References
- Anderegg, W. R., Kane, J. M., Anderegg, L. D., 2013: Consequences of widespread tree mortality triggered by drought and temperature stress. Nature Climate Change, 3:30–36.
- Anonymous, 2013: Hospodářská kniha LHC ŠLP Masarykův les Křtiny. Polesí Habrůvka. Platnost 1.1.2013–31.12.2022. Brno, Lesprojekt Brno, 897 p.
- Berger, W. H., Parker, F. L., 1970: Diversity of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Science, 168:1345–1347.
- Bonham, C. D., 2013: Measurements for terrestrial vegetation. Wiley, New York.
- Bravo-Oviedo, A., Pretzsch, H., Ammer, C., Andenmatten, E., Barbati, A., Barreiro, S. et al., 2014: European mixed forests: definition and research perspectives. Forest Systems, 23:518–533.
- Bullock, J. M., 2000: Gaps and seedling colonization. seeds: The ecology of regeneration in plant communities. In: Fenner, M. (eds): CABI publishing, Wallingford, UK, p. 375–395.
- Busing, R. T., White, P. S., 1997: Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: a consideration of gap partitioning concepts. Oikos, p. 562–568.
- Čater, M., Diaci, J., Roženbergar, D., 2014: Gap size and position influence variable response of Fagus sylvatica L. and Abies alba Mill. Forest Ecology and Management, 325:128–135.
- De Bello, F. D., Lepš, J., Lavorel, S., Moretti, M., 2007: Importance of species abundance for assessment of trait composition: an example based on pollinator communities. Community Ecology, 8:163–170.
- Del Río, M., Pretzsch, H., Alberdi, I., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Brunner, A. et al., 2018: Characterization of mixed forests. In dynamics, silviculture and management of mixed forests. Springer, Cham.
- Dobrovolný, L., Cháb, M., 2013: Ecology of beech regeneration in the allochthonous Spruce stands–a case study. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 61:1261–1268.
- Dobrowolska, D., 2007: Role of gaps in regeneration of mixed stands in the Jata reserve. SYLWAN, 151:14–25.
- Dusan, R., Stjepan, M., Igor, A., Jurij, D., 2007: Gap regeneration patterns in relationship to light heterogeneity in two old-growth beech–fir forest reserves in South East Europe. Forests, 80:431–443.
- Feldmann, E., Glatthorn, J., Ammer, C., Leuschner, C., 2020: Regeneration dynamics following the formation of understory gaps in a Slovakian beech virgin forest. Forests, 11:585.
- Grassi, G., Minotta, G., Tonon, G., Bagnaresi, U., 2004: Dynamics of Norway spruce and silver fir natural regeneration in a mixed stand under uneven-aged management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34:141–149.
- Griffiths, M. E., Lawes, M. J., Tsvuura, Z., 2007: Under-storey gaps influence regeneration dynamics in sub-tropical coastal dune forest. Plant Ecology, 189:227–236.
- Grubb, P. J., 1977: The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews, 52:107–145.
- Guay, R., 2012: WinSCANOPY 2012a for canopy analysis, user’s manual. Regent Instruments Canada Inc.
- Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A., Ryan, P. D., 2001: PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia electronica, 4:9.
- Hammond, M. E., Pokorný, R., 2020a: Diversity of Tree Species in Gap Regeneration under Tropical Moist Semi-Deciduous Forest: An Example from Bia Tano Forest Reserve. Diversity, 12:301.
- Hammond, M. E., Pokorný, R., 2020b: Effects of gap size on natural regeneration and micro-environmental soil conditions in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) dominated mixed forest. Plant Soil and Environment, 66.
- Hammond, M. E., Pokorný, R., 2020c: Preliminary assessment of effect of disturbance on natural regeneration in gaps of different sizes. Journal of Forest Science, 66:185–196.
- Hammond, M. E., Pokorný, R., Dobrovolný, L., Friedl, M., Hiitola, N., 2020: Effect of gap size on tree species diversity of natural regeneration–case study from Masaryk Training Forest School Enterprise Křtiny. Journal of Forest Science, 66:1–14.
- Harper, D. A., 1999: Numerical palaeobiology: Computer-Based Modelling and Analysis of Fossils and their Distributions. John Wiley and Sons Inc, 478 p.
- Hiitola, N. M., 2018: Natural Regeneration in Relation to Different Gap Sizes. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno.
- Jaloviar, P., Sedmáková, D., Pittner, J., Jarčušková Danková, L., Kucbel, S., Sedmák, R. et al., 2020: Gap Structure and Regeneration in the Mixed Old-Growth Forests of National Nature Reserve Sitno, Slovakia. Forests, 11:81.
