![Effect of diurnal solar radiation regime and tree density on sap flow of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in fragmented stand Cover](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6834060cf788d76dad44acab/forj.2025.71.issue-2_cover.jpg)
References
- Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998: Crop evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements – FAO Irrigation and drainage paper. Rome, FAO. 300:D05109.
- Ammer, C., 2019: Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate. New Phytologist, 221:50−66.
- Ameye, M., Wertin, T. M., Bauweraerts, I., McGuire, M. A., Teskey, R. O., Steppe, K., 2012: The effect of induced heat waves on Pinus taeda and Quercus rubra seedlings in ambient and elevated CO2 atmospheres. New Phytologist, 196:448−461.
- Aussenac, G., 2000: Interactions between forest stands and microclimate: Ecophysiological aspects and consequences for silviculture. Annals of Forest Science. 57:287−301.
- Bello, J., Vallet, P., Perot, T., Balandier, P., Seigner, V., Perret, S. et al., 2019: How do mixing tree species and stand density affect seasonal radial growth during drought events? Forest Ecology and Management, 432:436−445.
- Bhandari, S. K., Veneklaas, E. J., McCaw, L., Mazanec, R., Renton, M., 2021: Investigating the effect of neighbour competition on individual tree growth in thinned and unthinned eucalypt forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 499:119637.
- Bottero, A., D‘Amato, A. W., Palik, B. J., Bradford, J. B., Fraver, S., Battaglia, M. A. et al., 2017: Density--dependent vulnerability of forest ecosystems to drought. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54:1605−1614.
- Brodribb, T. J., McAdam, S. A. M., Jordan, G. J., Martins, S. C. V., 2014: Conifer species adapt to low-rainfall climates by following one of two divergent pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111:14489–14493.
- Brooks, J. R., Mitchell, A. K., 2011: Interpreting tree responses to thinning and fertilization using tree-ring stable isotopes. New Phytologist, 190:770−782.
- Brunner, I., Herzog, C., Dawes, M. A., Arend, M., Spe-risen, C., 2015: How tree roots respond to drought. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6:1−16.
- Buonanduci, M. S., Morris, J. E., Agne, M. C., Harvey, B. J., 2020: Neighborhood context mediates probability of host tree mortality in a severe bark beetle outbreak. Ecosphere, 11:e03236.
- Burgdorf, M., 2006: Xylem-Saftfluss und Sauerstoffversorgung im Stamm von Betula pendula. Dissertation. Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 205 p. (In German).
- Canham, C. D., LePage, P. T., Coates, K. D., 2004: A neighborhood analysis of canopy tree competition: Effects of shading versus crowding. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34:778−787.
- Casper, B. B., Jackson, R. B., 1997: Plant competition underground. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 28:545−570.
- Caudullo, G., Tinner, W., de Rigo, D., 2016: Picea abies in Europe: Distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (eds.): European atlas of forest tree species. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, pp. e012300+
- Cochard, H., Martin, R., Gross, P., Bogeat-Triboulot, M. B., 2000: Temperature effects on hydraulic conductance and water relations of Quercus robur L. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51:1255−1259.
- Crous, K. Y., Uddling, J., De Kauwe, M. G., 2022: Temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration in evergreen trees from boreal to tropical latitudes. New Phytologist, 234:353−374.
- Cudlín, P., 2015: Evaluation of Norway spruce crown health condition. In: Jakuš, R., Cudlin, P., Slivinský, J., Mezei, P., Majdák, A., Blaženec, M. (eds.): Hodnotenie zdravotného stavu smreka vo vzťahu k náletu podkôrneho hmyzu a k odumieraniu lesa [1. vyd.]. Bratislava: Slovenská akadémia vied, Ústav ekológie lesa, p. 49−70. (In Slovak).
- Cudlín, P., Chmelíková, E., Moravec, I., 2017: Makroskopický popis stavu korun smrku ztepilého a jejich změn. In: Albrechtová et al. (eds.): Metody hodnocení fyziologického stavu smrkových porostů. Praha, Česká geografická společnost, p. 138−148. (In Czech).
- Čermák, J., Kučera, J., Nadezhdina, N., 2004: Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands. Trees − Structure and Function, 18:529−546.
