Figure 1.
Comparison between subcutaneous injection-associated pain and anxiety mean scores before and after using ShotBlocker (N = 27)_
| Items | Before ShotBlocker (first injection), M ± SD | After ShotBlocker (second injection), M ± SD | t test* | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain score | 4.11 ± 0.75 | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 28.442 | 0.000 |
| Anxiety score | 7.40 ± 2.24 | 1.148 ± 2.28 | 17.179 | 0.000 |
Comparison of subcutaneous injection-associated pain and anxiety mean scores before and after using cryotherapy (N = 27)_
| Items | Before cryotherapy (first injection), M ± SD | After cryotherapy (second injection), M ± SD | t test* | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain score | 3.48 ± 1.01 | 2.44 ± 0.93 | 17.838 | 0.000 |
| Anxiety score | 8.96 ± 5.30 | 7.29 ± 5.44 | 6.968 | 0.000 |
Medical data of study participants (N = 54)_
| Items | Intervention type | χ2 | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group II cryotherapy (N = 27) | Group I ShotBlocker (N = 27) | |||||
| N | % | N | % | |||
| Diagnosis | 2.533 | 0.111 | ||||
| DM | 9 | 33.3 | 4 | 14.8 | ||
| No DM (other diseases) | 18 | 66.7 | 23 | 85.2 | ||
| Time of commencement of usage of subcutaneous injection | 6.750 | 0.034 | ||||
| Less than 1 year | 21 | 77.8 | 27 | 100 | ||
| 1–10 years | 3 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 11–20 years | 3 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Are you afraid of subcutaneous injections? | 5.283 | 0.022 | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 74.1 | 26 | 96.3 | ||
| No | 7 | 25.9 | 1 | 3.7 | ||
| Type of medication | 0.912 | 0.340 | ||||
| Insulin | 8 | 29.6 | 5 | 18.5 | ||
| Anticoagulant | 19 | 70.4 | 22 | 81.5 | ||
| Injection site | 0.670 | 0.413 | ||||
| Abdomen | 11 | 40.7 | 14 | 51.9 | ||
| Arm | 16 | 59.3 | 13 | 48.1 | ||
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants (N = 54)_
| Items | Intervention type | χ2 | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group II cryotherapy (N = 27) | Group I ShotBlocker (N = 27) | |||||
| N | % | N | % | |||
| Sex | 0.074 | 0.785 | ||||
| Male | 13 | 48.1 | 12 | 44.4 | ||
| Female | 14 | 51.9 | 15 | 55.6 | ||
| Age (years) | 4.286 | 0.232 | ||||
| 19–29 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11.1 | ||
| 30–39 | 2 | 7.4 | 2 | 7.4 | ||
| 39–40 | 5 | 18.5 | 2 | 7.4 | ||
| <40 | 20 | 74.1 | 20 | 74.1 | ||
| Marital status | 1.143 | 0.565 | ||||
| Single | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.7 | ||
| Married | 23 | 85.2 | 23 | 85.2 | ||
| Widowed | 4 | 14.8 | 3 | 11.1 | ||
| Education | 3.698 | 0.296 | ||||
| Illiterate | 10 | 37 | 12 | 44.4 | ||
| Read and write | 3 | 11.1 | 2 | 7.4 | ||
| Secondary school | 12 | 44.4 | 7 | 25.9 | ||
| University | 2 | 7.4 | 6 | 22.2 | ||
| Occupation | 3.771 | 0.287 | ||||
| Manual work | 15 | 55.6 | 14 | 51.9 | ||
| Mental work | 12 | 44.4 | 13 | 48.1 | ||
Comparison between cryotherapy and ShotBlocker in terms of reducing subcutaneous injection-associated pain and anxiety (N = 27 in each group)_
| Items | Cryotherapy, M ± SD | ShotBlocker, M ± SD | t test* | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain score | 2.44 ± 0.93 | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 7.333 | 0.000 |
| Anxiety score | 7.29 ± 5.44 | 1.148 ± 2.28 | 7.026 | 0.000 |