Tree diversity and species composition of tropical dry forests in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region

Nguyen Thanh Tuan; Tran Quang Bao; Diego I. Rodríguez-Hernández; Ilaria Gliottone

doi:10.2478/fsmu-2021-0013

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Tree diversity and species composition of tropical dry forests in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region

Forestry Studies

Volume 75 (2021): Issue 1 (December 2021)

By: Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Tran Quang Bao, Diego I. Rodríguez-Hernández and Ilaria Gliottone

Open Access

|Jun 2022

Figures & Tables

Geographic location of the study area. The upper left panel shows the location of Vietnam's Central Highlands Region (pink colour); the lower left panel shows the location of the study area (light green colour) and the right panel shows the vegetation cover of tropical dry dipterocarp forests (fluorescent green colour) and the distribution of sampled plots for the four different dry forest (DF) types.

Tree species-area curve between species richness and the 103 main plots that were sampled within a total of 10.3 ha of natural forest in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region.

Species richness (number of species per plot); stem density (number of individual stems per plot); family richness (number of families per plot); basal area (sum of basal area per plot); mean diameter (mean diameter per plot); mean height (mean height per plot) for the four dry forest (DF) types studied.

Relationship between species relative importance and species rank in abundance for the top 5 tree species recorded in the four dry forest (DF) types studied.

Table 1

Similarity Index (J’) matrix between four dry forest (DF) types in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region.

Forest types	DFM	DFP	DFV
DFR	45.76%	43.10%	36.11%
DFM		59.09%	53.85%
DFP			58.11%
DFV

Top ten tree species and their contribution based on their importance value index (IVI), in terms of relative basal area (RBA), relative density (RD) and relative frequency (RF) for the four dry forest (DF) types studied in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region.

Table 2

Consolidated details of tree diversity in four types of tropical dry dipterocarp forests in Vietnam's Central Highland Region.

Forest types	Margalef's Index (R)	Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’)	Simpson Index (D)	Evenness Index (E)
DFR	8.43±1.03^a	2.29±0.16^a	0.87±0.02^a	0.32±0.02^a
DFM	5.90 ±1.62^b	1.85±0.38^b	0.78±0.12^b	0.34±0.04^a
DFP	5.44±1.80^b	1.80±0.32^b	0.77±0.08^b	0.35±0.07^a
DFV	5.88±2.00^b	1.81±0.37^b	0.76±0.11^b	0.34±0.06^a
Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared	10.553	10.572	9.9064	1.4935
p-value	0.0144	0.01428	0.01938	0.6838

[i] Note: Different letters (a, b) within the same column denote significant differences among indices (p<0.05). All variables were computed for all stems ≥5 cm of diameter.

Frequency (%) of trees according to different DBH classes for the four dry forest (DF) types studied. Notes: DFR: rich dry forest; DFM: medium dry forest; DFP: poor dry forest; DFV: very poor dry forest.

Regeneration status for the top 10 tree species recorded in the four dry forest (DF) types studied. Notes: DFR: rich dry forest; DFM: medium dry forest; DFP: poor dry forest; DFV: very poor dry forest.

Supplementary Table S1

Nationally rare and IUCN red list of threatened species recorded in four different dry forest (DF) types of Vietnam's Central Highlands.

Species name	IUCN	DFR	DFM	DFP	DFV
Dalbergia oliveri Gamble ex Prain	EN	-	-	-	1
Hopea recopei Pierre ex Laness	EN	-	1	-	-
Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer	EN	-	-	-	1
Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz.	EN	-	1	3	12
Dalbergia bariensis Pierre	EN	5	2	21	41
Sindora siamensis Teysm.	LR	-	1	-	-
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.	NT	8	157	250	376
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm.	NT	7	158	242	323
Shorea obtusa Wall.	NT	-	15	15	37
Vitex ajugaeflora Dop	VU	-	2	1	33
Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain	VU	-	-	-	1
Parashorea stellata Kurz	VU	-	1	-	-
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.	VU	-	24	1	5
Hopea odorata Roxb.	VU	-	-	-	2
Shorea roxburghii G. Don	VU	26	85	309	448

[i] Notes: IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature; EN: endangered species; LR: species at lower risk; NT: near threatened species; VU: vulnerable species.