- D‘Amato, A. W., Bradford, J. B., Fraver, S., Palik, B. J., 2013: Effects of thinning on drought vulnerability and climate response in north temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications, 23:1735−1742.
- Deutscher, J., Kupec, P., Dundek, P., Holík, L., Machala, M., Urban, J., 2016: Diurnal dynamics of streamflow in an upland forested micro-watershed during short precipitation-free periods is altered by tree sap flow. Hydrological Processes, 30:2042−2049.
- Eastham, J., Rose, C. W., Charles-Edwards, D. A., Cameron, D. M., Rance, S. J., 1990: Planting density effects on water use efficiency of trees and pasture in an agro-forestry experiment. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 20:39−53.
- Ebner, G., 2020: Significantly more damaged wood in 2019. Available at https://treefrogcreative.ca/significantly-more-damaged-wood-in-2019-in-central--europe-and-italy/.
- Emmel, C., Paul-Limoges, E., Black, T. A., Christen, A., 2013: Vertical distribution of radiation and energy balance partitioning within and above a lodgepole pine stand recovering from a recent insect attack. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 149:133−163.
- Erbilgin, N., Zanganeh, L., Klutsch, J. G., Chen, S. H., Zhao, S., Ishangulyyeva, G. et al., 2021: Combined drought and bark beetle attacks deplete non-structural carbohydrates and promote death of mature pine trees. Plant Cell & Environment. 44:3866−81.
- Fettig, C. J., Gibson, K. E., Munson, A. S., Negrón, J. F., 2014: Cultural practices for prevention and mitigation of mountain pine beetle infestations. Forest Science, 60:450−463.
- Gabira, M. M., Girona, M. M., DesRochers, A., Kratz, D., da Silva, R. B. G., Duarte, M. M. et al., 2023: The impact of planting density on forest monospecific plantations: An overview. Forest Ecology and Management, 534:120882.
- Gartner, K., Nadezhdina, N., Englisch, M., Čermak, J., Leitgeb, E., 2009: Sap flow of birch and Norway spruce during the European heat and drought in summer 2003. Forest Ecology and Management, 258:590−599.
- Goudriaan, J., Monteith, J. L., 1990: A mathematical function for crop growth based on light interception and leaf area expansion. Annals of Botany, 66:695−701.
- Hanewinkel, M., Breidenbach, J., Neeff, T., Kublin, E., 2008: Seventy-seven years of natural disturbances in a mountain forest area − The influence of storm, snow, and insect damage analysed with a long-term time series. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38:2249−2261.
- Herbst, M., Roberts, J. M., Rosier, P. T. W., Taylor, M. E., Gowing, D. J., 2007: Edge effects and forest water use: A field study in a mixed deciduous woodland. Forest Ecology and Management, 250:176−186.
- Herms, D. A., Mattson, W. J., 1992: The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 67:283−335.
- Hietz, P., Baier, P., Offenthaler, I., Fuhrer, E., Rosner, S., Richter, H., 2005: Tree temperatures, volatile organic emissions, and primary attraction of bark beetles. Phyton − Annales Rei Botanicae, 45:341.
- Hlásny, T., Krokene, P., Liebhold, A., Montagné-Huck, C., Müller, J., Qin, H. et al., 2019: Living with bark beetles: impacts, outlook and management options. European Forest Institute. 52 p.
- Hlásny, T., Zimová, S., Merganičová, K., Štěpánek, P., Modlinger, R., Turčáni, M., 2021: Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications. Forest Ecology and Management, 490:119075.
- Horgan, T., Keane, M., McCarthy, R., Lally, M., Thompson, D., O‘Carroll, J., 2003: A guide to forest tree species selection and silviculture in Ireland. Dublin, National Council for Forest Research and Development (COFORD), 255 p.
- Inoue, S. I., Kinoshita, T., 2017: Blue light regulation of stomatal opening and the plasma membrane H+--ATPase. Plant Physiology, 174:531−538.
- Jakuš, R., Edwards-Jonášová, M., Cudlín, P., Blaženec, M., Ježík, M., Havlíček, F. et al., 2011: Characteristics of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) surviving a spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) outbreak. Trees-Structure and Function, 25:965−973.
