Figure 1.
Demographic and obstetric characteristics of the participants (n = 210)_
| Characteristics | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (M = 28.78, SD = 4.70, range = 20–41) | ||
| 20–24 | 36 | 17.14 |
| 25–29 | 84 | 40.00 |
| 30–35 | 76 | 36.19 |
| >35 | 14 | 6.67 |
| Education level | ||
| Uneducated | 2 | 0.95 |
| Primary school | 6 | 2.86 |
| Junior high school | 54 | 25.71 |
| Senior high school | 103 | 49.05 |
| Diploma or high vocational school | 27 | 12.86 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 18 | 8.57 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 207 | 98.57 |
| Divorced | 3 | 1.43 |
| Monthly income (Baht) | ||
| 10,000–20,000 | 28 | 13.33 |
| 20,000–30,000 | 104 | 49.53 |
| >30,000 | 78 | 37.14 |
| Working hours per week (h) (M = 45.35, SD = 6.48, range = 34–80) | ||
| <40 | 2 | 0.95 |
| 40–48 | 194 | 92.38 |
| >48 | 14 | 6.67 |
| Foods consumed before pregnancy | ||
| Whole grain rice and flour | 58 | 27.62 |
| Low-fat or skim milk | 116 | 55.24 |
| Health education regrading healthy diet during pregnancy | ||
| Received | 198 | 92.38 |
| Did not received | 16 | 7.62 |
| Pregnancy planning | ||
| Planned | 141 | 67.14 |
| Unplanned | 69 | 32.86 |
| Gravida | ||
| Primigravida | 73 | 34.76 |
| Multigravida | 137 | 65.24 |
| Gestational age in weeks (week) (M = 31.38, SD = 3.24, range = 28–39) | ||
| 28–32 | 131 | 62.38 |
| 33–36 | 64 | 30.48 |
| >36 | 15 | 7.14 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| <18.5 | 24 | 11.43 |
| 18.5–22.9 | 118 | 56.19 |
| 23–24.9 | 26 | 12.38 |
| >25 | 42 | 20.00 |
| Gestational weight gain | ||
| Less than recommended level | 15 | 7.14 |
| Normal | 95 | 45.24 |
| Higher than recommended level | 100 | 47.62 |
Mean scores of study variables (n = 210)_
| Variables | Score range | Mean | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Possible | Actual | |||
| Eating behavior | 0–57 | 25–48 | 37.33 | 4.46 |
| Perceived benefits of healthy eating | 9–36 | 19–36 | 31.00 | 3.85 |
| Perceived barriers to healthy eating | 12–48 | 12–48 | 28.33 | 7.24 |
| Perceived self-efficacy in healthy eating | 19–76 | 40–76 | 60.00 | 7.45 |
| Social support | 10–0 | 19–40 | 31.34 | 4.77 |
| Accessibility to healthy foods in the factory | 11–44 | 16–36 | 26.24 | 3.70 |
DE, IE, and TE of the modified model_
| Variables | Perceived benefits of healthy eating | Perceived self-efficacy in healthy eating | Perceived barriers to healthy eating | Eating behavior | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | TE | |
| Social support | 0.27 | - | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.33 | - | −0.07 | −0.07 | - | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Perceived benefits of healthy eating | - | - | - | 0.17 | - | 0.17 | - | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
| Perceived self-efficacy in healthy eating | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.21 | - | −0.21 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.27 |
| Perceived barriers to healthy eating | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.24 | - | −0.24 |
| Pregnancy planning | - | - | - | 0.21 | - | 0.21 | - | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.34 |
| Accessibility to healthy foods in the factory | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.12 | - | 0.12 |
| Coefficient of prediction (R2) | 0.070 | 0.181 | 0.032 | 0.272 | ||||||||