Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to creative thinking and energy pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Items | Pre | Post | Mean difference | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Creative thinking | |||||||
| I would like my lessons to involve lots of different creative activities. | 2.2 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| I prefer lessons that involve different activities rather than just sitting at my desk. | 2.2 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I feel proud when I’ve designed something myself and made it. | 2.7 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I like doing things that are very practical. | 3.8 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
| The subjects at faculty give me the freedom to express my own ideas. | 1.3 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.000* |
| The subjects I’m studying at faculty require my imagination/creative thinking. | 1.6 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.000* |
| I can come up with something new that will benefit others. | 1.9 | 0.7 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
| I like to develop new strategies for helping ideas become realities. | 1.5 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 0.000* |
| I enjoy being asked to come up with new ideas and solutions for problems. | 1.7 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 2.8 | −0.2 | 0.000* |
| I frequently introduce new ideas to improve the situations. | 1.6 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
| I use trial and error for problem solving. | 1.6 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0.000* |
| I ask “Why?” and “Why not?” and “What if?” with a purpose. | 1.6 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I show inventiveness in using resources. | 1.6 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.000* |
| I search out new working methods, techniques, or instruments. | 1.7 | 0.6 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| Energy | |||||||
| It is energizing when you are given rewards for good work. | 4.5 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.000 |
| I feel really motivated when I produce something that no one else has. | 4.3 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | −0.3 | 0.001* |
| I feel really enthusiastic about my chosen subjects. | 2.0 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.000* |
| I really push myself to achieve good grades. | 2.8 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 1.7 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| I like to do something that has a purpose or goal. | 3.1 | 0.6 | 4.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to facing self-efficacy, risk propensity, and teamwork pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Items | Pre | Post | Mean difference | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Self-efficacy | |||||||
| I like to pursue my interests outside college where I feel more in control. | 2.9 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| Once I start something, I like to finish it. | 3.0 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I would join a club/interest group independently of my friends if it was something I really wanted to do. | 2.5 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
| Communicate your ideas using media other than a written paper (e.g., posters, video, blogs, etc.) | 1.8 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| Answer questions in front of an audience. | 2.0 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 2.1 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| I like to experiment with different approaches to completing the same task. | 2.4 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| I go beyond expectations in the assignment, task, or job description without being asked. | 1.7 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| Risk propensity | |||||||
| When I make choices, I want to be as sure as possible what the future consequences will be for me. | 1.5 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| I feel I can overcome problems. | 1.7 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I take the risk to participate in activities without fear of not getting good grades at college. | 1.5 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.000* |
| I take an acceptable level of risk to support new ideas. | 1.5 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.000* |
| Teamwork | |||||||
| I’m attentive when others are speaking and respond effectively to others’ comments during the conversation. | 1.7 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 2.4 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| I identify sources of conflict between oneself and others, and take steps to overcome disharmony. | 1.6 | 0.7 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 2.7 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| Try to build relationships with other people/organization to share timely information and experience. | 1.5 | 0.6 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| I provide constructive feedback, cooperation, coaching, or help to team colleagues. | 2.0 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 2.4 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| Persist in my relationship after the task is finished. | 2.0 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ total innovation skills pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Items | Pre | Post | Max score | Mean percentage | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| Creativity | 27.0 | 2.7 | 58.3 | 7.0 | 70.0 | 83.2 | 0.000* |
| Leadership | 18.2 | 2.4 | 33.1 | 4.3 | 40.0 | 82.7 | 0.000* |
| Energy (Motivation) | 16.8 | 1.5 | 22.0 | 2.2 | 25.0 | 88.0 | 0.000* |
