References
- Ahti T., Hämet-Ahti L., Jalas J. 1968. Vegetation zones and their sections in northwestern Europe. – Annales Botanici Fennici, 5, 169–211.
- Carey, A.B. 2009. Maintaining Biodiversity in Managed Forests. – Spies, T.A., Duncan, S.L. (eds.). Old Growth in a New Word: a Pacific Northwest icon reexamined. Washington, Island Press, 58–69.
- Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 242.
- Council Directive 2009/147/EC. – Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds. [WWW document]. – URL http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0147&from=EN. [Accessed 1 March 2016].
- Council Directive 92/43/EEC. – Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. [WWW document] – URL http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN. [Accessed 1 March 2016].
- Currie, D.J. 2003. Conservation of endangered species and the patterns and propensities of biodiversity. – Comptes Rendus Biologies, 326 (Supplement 1), 98–103.
- EELIS. 2016. Nature Information System (Eesti Looduse Infosüsteem). Estonian Environmental Agency. [WWW document]. – URL http://loodus.keskkonnainfo.ee/eelis/. [Accessed 21 March 2016].
- Environmental Register. 2017. Environmental Register (Keskkonnaregister). Estonian Environmental Agency. [WWW document]. – URL http://register.keskkonnainfo.ee/envreg/main?reg_kood=KLO1000511&mount=view. [Accessed 15 April 2017].
- Franklin, J.F., Johnson, K.N., Johnson, D. 2018. Ecological Forest Management. Chicago, Waveland Press. 646 pp.
- Franklin, J.F., Lindenmayer, D., MacMahon, J.A., McKee, A., Magnuson, J., Perry, D.A., Waide, R., Foster, D. 2000. Threads of Continuity. – Conservation in Practice, 1(1), 8–17.
- Franklin, J.F., Mitchell, R.J., Palik, B.J. 2007. Natural Disturbance and Stand Development Principles for Ecological Forestry. General Technical Report NRS-19. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 44 p.
- Franklin, J.F., Spies, T.A., Van Pelt, R., Carey, A.B., Thornburgh, D.A., Berg, D.R., Lindenmayer, D.B., Harmon, M.E., Keeton, W.S., Shaw, D.C., Bible, K., Chen, J. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. – Forest Ecology and Management, 155, 399–423.
- Jõgiste, K., Korjus, H., Stanturf, J.A., Frelich, L.E., Baders, E., Donis, J., Jansons, A., Kangur, A., Köster, K., Laarmann, D., Maaten, T., Marozas, V., Metslaid, M., Nigul, K., Polyachenko, O., Randveer, T., Vodde, F. 2017. Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. – Ecosphere, 8(2), e01706.
- Jonsson, B.G., Ekström, M., Esseen, P.-A., Grafström, A., Ståhl, G., Westerlund, B. 2016. Dead wood availability in managed Swedish forests – Policy outcomes and implications for biodiversity. – Forest Ecology and Management, 376, 174–182.
- Jonsson, B-G., Kruys, N., Ranius, T. 2005. Ecology of species living on dead wood – Lessons for dead wood management. – Silva Fennica, 39(2), 289–309.
- Kalda, A. 1988. Plant cover and geobotanical division of Lahemaa National Park (Lahemaa rahvuspargi taimkate ja selle geobotaanniline liigestus). – Etverk, I. (ed.). Lahemaa uurimused III. Rahvuspargi looduse inventeerimine. Tallinn, Valgus, 68–87. (In Estonian with English abstract).
- Kiviste, A., Hordo, M., Kangur, A., Kardakov, A., Laarmann, D., Lilleleht, A., Metslaid, S., Sims, A., Korjus, H. 2015. Monitoring and modeling of forest ecosystems: the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots. – Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused, 62, 26–38.
- Köster, K., Jõgiste, K., Tukia, H., Niklasson, M., Möls, T. 2005. Variaton and ecological characteristics of coarse woody debris in Lahemaa and Karula National Parks, Estonia. – Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 20(6), 102–111.
- Laarmann, D. Korjus, H., Sims, A., Kangur, A., Stanturf, J.A. 2013. Initial effects of restoring natural forest structures in Estonia. – Forest Ecology and Management, 304, 303–311.
- Lahemaa. 2015. Protection regulations of Lahemaa National Park (Lahemaa rahvuspargi kaitse-eeskiri). – Riigi Teataja, RT I, 26.02.2015, 33. (In Estonian).
- Larsen, J.A. 1980. The Boreal Ecosystem. New York, Academic Press. 500pp.
- Larsen, J.A. 1982. Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs and Conifer Forests. New York, Academic Press. 320 pp.
- Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F. 2002. Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach. Washington, Island Press. 352 pp.
- Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F., Fischer, J. 2006. General management principles and checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation. – Biological Conservation, 131, 433–445.
- Looduskaitseseadus. 2004. Nature Conservation Act (Looduskaitseseadus). – RT I, 14.11.2018, 8. (In Estonian).
- Lõhmus, A., Kraut, A. 2010. Stand structure of hemiboreal old-growth forests: Characteristic features, variation among site types, and a comparison with FSC-certified mature stands in Estonia. – Forest Ecology and Management, 260(1), 155–165.
- Lõhmus, E. 1984. Forests Site Types of Estonia (Eesti metsakasvukohatüübid). Tallinn, Eesti NSV Metsamajanduse ja Looduskaitse Ministeerium. (In Estonian).
- Maamets, L. 2012. Report of Lahemaa National Park inventory and value analysis (Lahemaa rahvuspargi metsade inventeerimise ja väärtuste analüüsi seletuskiri). Metsakorralduse Büroo OÜ. (In Estonian).
- Metsakorraldus. 2009. Forest management guide (Metsa korraldamise juhend). – RT I, 31.08.2018, 8. (In Estonian).
- Metsaseadus. 2006. Forest Act (Metsaseadus). – RT I, 13.03.2019, 61. (In Estonian).
- Mönkkönen, M., Reunanen, P., Kotiaho, J.S., Juutinen, A., Tikkanen, O.-P., Kouki, J. 2011. Cost-effective strategies to conserve boreal forest biodiversity and long-term landscape-level maintenance of habitats. – European Journal of Forest Research, 130, 717–727.
- Nilsson, S.G., Niklasson, M., Hedin, J., Aronsson, G., Gutowski, J.M., Linder, P., Ljungberg, H., Mikusiński, G., Ranius, T. 2003. Erratum to “Densities of large living and dead trees in old-growth temperate and boreal forests”. – Forest Ecology and Management, 178(3), 355–370.
- Paal, J. 1997. Classification of the Estonian vegetation site types (Eesti taimkatte kasvukohatüüpide klassifikatsioon). Tallinn, Keskkonnaministeeriumi Info- ja Tehnokeskus. (In Estonian).
- Palo, A. 2010. Habitats Directive forest habitat inventory guide (Loodusdirektiivi metsaelupaikade inventeerimise juhend). [WWW document]. – URL http://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/metsainventeerimine_juhend_2011_2605_lopp.pdf. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. (In Estonian).
- Polasky, S., Nelson, E., Lonsdorf, E., Fackler, P., Starfield, A. 2005. Conserving species in a working landscape: land-use with biological and economic objectives. – Ecological Applications, 15, 1387-1401.
- Redford, K.H., Richter., B.D. 1999. Conservation of biodiversity in a world of use. – Conservation Biology, 13(6), 1246–1256.
- Ritchie, J.C. 1962. A geobotanical survey of northern Manitoba. Technical Paper 9. Montreal, Arctic Institute of North America, 1–46.
- Rouvinen, S., Kuuluvainen, T., Karjalainen, L. 2002. Coarse woody debris in old Pinus sylvestris dominated forests along a geographic and human impact gradient in boreal Fennoscandia. – Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 2184–2200.
- Shorohova, E., Kapitsa, E. 2014. Influence of the substrate and ecosystem attributes on the decomposition rates of coarse woody debris in European boreal forests. – Forest Ecology and Management, 315, 173–184.
- Sippola, A.-L., Siitonen, J., Kallio, R., 1998. Amount and quality of coarse woody debris in natural and managed coniferous near the timberline in Finnish Lapland. – Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 13(1–4), 204–214.
- Swanson, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Beschta, R.L., Crisafulli, C.M., DellaSala, D.A., Hutto, R.L., Lindenmayer, D.B., Swanson, F.J. 2011. The Forgotten Stage of Forest Succession: Early-Successional Ecosystems on Forest Sites. – Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(2), 117–125.
- Thomas, J.W., Ruggiero, L.F., Mannan, R.W., Schoen, J.W., Lancia, R.A. 1988. Management and conservation of old-growth forests in the United States. – Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 252-262.
- Tikkanen, O-P., Martikainen. P., Hyvärinen, E., Junninen, K., Kouki, J. 2006. Red-listed boreal forest species of Finland: associations with forest structure, tree species and decaying wood. – Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43(4), 373-383.
- Underwood, D.A., Friesner, D., Cross, J. 2014. Toward an Institutional Legitimation of Sustainability. – Journal of Economic Issues, 48(3), 871-886.
- Van Pelt, R. 2007. Identifying Mature and Old Forests in Western Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 104 pp.
- Worster, D. 1994. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (2nd Edition). New York, Cambridge University Press. 507 pp.