Estimation of capital expenditures for the restoration of disturbed ecosystems_
| Indicators | Quantity | Price, tax, UAH | Amount, UAH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expenditures for clearing lands damaged as a result of hostilities (pollution with fuel and lubricants and other chemicals, radiation, solid waste (including remnants of military equipment, ammunition); burial of bodies of people and animals that died), thousand hectares | |||
| Expenditures for land reclamation, which were violated as a result of hostilities, thousand hectares | |||
| Costs for planting forests, thousand hectares | |||
| Costs for the restoration of planting material, thousand hectares | |||
| Costs for the construction, arrangement, and maintenance of engineering structures, units for each type | |||
| Costs for the renewal of forest infrastructure, units for each species | |||
| Costs for the restoration of forest flora, units for each species or thousands of hectares | |||
| Costs for the restoration of forest fauna, units for each species | |||
| Costs for the restoration of mycelium, thousand hectares | |||
| Costs for the restoration of forest protection strips, thousand hectares | |||
| Demining costs, units | |||
| Expenses for the implementation of hydraulic measures, including (if necessary) the clearing of rivers or other water bodies |
Compensation for loss of cultural, aesthetic, recreational, landscape components of forest ecosystems and related indicators_
| Source / Service | Indicator / Criterion | Gain | Price, tax, UAH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural landscapes of biodiversity, processes, and phenomena in ecosystems / Recreation and spiritual enrichment services | Health properties and sensory information: attractive landscapes, favorable climatic conditions, microclimate, phenology, clean air, no negative anthropogenic impacts | Opportunities for physical recreation, medical or psychological rehabilitation. Opportunities for aesthetic pleasure, spiritual enrichment, spiritual practices | Equivalent to the health effect (including avoidance of medical expenses and time spent on treatment). The equivalent of the cost you are willing to pay for transportation to and from natural areas. Economic benefits of communities, organizations, and households |
| Natural ecosystems of all types / Services of cognition (scientific, educational, upbringing) | Possibility of the scientific study of biodiversity and natural processes | Production of scientific knowledge (in particular for the needs of medicine, and agriculture) | Profit from the introduction of scientific knowledge (in particular for the needs of medicine, and agriculture). Economic benefits from the improvement of methods of agriculture, medicine, and protection of the population. Economic benefits of communities, organizations, households |
| Natural landscapes / Environment for recreation, tourism, rural green tourism, ecotourism | Health properties, and sensory information: attractive landscapes, favorable climatic conditions, microclimate, phenology, clean air, no negative anthropogenic impacts | Opportunities for physical recreation, medical or psychological rehabilitation Opportunities for aesthetic pleasure, spiritual enrichment, spiritual practices | Equivalent health effect. Economic benefit of communities, organizations, households |
Estimation of costs incurred to prevent or reduce losses_
| Indicators | Amount, UAH |
|---|---|
| Costs of fire fighting, ha | |
| The cost of partial infrastructure upgrades | |
| Expenditures on intensive patrol of forests | |
| Costs of organizing and conducting stationary and dynamic patrols |
An estimate of the lost profits that could have been derived from a saved resource, territory, or object_
| Indicators | Quantity | Price, tax, UAH | Amount, UAH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenues from the sale of the main types of logging and logging activities | |||
| Revenues from the sale of products of processing of secondary forest resources and by-products of forest use | |||
| Income from tourist and recreational activities | |||
| Income from hunting | |||
| Revenues from the sale of planting material | |||
| Reporting of forestries for previous years |
Estimation of losses due to the lack of opportunities to use natural resources to ensure the living conditions of the population_
| Indicators | Quantity | Price, tax, UAH | Amount, UAH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loss of forestry income due to inability to harvest firewood for the population living within/near the forest, ha | |||
| Loss of forestry income due to the impossibility of harvesting peat for the population living within/near the forest, ha | |||
| Loss of household income due to inability to harvest mushrooms by the population living within/near the forest, ha | |||
| Loss of household income due to the impossibility of harvesting berries by the population of the community living within/near the forest, ha | |||
| Loss of household income due to the impossibility of harvesting medicinal plants by the population of the community living within/near the forest, ha |
Component (resource) approach to the calculation of damage to forest ecosystems and their natural objects_
| Resource type | UOM | Amount Type of damage | The nature of the damage | Fee for calculating the amount of damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forest soils | 1000ha | Disturbed soils | Burning due to fire | *App.10. |
| Removal of soil cover, pollution, and littering of their territories | **App. 10 | |||
| Forest plantations: lists by the degree of maturity and predominant species of stands | 1000ha or m3 | Destroyed, damaged trees: | Fires | *App. 1,2 |
| Wood resources | m3 | Felled trees | Aggressors + for defense purposes | *App. 1,2 |
| Forest undergrowth | 1000ha | Destruction of and damage to forest crops, natural growth, self-seeding, seedlings, and saplings | Fires | *App. 3 |
| Herbaceous vegetation | 1000ha | Destruction or damage | Same as above | *App. 7 |
| Mycelium | 1000ha | Destruction or damage | Same as above | |
| Medicinal plants | 1000ha | Destruction or damage | Same as above | *App. 10 |
| Berries | 1000ha | The same | Same as above | *App. 10 |
| Animals | Units | Destruction of wildlife, damage to or destruction of their dwellings and buildings, habitats, and reproduction | Fires | **App. 7 |
| Birds | Units | The same | Same as above | **App. 7 |
| Insects (bees) | Units | Destruction of habitats and reproduction | Same as above | **App. 7 |