| Self-efficacy | 16.1 | 1.6 | 29.7 | 3.9 | 35.0 | 84.8 | 0.000* |
| Risk-propensity | 6.2 | 1.6 | 15.1 | 2.8 | 20.0 | 75.5 | 0.000* |
| Facing challenges | 8.5 | 2.0 | 20.4 | 3.0 | 25.0 | 81.6 | 0.000* |
| Teamwork | 8.7 | 1.8 | 21.1 | 2.6 | 25.0 | 84.4 | 0.000* |
| Total innovation skills | 101.4 | 7.4 | 199.9 | 21.9 | 240.0 | 83.2 | 0.000* |
Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to confidence in projects management pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Items | Pre | Post | Mean difference | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| I trust in my abilities to start a project by myself and run it in the future. | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.000* |
| I trust to develop my idea/project. | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.000* |
| Determine the user’s needs and market the product/service. | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.000* |
| I search myself for competitors in the labor market. | 1.2 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.000* |
| I know how to present my ideas and service to the community. | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| Able to find ‘methods’ to market ideas/ services. | 1.4 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.000* |
| Able to design a financial budget for my project/service. | 1.1 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 0.000* |
| Able to manage the project. | 1.0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.000* |
| Able to identify the strengths/weaknesses of the project. | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| Total project management score | 11.7 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 4.6 | 24.3 | 2.6 | 0.006* |
Frequency and percentage distribution of total level of nursing students’ innovation skills pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training (N = 42)_
| Level of innovation skills | Pre | Post | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | % | No | % | |
| Low (<50%) | 42 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Moderate (50% to <75%) | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 14.4 |
| High (75%–100%) | 0 | 0.0 | 36 | 85.7 |
Frequency and percentage distribution of total level of nursing students’ innovative projects post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Innovative projects assessment categories | No | % |
|---|---|---|
| Good | 14 | 33.3 |
| Very good | 16 | 38.1 |
| Excellent | 12 | 28.6 |
Demographic characteristics of the study subjects (N = 42)_
| Students’ characteristics | No. | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 21.8 ± 1.6 | Min–max (19–24) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 10 | 23.8 |
| Female | 32 | 76.2 |
| Class | ||
| First | 1 | 2.4 |
| Second | 10 | 23.8 |
| Third | 1 | 2.4 |
| Fourth | 5 | 11.9 |
| Internship | 25 | 59.5 |
| Preferred color | ||
| White | 9 | 21.4 |
| Black | 16 | 38.1 |
| Green | 3 | 7.1 |
| Blue | 9 | 21.4 |
| Red | 5 | 12.0 |
| Yellow | 0 | 0.0 |
Mean scores of nursing students’ innovative projects post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Items | Mean | SD | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Problem definition/market need | 4.3 | 1.0 | 4 |
| Approach and value proposition | 4.4 | 1.0 | 3 |
| Using of technology | 3.2 | 1.3 | 7 |
| Prototype | 3.0 | 1.4 | 9 |
| Market analysis | 3.8 | 1.0 | 6 |
| Benefits and competition | 4.3 | 1.0 | 4 |
| Business model | 3.1 | 0.8 | 8 |
| Financial plan | 2.8 | 0.8 | 10 |
| Teamwork | 5.0 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Pitching | 5.0 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Total project assessment score | 38.7 | 3.8 |
Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to facing challenges and leadership pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_
| Items | Pre | Post | Mean difference | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Facing challenges | |||||||
| Persist towards achieving long-term goals, even after experiencing setbacks. | 1.9 | 0.7 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
| Respond effectively to unexpected challenges that arise when working on projects. | 1.6 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.000* |
| Pursue a goal even after someone has told me it will be difficult to achieve. | 1.5 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I find interests in facing challenges and difficulties to achieve goals. | 1.7 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 2.4 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| Challenge a classmate’s suggestions for how to solve a problem. | 1.8 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| Leadership | |||||||
| I really like being leader of a group. | 1.8 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| Project work gives me the chance to take a leading role in the group. | 3.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 1.1 | −0.5 | 0.000* |
| When working in a group I do my best to persuade the others to take up my ideas. | 2.0 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.000* |
| I am often chosen to be the team leader or captain of my team. | 3.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | −0.4 | 0.001* |
| My friends follow my suggestions when they can’t make up their minds. | 2.1 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 2.0 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| Working as part of a group with people who have different skill sets from my own. | 2.2 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 2.3 | −0.1 | 0.000* |
| Working on a team with people whom I am meeting for the first time. | 1.9 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.000* |
| Explaining my rationale for making a decision to others. | 1.8 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.000* |