Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Woodland planting on UK pasture land is not economically feasible, yet is more profitable than some traditional farming practices Cover

Woodland planting on UK pasture land is not economically feasible, yet is more profitable than some traditional farming practices

Open Access
|May 2022

References

  1. Bartholomee, O., Grigulis, K., Colace, M. P., Arnoldi, C., Lavorel, S., 2018: Methodological uncertainties in estimating carbon storage in temperate forests and grasslands. Ecological Indicators, 1:331–342.10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.07.054
  2. Bateman, I., Lovett, A., 2000: Estimating and valuing the carbon sequestered in softwood and hardwood trees, timber products and forest soils in Wales. Journal of Environmental Management, 60:301–323.10.1006/jema.2000.0388
  3. Burke, T., Whyatt, D., Blackburn, A., Rowland, C., Abbatt, J., 2020: Large-scale tree planting in the UK: feasibility and implications, Lancaster: UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 9 p.
  4. De Long, J. R., Jackson, B. G., Wilkinson, A., Pritchard, W. J., Oakley, S., Mason, K.E. et al., 2019: Relationships between plant traits, soil properties and carbon fluxes differ between monocultures and mixed communities in temperate grassland. Journal of Ecology, 107:1704–1719.10.1111/1365-2745.13160661775031341333
  5. Dunn, M., Sing, L., Clarke, T., Moseley, D., 2020: Attitudes Towards Landscape Benefits and Woodland Creation in Southern Scotland, Forest Research, 42 p.
  6. Elwin, A., Clark, J. M., Short, C., Badjana, M., Neumann, J., Elwin, A., 2020: LANDWISE NFM scenario workshop initial findings for the Loddon Catchment – Report of Loddon Catchment workshop, 11 October 2019, for workshop participants and the Loddon Catchment Partnership. Unpublished.
  7. England, J. R., Paul, K. L., Cunningham, S. C., Madhavan, D. B., Baker, T. G., Read, Z. et al., 2016: Previous land use and climate influence differences in soil organic carbon following reforestation of agricultural land with mixed-species plantings. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 227:61–72.10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.026
  8. Evans, M., 2013: 12.11 Peatland Geomorphology. In: Shroder, J. (eds.): Treatise on Geomorphology. Academic Press, p. 165–181.10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00327-4
  9. Garcia de Jalon, S., Graves, A., Palma, J. H. N., Williams, A., Upson, M., 2018: Modelling and valuing the environmental impacts of arable, forestry and agroforestry systems: a case study. Agroforestry Systems, 4:1059–1073.10.1007/s10457-017-0128-z
  10. Giannitsopoulos, M. L., Graves, A. R., Burgess, P. J., Crous-Duran, J., Moreno, G., Herzog, F. et al., 2020: Whole system valuation of arable, agroforestry and tree-only systems at three case study sites in Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production, 23.10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122283
  11. Gregg, R., Elias, J. L., Alonso, I., Crosher, I. E., Muto, P., Morecroft, M. D., 2021: Carbon storage and sequestration by habitat: a review of the evidence (second edition) – Natural England Research Report NERR094, York: Natural England, 58 p.
  12. Grunelberg, E., Ziche, D., Wellbrock, N., 2014: Organic Carbon Stocks and Sequestration Rates of Forest Soils in Germany. Global Change Biology, 8:2644–2662.10.1111/gcb.12558425752424616061
  13. Hall, S., 2018: A novel agroecosystem: Beef production in abandoned farmland as a multifunctional alternative to rewilding. Agricultural Systems, 167:10–16.10.1016/j.agsy.2018.08.009
  14. Hamilton, W., Bosworth, G., Ruto, E., 2015: Entrepreneurial younger farmers and the “young farmer problem” in England. Agriculture and Forestry, 61:61–69.10.17707/AgricultForest.61.4.05
  15. Hardaker, A., 2018: Is forestry really more profitable than upland farming? A historic and present day farm level economic comparison of upland sheep farming and forestry in the UK. Land Use Policy, 71:98–120.10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.032
  16. Howley, P., Buckley, C., O’Donoghue, C., Ryan, M., 2015. Explaining the economic ‘irrationality’ of farmers’ land use behaviour: The role of productivist attitudes and non-pecuniary benefits. Ecological Economics, 109:186–193.10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.015
  17. Hyland, J. J., Jones, D. L., Parkhill, K. A., Barnes, A. P., Williams, A. P., 2016: Farmers’ perceptions of climate change: identifying types. Agriculture and Human Values, 33:323–339.10.1007/s10460-015-9608-9
  18. Kaske, K., Garcia de Jalon, S., Williams, A., Graves, A., 2021: Assessing the Impact of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Economic Profitability of Arable, Forestry, and Silvoarable Systems. Sustainability, 7:363710.3390/su13073637
  19. Lange, M., Eisenhauer, N., Sierra, C. A., Bessler, H., Engels, C., Griffiths, R. I. et al., 2015: Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nature Communications, 6:1–8.10.1038/ncomms770725848862
  20. Lawerence, A., Dandy, N., Urquhart, J., 2010: Landowner attitudes to woodland creation and management in the UK, Farnham: Forest Research.
