Ukrainian plain oak forests and their natural regeneration

Origin of oak stands	As of 2001		As of 2016		Changes

	Area (thousand ha)	Volume (million m³)	Area (thousand ha)	Volume (million m³)	Area (thousand ha)	Volume (million m³)
Vegetative	173	43.6	163	43.5	−10	−0.1
Natural seed	18	4.8	20	5.7	+2	+0.9
Planted seed	100	17.7	101	21.5	+1	+3.7

Total oak stands	291	66.1	284	70.7	−7	+4.5

Table 2

Distribution of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone by age groups: numerator – thousand ha, denominator – %.

Origin of oak stands	Age groups (years)

	≤ 40	41–80	81–120	≥ 121	Total
Vegetative	$\frac{1.1}{0.6}$	$\frac{46.6}{28.7}$	$\frac{106.3}{65.3}$	$\frac{8.9}{5.4}$	$\frac{162.9}{100}$
Natural seed	$\frac{0.2}{1.0}$	$\frac{5.5}{27.6}$	$\frac{11.8}{59.3}$	$\frac{2.4}{12.1}$	$\frac{19.9}{100}$
Planted seed	$\frac{17.5}{17.3}$	$\frac{76.4}{75.5}$	$\frac{7.3}{7.2}$	$\frac{0.1}{-}$	$\frac{101.3}{100}$
Total	$\frac{18.8}{6.7}$	$\frac{128.4}{45.2}$	$\frac{125.3}{44.1}$	$\frac{11.4}{4.0}$	$\frac{284.1}{100}$

Distribution of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone by age classes.

Changes in oak proportion in the composition of oak stands in terms of their origin.

Table 3

The number of natural regeneration of up to 15 years under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions and relative densities of stocking in the dry fertile maple-lime oak forest type in the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine.

Sample plot number	Characteristic of oak stands			The number of natural reproduction including pedunculate oak

	Stand composition	Age (years)	Relative density of stocking	Total	Thousand stems ha⁻¹	%
60–100 year-old stands

1	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	64	0.75	9.1	1.9	20.9
2	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	70	0.60	14.8	2.3	15.5
3	Oak 80%– Lime 10%– N-Maple 10%	83	0.88	11.1	2.6	23.4
4	Oak 60%–N-Maple 20%– Lime 10%–Ash 10%	84	0.61	25.9	1.4	5.4
5	Oak 60%–Lime 30%–Ash 10%	94	0.86	5.9	1.0	16.9
6	Oak 60%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	100	0.66	20.1	–	–

110–150 year-old stands

7	Oak 70%–Ash 20%– Lime 10%	109	0.63	16.0	4.0	25.0
8	Oak 60%– Lime 20%– N-Maple 20%	119	0.62	13.1	2.8	21.4
9	Oak 60%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	134	0.86	16.0	2.8	17.5
10	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	144	0.72	17.4	10.3	59.2

160–200 year-old stands

11	Oak 70%–Ash 20%– N-Maple 10%	158	0.60	34.7	5.3	15.3
12	Oak 70%–Ash 10%–Lime 10%–N-Maple 10%	158	0.62	30.0	11.0	36.7
13	Oak 30%–Ash 30%–Lime 20%–N-Maple 20%	178	0.70	15.5	3.0	19.4
14	Oak 100%	188	0.66	25.0	8.0	32.0
15	Oak 100%	193	0.69	26.8	10.8	40.3

[i] Note: Oak = pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), Ash = common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), N-Maple = Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), Lime – small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.).

Table 4

The age structure of natural regeneration of pedunculate oak and its abundance under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions, and relative densities.

Sample plot number	Total (thousand stems ha⁻¹)	Including variation of natural oak regeneration by age groups (numerator – thousand stems ha⁻¹, denominator – proportion of total number, %)				Abundance (%)
Sample plot number	Total (thousand stems ha⁻¹)	young seedling (up to 1 year)	2–3 years	4–8 years	9–15 years	Abundance (%)
60–100 year-old stands
1–6	1.0–2.6	$\frac{0.1 - 2.4}{10 - 100}$	$\frac{0.2 - 0.7}{8 - 50}$	$\frac{0.1 - 0.6}{10 - 40}$	$\frac{0.1 - 0.3}{10 - 25}$	40–50
110–150 year-old stands
7–10	2.8–10.3	$\frac{0.6 - 9.9}{20 - 96}$	$\frac{0.4 - 3.3}{4 - 85}$	$\frac{0.3 - 0.6}{15 - 30}$	$\frac{0.1 - 0.5}{10 - 35}$	45–80
160–200 year-old stands
11–15	3.0–11.0	$\frac{0.8 - 10.0}{27 - 91}$	$\frac{0.7 - 4.0}{9 - 73}$	$\frac{0.4 - 0.9}{14 - 27}$	$\frac{0.2 - 1.4}{7 - 36}$	60–85

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0010 | Journal eISSN: 1736-8723 | Journal ISSN: 1406-9954

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Language: English, Estonian

Page range: 17 - 29

Submitted on: Sep 16, 2019

Accepted on: Nov 29, 2019

Published on: Dec 31, 2019

Published by: Estonian University of Life Sciences

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

common oak,

origin,

age class,

young seedlings,

small-sized regeneration,

seedling abundance,

close-to-nature forestry,

sustainable forest management

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Plant science

© 2019 Viktor Tkach, Maksym Rumiantsev, Oleksii Kobets, Volodymyr Luk’yanets, Sergiy Musienko, published by Estonian University of Life Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 71 (2019): Issue 1 (December 2019)

Ukrainian plain oak forests and their natural regeneration

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 3

Table 4

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