Supplementary Table S2

List of species richness found in four different dry forest (DF) types of Vietnam's Central Highlands. Tree species are ranked from the highest to the lowest based on their importance value index (IVI).

DFR			DFM			DFP			DFV
No	Species	IVI	No	Species	IVI	No	Species	IVI	No	Species	IVI
1	Shorea siamensis	52.1	1	Dipterocarpus tuberculatus	37.8	1	Shorea obtusa	52.2	1	Shorea obtusa	40.8
2	Shorea obtusa	42.8	2	Dipterocarpus obtusifolius	37.4	2	Dipterocarpus tuberculatus	41.6	2	Dipterocarpus tuberculatus	37.8
3	Xylia xylocarpa	35.6	3	Shorea obtusa	36.3	3	Dipterocarpus obtusifolius	40.9	3	Dipterocarpus obtusifolius	32.7
4	Terminalia alata	32.6	4	Xylia xylocarpa	19.1	4	Terminalia alata	22.6	4	Shorea siamensis	23.1
5	Dillenia sp.	15.2	5	Shorea siamensis	18.1	5	Terminalia chebula	17.8	5	Aporosa villosa	14.8
6	Dipterocarpus tuberculatus	13.1	6	Terminalia alata	15.6	6	Shorea siamensis	14.1	6	Xylia xylocarpa	13.8
7	Aporosa villosa	11.6	7	Aporosa villosa	11.2	7	Aporosa villosa	12.1	7	Terminalia alata	11.5
8	Dipterocarpus obtusifolius	8.6	8	Dipterocarpus alatus	10.2	8	Xylia xylocarpa	10.1	8	Terminalia chebula	10.2
9	Elaeocarpus hygrophilus	7.3	9	Irvingia malayana	8.8	9	Dillenia sp.	6.8	9	Morinda citrifolia	9.9
10	Syzygium cumini	6.3	10	Dillenia sp.	7.4	10	Neonauclea purpurea	6.1	10	Dalbergia bariensis	6.8
11	Dalbergia bariensis	6.3	11	Terminalia chebula	7.1	11	Dalbergia bariensis	5.8	11	Albizia lebbeck	6.3
12	Haldina cordiflora	5.3	12	Lagerstroemia calyculata	6.6	12	Strychnos nux–blanda	5.1	12	Dillenia sp.	5.9
13	Cratoxylon formosum	4.9	13	Lagerstroemia speciosa	6.5	13	Shorea roxburghii	4.3	13	Shorea roxburghii	5.6
14	Barringtonia acutangula	4.8	14	Terminalia corticosa	5.6	14	Morinda citrifolia	4.3	14	Syzygium cumini	4.6
15	Lagerstroemia speciosa	4.6	15	Shorea roxburghii	5.6	15	Lagerstroemia calyculata	3.5	15	Neonauclea purpurea	4.5
16	Schrebera swietenioides	4.5	16	Morinda citrifolia	5.0	16	Spondias pinnata	3.4	16	Lannea coromandelica	4.2
17	Neonauclea purpurea	4.1	17	Melia azedarach	4.2	17	Barringtonia acutangula	3.3	17	Cratoxylon formosum	4.1
18	Terminalia corticosa	3.5	18	Syzygium cumini	4.1	18	Cratoxylon formosum	2.9	18	Vitex ajugaeflora	4.0
19	Lagerstroemia calyculata	3.3	19	Spondias pinnata	3.9	19	Bombax ceiba	2.9	19	Barringtonia acutangula	3.9
20	Peristrophe bivalvis	3.3	20	Elaeocarpus hygrophilus	3.9	20	Semecarpus sp.	2.8	20	Strychnos nux–blanda	3.2
21	Shorea roxburghii	3.2	21	Cratoxylon formosum	3.4	21	Bauhinia malabarica	2.3	21	Melanorrhoea laccifera	3.1
22	Bauhinia malabarica	3.1	22	Neonauclea purpurea	3.4	22	Syzygium cumini	1.9	22	Castanopsis piriformis	3.1
23	Strychnos nux–blanda	3.0	23	Grewia nervosa	2.9	23	Anogeissus acuminata	1.9	23	Semecarpus sp.	2.5
24	Melia azedarach	2.6	24	Millingtonnia hortensis	2.7	24	Terminalia corticosa	1.8	24	Careya aborea	2.4
25	Diospyros maritima	2.5	25	Bombax ceiba	2.6	25	Grewia nervosa	1.8	25	Terminalia corticosa	2.3
26	Morinda citrifolia	2.5	26	Albizia lebbeck	2.5	26	Schrebera swietenioides	1.8	26	Spondias pinnata	2.2
