalt fabrics and composites
Table 5.
Color measurements results
| Sample | L1* | a1* | b1* | Sample | L1* | a1* | b1* | ΔE00 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | 51.02 | 3.76 | 8.96 | BP1 | 52.06 | 3.20 | 9.19 | 1.67 |
| B2 | 47.42 | 2.94 | 8.53 | BP2 | 47.81 | 3.02 | 8.17 | 1.67 |
| B3 | 51.27 | 3.12 | 9.37 | BP3 | 50.89 | 3.17 | 8.75 | 1.67 |
| B4 | 48.18 | 2.97 | 8.76 | BP4 | 49.72 | 3.08 | 8.80 | 1.67 |
Fig. 8.
Remission curves of fabrics: a) B1, b) BP1
Fig. 9.
Dependence of tt and RHTI24 on the porosity and thickness of unmodified and modified basalt fabrics (lines guide the eye)