Structural and Physiological Properties of Footwear Textiles

Patrycja Kaziur; Zbigniew Mikołajczyk

doi:10.2478/ftee-2023-0047

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Structural and Physiological Properties of Footwear Textiles

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

Volume 31 (2023): Issue 5 (December 2023)

By: Patrycja Kaziur and Zbigniew Mikołajczyk

Open Access

|Dec 2023

Figures & Tables

Adidas footwear model used for the research

Sprandi footwear model used for the research

Table 1.

List of materials with characteristics

Textile materials
Variant number	Top side	Bottom side	Knitting technology	Yarns	Weave
1			large diameter cylindrical crochet machine (Mayer & Cie, OVJA 1.6 EE 3/2 ET)	PES dtex 167 f 32/1 x 3, PES dtex 330 f 72/4	modified incomplete four-color jacquard with a filling in the form of a thread in each row
2			large diameter cylindrical crochet machine (Mayer & Cie, OVJA 1.6 EE 3 WT)	PES dtex 167/1, Elastan dtex 44	full two-color jacquard (in some areas there is a jacquard with a modified structure causing an openwork effect)
3			large diameter cylindrical crochet machine (Mayer & Cie, OVJA 1.6 EE 3/2 ET)	PES dtex 167/1	incomplete four-color double-sided jacquard
4			large diameter cylindrical crochet machine (Mayer & Cie)	PES dtex 167/1	incomplete three-color jacquard (in some areas there is a jacquard with a modified structure causing an openwork effect)
5			small diameter cylindrical crochet machine	PES 450 dtex	striped jacquard (alternating leftright and jacquard weave stripes)
6			flat knitting machine (CMS 502 HP B multi gauge E7.2)	PES dtex 167/32/1, Elastan dtex 156	two-layer knitted fabric with a tuck stitch system
7			flat knitting machine (CMS ADF-3 E7.2)	PES dtex 167/32/1, Elastan dtex 156, Hot Melt 220 dtex	two-layer knitted fabric composed of three weave systems: jacquard, openwork and tuck stitches
8			flat knitting machine (CMS 330 HP W TT sport E7.2)	PES 167 dtex, Lycra 156 dtex	two-layer knitted fabric with openwork weave areas
9			flat knitting machine (CMS 330 HP W TT sport E7.2)	PES 167 dtex, Lycra 156 dtex	two-layer knitted fabric with openwork and jacquard weave areas
10			flat knitting machine (CMS 502 HP+ multi gauge E7.2)	PES 167 dtex, Lycra 156 dtex	two-layer knitted fabric composed of jacquard (positivenegative) and openwork weave systems
Commercial textile uppers
11			The upper consists of two knitted fabrics connected with an embroidery thread, the upper part is made of a two-layer knitted fabric joined with tucks, the bottom is an interlock knitted fabric
12			Two-layer knitted fabric combined with tuck stitches and an openwork weave
Leather materials
13			Chrome-tanned cow leather, vegetable-syntan retanning, polished face finished by pouring using roll coater, fixed with a water-based polyurethane varnish
14			Chrome-tanned cow leather, chrome-syntan retanning

Table 2.

Results of measurements of structural parameters

Variant number	Thickness, h mm	Mass per square meter, Mp g/m²	Course density, Pr number of courses/dm	Wale density, Pk number of wales/dm	Loop width, A mm	Loop height, B mm	Loop shape coefficient, C
1	1.91	730	37	71	1.41	2.70	1.92
2	1.56	372	98	93	1.08	1.02	0.95
3	1.70	488	77	89	1.12	1.30	1.16
4	1.48	348	97	86	1.16	1.03	0.89
5	3.55	973	122	72	1.39	0.82	0.59
6	3.18	1219	88	59	1.69	1.14	0.67
7	3.15	1024	89	59	1.69	1.12	0.66
8	3.44	984	122	80	1.25	0.82	0.66
9	3.48	1173	108	76	1.32	0.93	0.70
10	3.49	1089	106	79	1.27	0.94	0.75
11	2.42	915	-	-	-	-	-
11a	1.74	750	70	52	1.92	1.43	0.74
11b	0.68	165	198	162	0.62	0.51	0.82
12	2.47	1147	118	68	1.47	0.85	0.58
13	1.80	1009	-	-	-	-	-
14	1.45	905	-	-	-	-	-

Table 3.

Results of measurements of air permeability

Variant number	Air permeability, P dm³/m²s
1	417.36
2	1422.80
3	1014.93
4	1588.79
5	275.08
6	882.14
7	1688.39
8	882.14
9	1432.29
10	264.64
11	986.48
12	327.25
13	0.00
14	0.86

Table 4.