- Jia, Q., Wang, Y. P., 2021: Relationships between leaf area index and evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of hilly apple orchard in the Loess Plateau. Water, 13:1957.
- Jones, C. G., Hartley, S. E., 1999: A Protein Competition Model of Phenolic Allocation. Oikos, 86:27.
- Jones, H. G., 2013: Plants and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology. Cambridge, Cambridge university press, 407 p.
- Kautz, M., Schopf, R., Ohser, J., 2013: The „sun-effect“: microclimatic alterations predispose forest edges to bark beetle infestations. European Journal of Forest Research, 132:453−465.
- Kholdaenko, Y. A., Belokopytova, L. V., Zhirnova, D. F., Upadhyay, K. K., Tripathi, S. K., Koshurnikova, N. N. et al., 2022: Stand density effects on tree growth and climatic response in Picea obovata Ledeb. plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 519:120349.
- Kholdaenko, Y. A., Babushkina, E. A., Belokopytova, L. V., Zhirnova, D. F., Koshurnikova, N. N., Yang, B. et al., 2023: The more the merrier or the fewer the better fare? Effects of stand density on tree growth and climatic response in a scots pine plantation. Forests, 14:915.
- Korolyova, N., Buechling, A., Ďuračiová, R., Zabihi, K., Turčáni, M., Svoboda, M. et al., 2022a: The Last Trees Standing: Climate modulates tree survival factors during a prolonged bark beetle outbreak in Europe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 322:109025.
- Korolyova, N., Buechling, A., Lieutier, F., Yart, A., Cudlín, P., Turčáni, M. et al., 2022b: Primary and secondary host selection by Ips typographus depends on Norway spruce crown characteristics and phenolic--based defenses. Plant Science, 321:111319.
- Latham, P., Tappeiner, J., 2002: Response of old-growth conifers to reduction in stand density in western Oregon forests. Tree Physiology, 22:137–146.
- Lagergren, F., Lindroth, A., 2004: Variation in sap-flow and stem growth in relation to tree size, competition and thinning in a mixed forest of pine and spruce in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 188:51−63.
- Lagergren, F., Lankreijer, H., Kučera, J., Cienciala, E., Mölder, M., Lindroth, A., 2008: Thinning effects on pine-spruce forest transpiration in central Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 255:2312−2323.
- Liu, C. L. C., Kuchma, O., Krutovsky, K. V., 2018: Mixed--species versus monocultures in plantation forestry: Development, benefits, ecosystem services and perspectives for the future. Global Ecology and Conservation, 15:e00419.
- Marešová, J., Majdák, A., Jakuš, R., Hradecký, J., Kali-nová, B., Blaženec, M., 2020: The short-term effect of sudden gap creation on tree temperature and volatile composition profiles in a Norway spruce stand. Trees − Structure and Function, 34:1397−1409.
- Matthews, J. S. A., Vialet-Chabrand, S., Lawson, T., 2020: Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71:2253−2269.
- Mezei, P., Grodzki, W., Blaženec, M., Jakuš, R., 2014: Factors influencing the wind-bark beetles‘ disturbance system in the course of an Ips typographus outbreak in the Tatra Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management, 312:67−77.
- Mikita, T., Patočka, Z., Avoiani, E., 2023: Sap flow modelling based on global radiation and canopy parameters derived from a digital surface model. Journal of Forest Science, 69:348−359.
- Netherer, S., Matthews, B., Katzensteiner, K., Blackwell, E., Henschke, P., Hietz, P. et al., 2014: Do water-limiting conditions predispose Norway spruce to bark beetle attack? New Phytologist, 205:1128–1141.
- Niccoli, F., Pelleri, F., Manetti, M. C., Sansone, D., Battipaglia, G., 2020: Effects of thinning intensity on productivity and water use efficiency of Quercus robur L. Forest Ecology and Management, 473:118282.
- Nilsen, E. T., Clinton, B. D., Lei, T. T., Miller, O. K., Semones, S. W., Walker, J. F., 2001: Does Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) reduce the availability of resources above and below-ground for canopy tree seedlings?. The American Midland Naturalist, 145:325−343.