27	Prunus arborea	2.4	27	Strychnos nux–blanda	2.1	27	Azadirachta indica	1.8	27	Pterocarpus macrocarpus	2.1
28	Artocarpus lakoocha	2.3	28	Peristrophe bivalvis	2.0	28	Pterocarpus macrocarpus	1.7	28	Bridelia balansae	1.9
29	Terminalia catappa	2.2	29	Semecarpus sp.	1.8	29	Engelhardtia chrysolepis	1.6	29	Prunus arborea	1.9
30	Castanopsis piriformis	2.1	30	Clausena excavata	1.5	30	Fructus Gleditschia	1.6	30	Grewia nervosa	1.7
31	Peltophorum pterocarpum	2.1	31	Vitex ajugaeflora	1.5	31	Phyllanthus emblica	1.6	31	Peristrophe bivalvis	1.6
32	Briedenia cambodiana	2.0	32	Barringtonia acutangula	1.4	32	Ficus	1.4	32	Bauhinia malabarica	1.5
			33	Schrebera swietenioides	1.4	33	Lagerstroemia speciosa	1.4	33	Irvingia malayana	1.5
			34	Dalbergia bariensis	1.2	34	Elaeocarpus hygrophilus	1.3	34	Catunaregam tomentosa	1.4
			35	Parinari annamense	1.1	35	Albizia lebbeck	1.1	35	Lagerstroemia calyculata	1.4
			36	Anogeissus acuminata	0.9	36	Catunaregam tomentosa	1.1	36	Bombax ceiba	1.3
			37	Pterocarpus macrocarpus	0.9	37	Millingtonnia hortensis	1.0	37	Canthium horridum	1.3
			38	Prunus arborea	0.9	38	Lannea coromandelica	1.0	38	Lagerstroemia speciosa	1.3
			39	Parashorea stellata	0.9	39	Prunus arborea	1.0	39	Elaeocarpus hygrophilus	1.2
			40	Hopea recopei	0.8	40	Canthium horridum	1.0	40	Anogeissus Acuminata	1.1
			41	Engelhardtia roxburghiana	0.8	41	Rhamnus crenatus	0.8	41	Terminalia catappa	1.0
			42	Neonauclea sessilifolia	0.8	42	Machilus odoratissima	0.7	42	Phyllanthus emblica	0.9
			43	Peltophorum pterocarpum	0.8	43	Diospyros ehretioides	0.6	43	Quercus kerrii	0.9
			44	Rhamnus crenatus	0.7	44	Vitex ajugaeflora	0.6	44	Senna siamea	0.9
			45	Elaeocacpus macroceras	0.7	45	Briedenia cambodiana	0.6	45	Cratoxylon prunifolium	0.9
			46	Stereospermum cylindricum	0.7	46	Buchanania latifolia	0.6	46	Garcinia oblongifolia	0.8
			47	Bauhinia malabarica	0.7	47	Dipterocarpus alatus	0.6	47	Terminalia triptera	0.7
			48	Machilus odoratissima	0.7	48	Mallotus philippinensis	0.6	48	Wrightia pubescens	0.7
			49	Diospyros maritima	0.7	49	Terminalia calamansanai	0.5	49	Stereospermum cylindricum	0.7
			50	Knema lenta	0.6	50	Terminalia catappa	0.5	50	Haldina cordiflora	0.6
			51	Canarium subulatum	0.6	51	Peristrophe bivalvis	0.5	51	Rhamnus crenatus	0.6
			52	Fructus Gleditschia	0.6	52	Polyalthia cerasoides	0.5	52	Parinari annamense	0.6
			53	Lannea coromandelica	0.6				53	Terminalia calamansanai	0.6
			54	Sindora siamensis	0.6				54	Dipterocarpus alatus	0.5
									55	Hopea odorata	0.5
									56	Clausena excavata	0.5
									57	Azadirachta indica	0.5
									58	Ficus superba	0.5
									59	Mallotus philippinensis	0.4
									60	Millingtonnia hortensis	0.4
									61	Schefflera heptaphylla	0.3
									62	Litsea cambodiana	0.3
									63	Fructus Gleditschia	0.3
									64	Dalbergia tonkinensis	0.3
									65	Mangifera sp.	0.3
									66	Dalbergia oliveri	0.3

Supplementary Table S3

Structure, composition, and diversity of tree species in tropical dry forests of the present and previous studies.

