| Abdullah et al., 2021,19 Iraq | To explore the experiences of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in Iraqi Kurdistan | Qualitative | 12 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients/one of the clinical units of two COVID-19 hospitals in Iraqi Kurdistan | Most nurses experience stress, anxiety, fear, and isolation.Relatives, close friends, and community have a fear of becoming infected from the virus through nurses. | High |
| Anton et al., 2021,20 United States of America | To identify sources of data that inform nurse decision-making regarding deteriorating patient admissions, and explore how COVID-19 has impacted nurse decision-making | Qualitative | 10 COVID-19 nurses from various nursing areas | Experienced nurses are able to make decisions faster, and prioritize work so that workloads can be managed properly.The work environment (organization) allows nurses to work safely by ensuring the availability of PPE as well as other resources needed during patient care. | High |
| Balay-odao et al., 2021,21 Saudi Arabia | Knowing the preparedness of hospitals in managing COVID-19 patients as well as the psychological burden and resilience among clinical nurses in overcoming the COVID-19 crisis in Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | 281 clinical nurses, Hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Positive characteristics that can increase resilience are age, years of experience, and level of trust in health care authorities.Age (resistance in the face of problems increases with age)Nursing knowledge and skills can be used by nurses to adapt psychologically and prevent the psychological burden.Implementation of hospital preparedness guidelines and policies in preventing and controlling disease | High |
| Chegini et al., 2021,22 Iran | To describe the experience of critical care nurses caring for COVID-19 patients | Qualitative | 15 nurses working in critical care units of Iranian general hospitals | Emotional support and psychological counseling play an important role in maintaining the optimal mental health of nurses during the COVID-19 crisis. Adequate PPE, effective communication, staff training and recruitment, proper work shifts, and financial as well as non-financial support are needed to reduce the negative impact on nurses. | High |
| Chen et al., 2021,23 Taiwan, China | Responding to the related need for the promotion of nursing workplace policies and reforms and investigating the employment of new nursing staff in Taiwan, ChinaTo examine changes in nursing competence in care, current clinical stress situations, and intentions to stay in the current workplace under the influence of COVID-19 among new nurses | Cross-sectional | 333 novice nurses/online survey in Taiwan, China | Education level is positively correlated with the ability to provide services to patients and willingness to remain in their current position. | High |
| Chua et al., 2021,24 Malaysia | To investigate levels of preparedness and anxiety among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in Sabah, MalaysiaTo know the effect of differences in preparedness and readiness among nursesTo examine the effect of COVID-19 preparedness on anxiety among nurses | Cross-sectional self-administered survey | 148 nurses from 2 hospitals in Sabah, Malaysia | Nurses who received support and were able to cope with psychological problems showed lower anxiety. | Average |
| Galletta et al., 2021,35 Italy | To analyze how perceived impact, pandemic preparedness, and anxiety were associated with mental health indicators (crying, rumination, and stress) in nurses | Cross-sectional | 894 nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy | The pandemic causes stress, and levels of this stress are higher in young nurses.As for the level of concern characterizing the communication of apprehensions pertaining to the impact of infection, this was observed to be higher in younger nurses as compared to older ones.Health organizations must pay attention to the mental health of nurses. | High |
| González-Gil et al., 2021,25 Spain | To identify the safety-related, organizational, decision-making, communication, and psychosocio-emotional needs felt by critical care and emergency nurses in the Madrid region, Spain, during the acute phase of the epidemic. | Mixed-method | 557 critical care and emergency nurses from 26 public hospitals in Madrid used an online questionnaire. | Nurses in a vulnerable conditionFear of being infectedWorkload increasesHigh nurse–patient ratioShift doesn’t allow nurses to restEmotional exhaustion and unable to vent emotionsUnable to provide psychosocial care to patients and families | Average |