- Oogathoo, S., Houle, D., Duchesne, L., Kneeshaw, D., 2020: Vapour pressure deficit and solar radiation are the major drivers of transpiration of balsam fir and black spruce tree species in humid boreal regions, even during a short-term drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 291:108063.
- Oguntunde, P. G., van de Giesen, N., Savenije, H. H. G., 2007: Measurement and modelling of transpiration of a rain-fed citrus orchard under subhumid tropical conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 87:200−208.
- Oudin, L., Hervieu, F., Michel, C., Perrin, C., Andréassian, V., Anctil, F. et al., 2005: Which potential evapotranspiration input for a lumped rainfall-runoff model?: Part 2 − Towards a simple and efficient potential evapotranspiration model for rainfall-runoff modelling. Journal of Hydrology, 303:290−306.
- Özçelik, M. S., Tomášková, I., Surový, P., Modlinger, R., 2022: Effect of forest edge cutting on transpiration rate in Picea abies [L.] H. Karst. Forests, 13:1238.
- Pereira, A. R., Green, S., Villa Nova, N. A., 2006: Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration adapted to estimate irrigated tree transpiration. Agricultural Water Management, 83:153−161.
- Perevalova, E. A., 2019: Drought effect on the cambial activity of Scots pine in stands of different planting density. In: Forestry universities in the implementation of the concept of the engineering education revival: Socio-economic and environmental problems of the forestry complex. Ekaterinburg, Russia, Ural State Forest Engineering University, p. 219−221. (In Russian).
- Polák, T., Cudlín, P., Moravec, I., Albrechtová, J., 2006: Macroscopic indicators for the retrospective assessment of Norway spruce crown response to stress in the Krkonoše Mountains. Trees − Structure and Function, 21:23−35.
- Powell, D., Große-Wilde, E., Krokene, P., Roy, A., Chakraborty, A., Löfstedt, C. et al., 2021: A highly-contiguous genome assembly of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, provides insight into a major forest pest. Communication Biology, 4:1059.
- Raper, G. P., 1998: Agroforestry water use in Mediterranean regions of Australia. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 71 p.
- Seidl, R., 2014: The shape of ecosystem management to come: anticipating risks and fostering resilience. BioScience, 64:1159−1169.
- Singh, U., Maca, P., Hanel, M., Markonis, Y., Nidamanuri, R. R., Nasreen, S. et al., 2023: Hybrid multi--model ensemble learning for reconstructing gridded runoff of Europe for 500 years. Information Fusion, 97:101807.
- Singh, V. V., Naseer, A., Sellamuthu, G., Jakuš, R., 2024a: An optimized and cost-effective RNA extraction method for secondary metabolite-enriched tissues of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Plants, 13:389.
- Singh, V. V., Naseer, A., Mogilicherla, K., Trubin, A., Zabihi, K., Roy, A. et al., 2024b: Understanding bark beetle outbreaks: Exploring the impact of changing temperature regimes, droughts, forest Structure, and prospects for future forest pest management. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 23:1−34.
- Sonnentag, O., Talbot, J., Chen, J. M., Roulet, N. T., 2007: Using direct and indirect measurements of leaf area index to characterize the shrub canopy in an ombrotrophic peatland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 144:200−212.
- Stadelmann, G., Bugmann, H., Meier, F., Wermelinger, B., Bigler, C., 2013: Effects of salvage logging and sanitation felling on bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) infestations. Forest Ecology and Management, 305:273−81.
- Steckel, M., Moser, W. K., del Río, M., Pretzsch, H., 2020: Implications of reduced stand density on tree growth and drought susceptibility: A study of three species under varying climate. Forests, 11:1−24.
- Thomas, A., Kolb, T., Biederman, J., Venturas, M. D., Ma, Q., Yang, D. et al., 2024: Mitigating drought mortality by incorporating topography into variable forest thinning strategies. Environmental Research Letters, 19:034035.
- Thorpe, H. C., Astrup, R., Trowbridge, A., Coates, K. D., 2010: Competition and tree crowns: A neighborhood analysis of three boreal tree species. Forest Ecology and Management, 259:1586−1596.
- Tolasz, R., Míková, T., Valeriánová, A., Voženílek, V., 2007: Climate atlas of Czechia. Prague, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, 255 p.