- Khodaverdi, S., Amiri, M., Kartoolinejad, D., Mohammadi, J., 2019: Canopy gaps characteristics of pure and mixed stands in the Hyrcanian forests of north Iran. Annals of Silvicultural Research, 43:62–70.
- Kollár, T., 2017: Light conditions, soil moisture, and vegetation cover in artificial forest gaps in Western Hungary. Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica, 13:25–40.
- Kučera, A., Holik, L., Cerro, E. M., Petříček, J., 2018: Effect of gap size and forest type on mineral nitrogen forms under different soil properties. Journal of Forestry Research, 31:375–386.
- Kupferschmid, A. D., Bütikofer, L., Hothorn, T., Schwyzer, A., Brang, P., 2019: Quantifying the relative influence of terminal shoot browsing by ungulates on tree regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, 446:331–344.
- Matras, J., Pâques, L. E., 2008: Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation of European larch (Larix decidua). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use, 6 p.
- Myers, J. A., Chase, J. M., Jiménez, I., Jørgensen, P. M., Araujo-Murakami, A., Paniagua-Zambrana, N. et al., 2013: Beta-diversity in temperate and tropical forests reflects dissimilar mechanisms of community assembly. Ecological Letters, 16:151–157.
- Pretzsch, H., 2018: Growth and structure in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. Review and perspectives. In: Bravo-Oviedo, A., Pretzsch, H., del Río, M. (eds.): Dynamics, silviculture and management of mixed forests. Springer, p. 131–183.
- Pretzsch, H., 2009: Forest Dynamics, Growth, and Yield. In forest dynamics, growth and yield. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, p. 1-39.
- Qu, L., Kayama, M., Akasaka, M., Kitaoka, S., Sasa, K., Koike, T., 2004: Micro-environmental analysis of the natural regeneration of larch forests in northern Japan. Eurasian Journal of Forestry Research, 7:43–51.
- Raup, D., Crick, R. E., 1979: Measurement of faunal similarity in paleontology. Journal of Paleontology 53:1213–1227.
- Rugani, T., Diaci, J., Hladnik, D., 2013: Gap dynamics and structure of two old-growth beech forest remnants in Slovenia. PLoS ONE 8:e52641.
- Runkle, J. R. 1990. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer– Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20:632–641.
- Runkle, J. R., 1981: Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology, 62:1041–1051.
- Sapkota, I. P., Odén, P. C., 2009: Gap characteristics and their effects on regeneration, dominance and early growth of woody species. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2:21–29.
- Sedmáková, D., Sedmák, R., Bosela, M., Ježík, M., Blaženec, M., Hlásny, T. et al., 2019: Growth-climate responses indicate shifts in the competitive ability of European beech and Norway spruce under recent climate warming in East-Central Europe. Dendrochronologia, 54:37–48.
- Sommerfeld, A., Senf, C., Buma, B., D’Amato, A. W., Després, T., Díaz-Hormazábal, I. et al., 2018: Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome. Nature Communications, 9:1–9.
- Stancioiu, P. T., O’Hara, K. L., 2006: Regeneration growth in different light environments of mixed species, multiaged, mountainous forests of Romania. European Journal of Forest Research, 125:151–162.
- Sterba, H., Eckmuellner, O., 2008: Invasion of Beech (Fagus silvatica L.) in conifer forests-five case studies in Austria. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 125:89–101.
- Vacek, Z., Bulušek, D., Vacek, S., Hejcmanová, P., Remeš, J., Bílek, L. et al., 2017: Effect of microrelief and vegetation cover on natural regeneration in European beech forests in Krkonoše national parks (Czech Republic, Poland). Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 134:75–96.
- Vilhar, U., Roženbergar, D., Simončič, P., Diaci, J., 2015: Variation in irradiance, soil features and regeneration patterns in experimental forest canopy gaps. Annals of Forest Science, 72:253–266.
- Wang, J., Yan, Q., Yan, T., Song, Y., Sun, Y., Zhu, J. 2017a: Rodent-mediated seed dispersal of Juglans mandshurica regulated by gap size and within-gap position in larch plantations: Implication for converting pure larch plantations into larch-walnut mixed forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 404:205–213.
- Wang, Z., Yang, H., Dong, B., Zhou, M., Ma, L., Jia, Z. et al., 2017b: Regeneration response to canopy gap size in a Chinese pine plantation: Species diversity patterns, size structures and spatial distributions. Forest Ecology and Management, 397:97–107.
- Watt, A. S., 1947: Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35:1–22.
- Yan, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Von Gadow, K., 2015: Drivers of seedling survival in a temperate forest and their relative importance at three stages of succession. Ecology and Evolution, 5:4287–4299.