  21. Lawrence, A., Edwards, D., 2013: Prospects for new productive woodland in Scotland: Insights from stake-holders, Roslin: Forestry Commission, 75 p.
  22. Maguire, P., Donofrio, S., Merry, W., Myers, K., Weatherer, L., Wildish, J. et al., 2021: A Green Growth Spurt – State of Forest Carbon Finance 2021, Washington DC: Ecosystem Marketplace, 64 p.
  23. Manzoor, S. A., Griffiths, G., Rose, D. C., Lukac, M., 2021: The Return of Wooded Landscapes in Wales: An Exploration of Possible Post-Brexit Futures. Land, 10: 59–64.10.3390/land10010059
  24. Matthews, K. B., Wardell-Johnson, D., Miller, D., Fitton, N., Jones, E., Bathgate, S. et al., 2020: Not seeing the carbon for the trees? Why area-based targets for establishing new woodlands can limit or underplay their climate change mitigation benefits. Land Use Policy, 97: 104690.10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104690
  25. Morison, J., Matthews, R., Miller, G., Perks, M., Randle, T., Vanguelova, E. et al., 2012: Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain - Forestry Commission Research Report, Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 149 p.
  26. Nijnik, M., Pajot, G., Moffat, A., Slee, B., 2013: An economic analysis of the establishment of forest plantations in the United Kingdom to mitigate climatic change. Forest Policy and Economics, 26:34–42.10.1016/j.forpol.2012.10.002
  27. O’Neill, C., Lim, F., Edwards, D., Osborne, C., 2020: Forest regeneration on European sheep pasture is an economically viable climate change mitigation strategy. Environmental Research Letters, 15: 104090.10.1088/1748-9326/abaf87
  28. Ostle, N., Levy, P., Evans, C., Smith, P., 2009: UK land use and soil carbon sequestration. Land Use Policy, 26:274–283.10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.08.006
  29. Ovando, P., Begueria, S., Campos, P., 2019: Carbon sequestration or water yield? The effect of payments for ecosystem services on forest management decisions in Mediterranean forests. Water Resources and Economics, 28:100119.10.1016/j.wre.2018.04.002
  30. Patenaude, G., Briggs, B.D.J., Milne, R., Rowland, C.S., Dawson, T.P., Pryor, S.N., 2003: The carbon pool in a British Semi-Natural Woodland. Forestry, 76:109–119.10.1093/forestry/76.1.109
  31. Poulton, P., Pye, E., Hargreaves, P., Jenkinson, D., 2003: Accumulation of carbon and nitrogen by old arable land reverting to woodland. Global Change Biology, 9:942–955.10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00633.x
  32. Redman, G., 2020: John Nix Pocketbook. 51st ed. Melton Mowbray, The Andersons Centre, 303 p.
  33. Reid, C., Hornigold, K., McHenry, E., Nichols, C., Townsend, M., Lewthwaite, K. et al., 2021: State of the UK’s Woods and Trees, Woodland Trust, 245 p.
  34. Ruskule, A., Nikodemus, O., Kasparinskis, R., Prižavoite, D., Bojāre, D., Brūmelis, G., 2016: Soil–vegetation interactions in abandoned farmland within the temperate region of Europe. New Forests, 47:587–605.10.1007/s11056-016-9532-x
  35. Ryan, M., O’Donoghue, C. & Hynes, S., 2018: Heterogeneous economic and behavioural drivers of the Farm afforestation decision. Journal of Forest Economics, 33:63–74.10.1016/j.jfe.2018.11.002
  36. Senapati, N., Chabbi, A., Gastal, F., Smith, P., Mascher, N., Loubet, B. et al., 2014: Net carbon storage measured in a mowed and grazed temperate sown grassland shows potential for carbon sequestration under grazed system. Carbon Management, 5:131–144.10.1080/17583004.2014.912863
  37. Sławski, M., Tarabuła, T., Sławska, M., 2020: Does the enrichment of post-arable soil with organic matter stimulate forest ecosystem restoration–A view from the perspective of three decades after the afforestation of farmland. Forest Ecology and Management, 478:118525.10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118525
  38. Sharps, K., Masante, D., Thomas, A., Jackson, B., Redhead, J., May, L. et al., 2017: Comparing strengths and weaknesses of three ecosystem services modelling tools in a diverse UK river catchment. Science of the Total Environment, 584–585:118–130.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.16028147292
  39. Tupek, B., Zanchi, G., Verkerk, P. J., Churkina, G., Viovy, N., Hughes, J. K. et al., 2010: A comparison of alternative modelling approaches to evaluate the European forest carbon fluxes. Forest Ecology and Management, 260:241–251.10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.045
  40. Upson, M., Burgess, P., Morison, J., 2016: Soil carbon changes after establishing woodland and agroforestry trees in a grazed pasture. Geoderma, 283:10–20.10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.002
  41. Vanguelova, E. I., Nisbet, T. R., Moffat, A. J., Broadmeadow, S., Sanders, T. G. M., Morison, J. I. L., 2013: A New Evaluation of Carbon Stocks in British Forest Soils. Soil Use and Management, 29:169–181.10.1111/sum.12025
  42. Vinogradovs, I., Nikodemus, O., Elferts, D., Brūmelis, G., 2018: Assessment of site-specific drivers of farmland abandonment in mosaic-type landscapes: A case study in Vidzeme, Latvia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 253:113–121.10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.016