- Trubin, A., Kozhoridze, G., Zabihi, K., Modlinger, R., Singh, V. V., Surový, P. et al., 2023: Detection of susceptible Norway spruce to bark beetle attack using PlanetScope multispectral imagery. Frontiers in Forest and Global Change, 6:1130721.
- Trubin, A., Kozhoridze, G., Zabihi, K., Modlinger, R., Singh, V. V., Surový, P. et al., 2024: Detection of green attack and bark beetle susceptibility in Norway Spruce: Utilizing PlanetScope Multispectral Imagery for Tri-Stage spectral separability analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 560:121838.
- Urban, J., Ingwers, M. W., McGuire, M. A., Teskey, R. O., 2017: Increase in leaf temperature opens stomata and decouples net photosynthesis from stomatal conductance in Pinus taeda and Populus deltoides × nigra. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68:1757−1767.
- Vanderhoof, M., Williams, C. A., Shuai, Y., Jarvis, D., Kulakowski, D., Masek, J., 2014: Albedo-induced radiative forcing from mountain pine beetle outbreaks in forests, south-central Rocky Mountains: Magnitude, persistence, and relation to outbreak severity. Biogeosciences, 11:563−575.
- von Caemmerer, S., Evans, J. R., 2015: Temperature responses of mesophyll conductance differ greatly between species. Plant Cell & Environment, 38:629−637.
- Wang, Y. P., Jarvis, P. G., 1990: Influence of crown structural properties on PAR absorption, photo-synthesis, and transpiration in Sitka spruce: application of a model (MAESTRO). Tree Physiology, 7:297−316.
- Wermelinger, B., Seifert, M., 1999: Temperature-dependent reproduction of the spruce bark beetle Ips typo-graphus, and analysis of the potential population growth. Ecological Entomology, 24:103−110.
- Young, D. J., Stevens, J. T., Earles, J. M., Moore, J., Ellis, A., Jirka, A. L. et al., 2017: Long-term climate and competition explain forest mortality patterns under extreme drought. Ecology Letters, 20:78−86.
- Zabihi, K., Surovy, P., Trubin, A., Singh, V. V., Jakuš, R., 2021: A review of major factors influencing the accuracy of mapping green-attack stage of bark beetle infestations using satellite imagery: Prospects to avoid data redundancy. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 24:100638.
- Zabihi, K., Singh, V. V., Trubin, A., Tomášková, I., Bla-ženec, M., Surový, P. et al., 2023: Sap flow as a function of variables within nested scales: ordinary least squares vs. spatial regression models. Environmental Research: Ecology, 2:025002.
- Zausen, G. L., Kolb, T. E., Bailey, J. D., Wagner, M. R., 2005: Long-term impacts of stand management on ponderosa pine physiology and bark beetle abundance in northern Arizona: A replicated landscape study. Forest Ecology and Management, 218:291−305.
- Zavadilová, I., Szatniewska, J., Stojanović, M., Fleischer Jr, P., Vágner, L., Pavelka, M. et al., 2023: The effect of thinning intensity on sap flow and growth of Norway spruce. Journal of Forest Science, 69:205−216.
- Zhang, J., Ritchie, M. W., Maguire, D. A., Oliver, W. W., 2013: Thinning ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands reduces mortality while maintaining stand productivity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 43:311−320.
- Zhang, J., Huang, S., He, F., 2015: Half-century evidence from western Canada shows forest dynamics are primarily driven by competition followed by climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112:4009−14.
- Zhang, H., Wang, L., 2021: Analysis of the variation in potential evapotranspiration and surface wet conditions in the Hancang River Basin, China. Scientific Report, 11:1−10.
- Zhang, S., Landuyt, D., Verheyen, K., De Frenne, P., 2022: Tree species mixing can amplify microclimate offsets in young forest plantations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 59:1428−1439.
- ESRI, 2020: ArcGIS Desktop, release 10.8.1. California, USA: Redlands.
- IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006: World reference base for soil resources, World Soil Resources Reports. Rome, Italy, FAO.
- R Core Team., 2021: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
- Suncalc.org, 2017: SunCalc sun position- and sun phases calculator. Available at https://www.suncalc.org/#/49.9942,14.8607,14/2022.06.24/05:48/1/0.