| Al Harthi et al., 2021,26 Saudi Arabia | To explore strategies to improve disaster nursing in Saudi Arabia. | Cross-sectional | 800 nurses, Saudi Arabia | Support needs include: development of evaluation tools and legislation as specific nursing guidelines, providing PPE to nurses to minimize the risk of infection, encouraging nurses to respect their efforts to minimize their stress levels during disasters, ensuring the availability of PPE for nurses, providing psychological support to nurses when contact with their family and relatives is limited | |
| Hu et al., 2020,27 China | To examine mental health (fatigue, anxiety, depression, and fear) and related factors among frontline nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China | Cross-sectional, descriptive, and large-scale correlation | 2014 frontline nurses from two hospitals in Wuhan, China | Fatigue, anxiety, and depression are negatively correlated with resilience.High self-efficacy can maintain nurses’ resilience to facing painful psychological pressure.Mental health support: availability of psychological interventions, formation of response hotlines, and social and medical supportMental health challenges: fatigue, anxiety, depression, and fear of infection and death Injuries due to the use of PPE | High |
| Kalateh Sadati et al., 2021,28 Iran | To investigate the perceptions and experiences of nurses in dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak | Qualitative | 24 nurses working in specialized COVID-19 treatment hospitals located across Arak, Kashan, and Qazvin, Iran, particularly Shiraz Hospital | Requires a commitment to sacrificeNurses need psychosocial support for themselves and their familiesExperience with COVID: new experiences and social stigma | High |
| Labrague and De Los Santos, 2021,29 Philippines | To ascertain the prevalence and predictors of coronaphobia in avant-garde hospitals and public health nurses | Cross-sectional | 736 nurses working in COVID-19 hospitals and health units in Region 8, Philippines | Coronophobia can be reduced by increasing the nurses’ personal resilience.Gender predicts coronaphobia, with female nurses reporting higher levels of dysfunctional anxiety than male nurses. Coronophobia interventions tailored to the identified predictors | High |
| Mubarak Al Baalharith and Mary Pappiya, 2021,30 Saudi Arabia | To ascertain the level of knowledge about preparedness and effective response to COVID-19 among nurses working under the Ministry of Health Hospital in Najran, KSA | Cross-sectional | 594 nurses from 9 Ministry of Health Hospitals in Najran, KSA | Overall knowledge of COVID preparedness is sufficient.Nurse readiness for PPE is moderate.Nurses need adequate COVID-19 preparedness training to increase their knowledge of prevention, control, and management. | High |
| Park and Jung, 2021,31 South Korea | To investigate nursing professionalism as a mediating factor in the relationship between resilience and work stress levels for nurses working in hospital long-term care units during the COVID-19 pandemic | Cross-sectional | 200 nurses from 7 hospitals in Seoul City | Nursing professionalism increases work resilience and reduces work stress.Individual and occupational characteristics can lead to differences in nurse resilience.Those aged under 40 years had significantly less resilience than the older age group. | High |
| Rathnayake et al., 2021,32 Sri Lanka | To explore the experiences and challenges of nurses working with hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Phenomenological qualitative | 14 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients at the General Hospital for COVID-19 patients in Sri Lanka | Willingness to work (as an obligation, seeking new experiences)Education and information needsSupport needs (appreciation, incentives, counseling)The use of modern technology such as robots, as well as communication media such as telephones, is very helpful. | High |
| Sharif Nia et al., 2021,33 Iran | To investigate the relationship between workload, quality of supervision, additional behavior of salary satisfaction, and nurses’ intention to care for patients with COVID-19 in Iran | Cross-sectional | 648 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences | Hospital managers need to pay attention to nurse job satisfaction and organizational factors to ensure that they can cope with the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Satisfaction with salary increases job satisfaction, and job satisfaction increases care intention.High workload lowers job satisfaction, and less job satisfaction lowers work intention. | High |
| Schroeder et al., 2020,34 United States of America | To explore the experiences of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in urban academic medical centers during the early stages of the pandemic | Qualitative | 21 nurses caring for COVID-19 urban patients at an academic medical center in the Northeastern United States | Adapting to dynamic situationsUnderstanding and adapting to the pandemicA sense of responsibility in caring for COVID-19 patients despite the fear of being infected | High |