Results of measurements of thermal-insulating properties measured on the Alambeta device

Variant number	Thickness, h	Thermal conductivity, λ	Thermal diffusion, a	Thermal absorption, b	Thermal resistance, r	Relative thermal resistance related to material thickness, r_rel	Maximal and stationary heat flow quotient, I	Stationary heat flow density at contact point, s
	mm	10^-3W · m^-1 · K^-1	10^-6 m² · s^-1	W · m^-2 · s^1/2 ·K^-1	10^-3 W^-1 · K ·m²	W^-1 · K ·m	-	W · K · m^-2
1	2.44	51.2	0.243	104.0	47.6	19.51	2.01	0.295
2	1.53	42.4	0.179	100.0	36.1	23.59	1.87	0.359
3	1.73	55.6	0.182	130.0	31.0	17.92	2.16	0.477
4	1.53	48.8	0.175	117.0	31.3	20.46	1.96	0.457
5	4.21	55.3	0.836	60.5	76.2	18.10	1.98	0.181
6	3.25	59.0	0.772	67.1	55.1	16.95	1.52	0.190
7	3.59	51.9	0.145	136.0	69.3	19.30	3.10	0.305
8	4.21	53.2	0.321	93.9	79.2	18.81	1.76	0.163
9	4.77	50.9	0.495	72.4	93.6	19.62	1.51	0.118
10	3.50	66.3	0.452	98.7	52.8	15.09	1.50	0.195
11	2.78	51.4	0.162	128.0	54.0	19.42	3.13	0.392
12	4.65	47.0	0.630	59.2	98.8	21.25	1.55	0.109
13	1.58	55.1	0.078	197.0	28.6	18.10	1.90	0.466
14	1.41	56.1	0.062	226.0	25.2	17.87	2.41	0.663

Table 5.

Results of measurements of water vapor permeability

Variant number	Relative water vapor permeability, RWVP %	Water vapor resistance, R_et Pa · m² · W^-1
1	41.4	10.0
2	61.0	4.4
3	52.1	6.4
4	56.1	5.3
5	22.7	23.2
6	51.0	6.2
7	33.2	12.9
8	31.1	14.2
9	22.7	22.0
10	24.2	10.1
11	28.0	16.6
12	29.5	15.3
13	0.0	0.0
14	31.1	14.6

Table 6a.

Results of sorption properties of tested variants - absolute values

Variant number	Wetting time of top surface, WTT s	Wetting time of bottom surface, WTB s	Absorption rate of top surface, TAR, %/s	Absorption rate of bottom surface, BAR %/s	Maximum wetting radius for top surface, MWRT mm	Maximum wetting radius for bottom surface, MWRB mm	Spreading speed on top surface, TSS mm/s	Spreading speed on bottom surface, BSS mm/s	Accumulative one-way transport index, R -	Overall moisture management capacity, OMMC -
1	8.658	12.823	13.604	12.506	7.500	7.500	1.234	1.127	-45.566	0.076
2	1.742	9.828	26.865	36.422	12.500	10.000	0.666	0.696	261.570	0.420
3	21.528	8.517	41.943	51.433	10.000	10.000	0.484	0.741	129.866	0.315
4	3.464	3.604	40.290	42.022	20.000	20.000	3.546	3.433	13.622	0.362
5	7.676	11.326	18.379	21.517	10.000	10.000	1.489	0.899	9.422	0.100
6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
8	6.271	120.000	78.578	0.000	5.000	0.000	0.774	0.000	-936.689	0.000
9	5.897	14.040	6.918	8.558	10.000	5.000	1.176	0.351	-29.673	0.023
10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
11	7.020	50.544	81.606	5.012	5.000	5.000	0.694	0.099	-941.899	0.000
12	4.212	4.587	20.884	25.140	10.000	15.000	1.665	2.106	97.732	0.298
13	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	120.000	120.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	6.717	0.060

Table 6b.

Results of the sorption properties of the tested variants - relative values in the ranking scale 1-5

Variant number	Wetting time of top surface, WTT 1-5	Wetting time of bottom surface, WTB 1-5	Absorption rate of top surface, TAR, 1-5	Absorption rate of bottom surface, BAR 1-5	Maximum wetting radius for top surface, MWRT 1-5	Maximum wetting radius for bottom surface, MWRB 1-5	Spreading speed on top surface, TSS 1-5	Spreading speed on bottom surface, BSS 1-5	Accumulative one-way transport index, R 1-5	Overall moisture management capacity, OMMC 1-5
1	3.25	3	1.5	1.5	2	2	2	2	1.25	1
2	3	3.25	2.5	2.75	2.5	2	1	1	3.75	2.75
3	2.5	3.5	3	3.5	2	2	1	1	3	2
4	4.25	4.25	3	3	4	4	4	4	2	2.25
5	3.5	3	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	1
6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
8	3.5	1	4	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
9	3.5	3	1	1	2	1	1.5	1	1.5	1
10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
11	3.5	2	4	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
12	4	35	2	2.5	2	3	2	2.5	2.5	2
13	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2023-0047 | Journal eISSN: 2300-7354 | Journal ISSN: 1230-3666

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Language: English

Page range: 75 - 85

Published on: Dec 1, 2023

Published by: Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

footwear,

comfort,

footwear upper,

physiological properties

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business informatics,

Process management,

Industrial chemistry,

Cellulose, paper and textiles,

Polymer science and technology,

Materials sciences,

Biomaterials and natural materials

© 2023 Patrycja Kaziur, Zbigniew Mikołajczyk, published by Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 31 (2023): Issue 5 (December 2023)

Structural and Physiological Properties of Footwear Textiles

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 6a.

Table 6b.

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