ID	Study area	Sampled area (ha)	Minimal DBH (cm)	Number of species	Number of families	Stand density	Stand basal area	Shannon-Weiner	Simpson	Evenness	Margalef's	Seedling (individuals / ha)	Sapling (individuals / ha)
1	Dadeldhura district, Western Nepal (Bhatta & Devkota, 2020)	1.05	>5	42	20	3162.9±194.3	13.77±0.88					15905±927.3	1876.2±143.4
2	3 provinces from Central Highlands of Vietnam (Do et al., 2017)	6.00	>10	157		622		2.06	0.80
3	Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (Wanthongchai et al., 2014)	0.75	>4.5	54		667–1558	12.9–23.6					13000–40000	573–4570
4	Fasiakhali Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh (Das et al., 2018)	3.2	>11	32	19	249	46.17	2.05	0.75
5	Eastern Ghats, Southern India (Gopalakrishna et al., 2015)	7.9	>10	128	45	994	5.1±3.6	1.1–3.5	0.4–1.0	0.5–0.9
6	The North-Western Coast of Costa Rica (Hilje et al., 2015)	0.9	>5	96	41
7	YokDon National Park, Vietnam (Nguyen & Baker, 2016)	2.8	>1	38		1229 ±523	19.12 ±5.89					13383
8	The Minas Gerais, Brazil (Calvo-Rodriguez et al., 2017)	1.8	>5	59	19	510–1091	3.13–25.34	0.9–1.3
9	Central America (Gillespie et al., 2000)	0.7	>2.5	204	58	1350–2650	17.7–25
10	Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (Hubbell, 1979)	13.44	>2	135
11	Sri Lanka (Karthigesu et al., 2019)	0.12	>5			446–1500	11.4–44.8			0.6–0.9		694–3400	773–4475
12	The North West Region of Cameroon (Sainge et al., 2020)	12.3	>10	178	42	157–404	6.8–32.4	2.7–3.5
13	Michoacán, Mexico (Méndez-Toribio et al., 2014)	0.36	>1	78	24	700–5600	9–44	0.41–3.5	0.04–0.71
14	Bandipur, South India (Suresh et al., 2016)		>1	66				2.46	0.81
15	The Accra Plains in South-East Ghana (Swaine et al., 1990)	0.49	>10	16		1332
16	Northern Sri Lanka (Thirukkumaran et al., 2017)	0.12	>5	32	18	446		1.54–2.29		0.86–0.94
17	Vindhyan Highlands, India (Chaturvedi & Raghubanshi, 2014)	20	>10	52		126–490	3.1–18	1.5–2.5			1.7–3.7	5040–14167	540–1383
18	Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil (Coelho et al., 2012)	0.3	>5	50	21	1076–1226	17.8–29.3	1.52–2.58		0.48–0.64

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0013 | Journal eISSN: 1736-8723 | Journal ISSN: 1406-9954

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English, Estonian

Page range: 80 - 103

Submitted on: Oct 20, 2021

Accepted on: Dec 23, 2021

Published on: Jun 4, 2022

Published by: Estonian University of Life Sciences

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

tropical dry forests of Vietnam,

Related subjects:

© 2022 Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Tran Quang Bao, Diego I. Rodríguez-Hernández, Ilaria Gliottone, published by Estonian University of Life Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 75 (2021): Issue 1 (December 2021)

Tree diversity and species composition of tropical dry forests in Vietnam's Central Highlands Region

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Table 1

Figure 5

Table 2

Figure 6

Figure 7

Supplementary Table S1

Supplementary Table S2

Supplementary Table S3

Paradigm

My account