  43. Vlek, P. L. G., Khamzina, A., Azadi, H., Bhaduri, A., Bharati, L., Braimoh, A. et al., 2017: Trade-Offs in Multi-Purpose Land Use under Land Degradation. Sustainability, 9:1–19.10.3390/su9122196
  44. Watkins, C., Williams, D., Lloyd, T., 1996: Constraints on farm woodland planting in England: a study of Nottinghamshire farmers. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 69:167–176.10.1093/forestry/69.2.167
  45. Wilkes, M. A., Bennett, J., Burbi, S., Charlesworth, S., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Rayns, F. et al., 2020: Making Way for Trees? Changes in Land-Use, Habitats and Protected Areas in Great Britain under “Global Tree Restoration Potential”. Sustainability, 12.10.3390/su12145845
  46. Willett, W., Rockstrom, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S. et al., 2019: Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet, 393:447–492.10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4
  47. Wynne-Jones, S., 2013: Carbon blinkers and policy blindness: The difficulties of “Growing Our Woodland in Wales”. Land Use Policy, 32:250–260.10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.10.012
  48. CCC, 2020: Land use: Policies for a Net Zero UK, London: Committee on Climate Change.
  49. Climate Change Act 2008: (c.27). London: The Stationary Office. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents
  50. Coe, S., Finlay, J., 2020: The Agriculture Act 2020, London: House of Commons.
  51. DBEIS, 2021: 2019 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures, London: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy.
  52. DBEIS, 2021: Green Book supplementary guidance: valuation of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for appraisal - Data tables 1 to 19: supporting the toolkit and the guidance. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/valuation-of-energy-use-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-appraisal
  53. DEFRA, 2018: Moving away from Direct Payments – Agriculture Bill: Analysis of the impacts of removing Direct Payments. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/740669/agri-bill-evidence-slide-pack-direct-payments.pdf
  54. DEFRA, 2021: Consultation outcome: Analysis of responses summary. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/environmental-land-management-policy-discussion-document/outcome/analysis-of-responses-summary
  55. EftEC, 2015: Developing UK Natural Capital Accounts: Woodland Ecosystem Accounts, London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
  56. Environment Agency, 2020: WFD River Waterbody Catchments Cycle 2. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/298258ee-c4a0-4505-a3b5-0e6585ecfdb2/wfd-river-waterbody-catchments-cycle-2
  57. HM Government, 2018: A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment, London: HM Government.
  58. HM Treasury, 2020: The Green Book - Central Government Guidance of Appraisal and Evaluation, London: HM Treasury.
  59. IPCC, 2006: Chapter 2: Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-Use Categories. In: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Hayama, p. 2.27.
  60. IPCC, 2019: Chapter 4: Forest Land. In: 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, p. 4.19.
  61. Loddon Observatory, 2021: Loddon Catchment. Available at: https://loddonobservatory.org/loddoncatchment/
  62. Met Office, 2016: UK Regional climates – Southern England. Available at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/weather/learn-about/uk-past-events/regional-climates/southern-england_-climate---met-office.pdf
  63. MHCLG, 2020: Land Use in England, 2018, London: Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.
  64. Natural Capital Project, 2021: Carbon Storage and Sequestration. Available at: http://releases.natural-capitalproject.org/invest-userguide/latest/carbon-storage.html
  65. Natural England, 2020: Provisional Agricultural Land Classification (ALC). Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/952421ec-da63-4569-817d-4d6399df40a1/provisional-agricultural-land-classification-alc
  66. Stanford University, 2021: Natural Capital Project – Carbon. Available at: https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest-models/carbon
  67. UKCEH, 2019: Digimap – Environment Data Download. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/download/environment
  68. UKCEH, 2020: The UKCEH Land Cover Maps for 2017, 2018 and 2019, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
  69. World Bank Group, 2020: Country – United Kingdom. Available at: https://climateknowledgeportal.world-bank.org/country/united-kingdom#
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2022-0001 | Journal eISSN: 2454-0358 | Journal ISSN: 2454-034X
Language: English
Page range: 61 - 71
Published on: May 9, 2022
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Jessica Flack, Martin Lukac, Lindsay Todman, published by National Forest Centre and Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.