| Forest infrastructure | Units | Destruction of or damage to information and security and other signs, drainage ditches, drainage, anti-erosion systems, roads, and other objects | Fires | *App. 6 |
| *App. 8 | ||||
| **App. 12 |
Estimation of losses due to lack of care options and forest management_
| Indicators | Quantity | Price, tax, UAH | Amount, UAH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest losses due to the impossibility of forest pathological examinations, ha | |||
| Forest losses due to the impossibility of carrying out extermination work in the centers of pests and diseases by land methods, ha | |||
| Deterioration of forests due to the impossibility of felling care, sanitary felling | |||
| Forest losses due to the impossibility of artificial reforestation on fellings | |||
| Forest losses due to the inability to prevent forest fires | |||
| Losses due to the impossibility of growing seedlings, new planting material |
Assessment of losses of forest regulatory functions and ecosystem maintenance services_
| Source / Service | Indicator / Criterion | Gain | Approach to evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural vegetation, the presence of moisture, and natural processes in terrestrial ecosystems of all types / Regulation of surface temperature and air | Protection of soil with vegetation, transpiration, and evaporation from the surface of reservoirs, soil; preservation of soil structure | Maintaining stable climatic conditions, microclimate, providing comfortable living conditions for people, agricultural activities; protection against natural disasters | Due to possible losses or compensatory measures (due to loss of crops, the need for air conditioning of living space and storage facilities) |
| Natural vegetation, moisture, and natural processes in terrestrial ecosystems of all types / Regulation of moisture cycle (regulation of local precipitation, humidity) | Processes of transpiration, evaporation from the surface of water bodies, soil, plants. Water-holding capacity of vegetation | Preservation of fresh water sources. Maintaining stable climatic conditions, and microclimate, providing comfortable living conditions for people, and agricultural activities; protection against natural disasters | The cost of fresh water used for drinking, industrial water supply. The cost of moisture control can also be estimated according to possible losses or compensatory measures: due as crop loss or the need for artificial irrigation |
| Natural and artificially formed woody vegetation / Regulation of air flows (reduction of wind force and speed, peak gusts) | Shielding of air flows by forests and artificial plantings | Maintaining stable climatic conditions, microclimate, providing comfortable living conditions for people, agricultural activities; protection against natural disasters | The cost of temperature control can be estimated through possible losses or compensatory measures: due to crop loss, destruction of residential, domestic and industrial premises, as well as other ecosystems |
| Natural vegetation in ecosystems of all types / Regulation of air composition and quality | The ability of vegetation to affect the concentration of atmospheric gases, and pollutants in the air, accumulate them in organic matter, and neutralize pollutants | Maintaining a stable composition of atmospheric air provides comfortable living conditions for people and agricultural activities | Estimating the cost of temperature control due to possible losses or compensatory measures: due to deteriorating health, treatment costs, and reduced life expectancy |
| Terrestrial ecosystems of all types, as well as artificial plantations with closed vegetation / Replenishment of groundwater | Infiltration of precipitation (including snow retention), their cleaning, and transportation to soil horizons | Water supply, increase in yield | The cost of water consumed from groundwater horizons, and surface water originating from underground sources. When groundwater has healing and health properties, evaluate the equivalent of the health effect |
| Natural vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems of all types. Artificial plantings (forest strips, reclaimed lands, buffer strips, fallows) / Soil formation | Presence of soil organisms and natural grassy vegetation, rhizosphere. Reduction of vegetation strength and power in surface runoff, reduction of wind speed | Soil fertility, and the possibility of growing crops | The cost of products grown using soils |
| Natural vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems of all types / Protection of soils from erosion | The presence of natural vegetation protects soils from drying out, wind and water erosion, and ultraviolet light; affecting the level of the albedo of the earth’s surface | Soil fertility, the possibility of growing agricultural crops. No costs for the use of fertilizers and the cost of surface water quality | The cost of products grown using soils. Biodiversity conservation |
| Coastal ecosystems of watercourses and reservoirs / Protection against natural disasters, mitigation of adverse climatic conditions. Shore protection | Natural properties of coastal vegetation to resist the kinetic processes of shoreline abrasion | Protection of settlements and agricultural lands from the destructive effects of floods | It is possible to estimate the cost of shore protection through possible losses or compensatory measures: due to the loss of crops, destruction of residential, domestic, industrial premises, and other ecosystems |
| Vegetation / Primary productivity of ecosystems and greenhouse gas deposits | The cycle of matter and energy, the formation of primary biomass through photosynthesis. Removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and accumulation in biomass of living plants (wood) and their dead parts | Formation of stable climatic conditions. Avoiding the effects of droughts, rapid climate fluctuations, and natural disasters | Calculation of the value of greenhouse gas emission allowances. The damage from climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions should also be taken into account. |
| Ecosystems of all types / Biodiversity | Natural processes in ecosystems | Formation of genetic and species diversity of living organisms; creation of permanent interspecific groups; formation of natural balance in ecosystems with the highest bio-productivity and resistance to fluctuations in environmental conditions | The basis for the future economic development of the community and improvement of people’s living standards |