Relation between sleep quality and glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients

Sleep (PSQI)	Mean ± SD	Median
Subjective sleep quality	2.5 ± 0.8	2
Sleep latency	2.2 ± 0.7	2
Sleep duration	4.0 ± 0.7	0
Sleep efficiency	1.3 ± 0.9	1
Sleep disturbance	2.4–0.6	2
Use of sleeping Medications	0.4 ± 0.8	0
Daytime dysfunction	2.1 ± 0.8	2
Total PSQI	11.3 ± 3.2	11

1 Note: PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2.

Sleep quality score among patients in the study sample (n = 125).

Sleep quality (PSQI) score	Frequency	%
Good (<5)	4	3.2
Poor (≥5)	121	96.8

1 Note: PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index.

Table 3.

Best fitting multiple linear regression model for PSQI score.

Items	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t-test	P-value	95% CI for B
Items	B	Std. Error	Standardized coefficients	t-test	P-value	Lower	Upper
Constant	−0.34	1.96		−0.173	0.863	−4.22	3.54
Female gender	3.21	0.80	0.43	4.009	<0.001	1.62	4.79
Income	10.91	0.53	0.29	3.613	<0.001	0.86	2.95
Duration of DM	0.11	0.06	0.15	1.856	0.066	−0.01	0.23
Oral + insulin	0.83	0.46	0.15	1.815	0.072	−0.08	1.73
Smoking	2.14	1.03	0.22	2.079	0.040	0.10	4.18
Dyslipidemia	0.98	0.53	0.15	1.859	0.066	−0.06	2.03

1 Note: r-square = 0.27; Model ANOVA: F = 7.36, P < 0.001; Variables entered and excluded: age, education, job, marital status, residence, family history.

1 ANOVA, analysis of variance; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index.

Table 4.

glycemic control level among patients in the study sample (n = 125).

Glycated Hb (HbA1c)	Frequency	%
<7.0	12	9.6
≥7.0	113	90.4

1 Note: Range: 6.9–8.0; Mean ± SD: 7.7 ± 0.5; Median: 8.

1 HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation.

Table 5.

Best fitting multiple linear regression model for the HbA1c level.

Items	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t-test	P-value	95% CI for B
Items	B	Std. Error	Standardized coefficients	t-test	P-value	Lower	Upper
Constant	7.67	0.68		11.218	0.000	6.32	9.03
Income	0.74	0.38	0.17	1.944	0.054	−0.01	1.50
Duration of DM	0.08	0.04	0.16	1.786	0.077	−0.01	0.16
Smoking	1.10	0.57	0.17	1.930	0.056	−0.03	2.23
Female gender	−1.31	0.45	−0.26	−2.924	0.004	−2.20	−0.42
PSQI score	0.16	0.06	0.24	2.678	0.008	0.04	0.28

1 Note: r-square = 0.10; Model ANOVA: F = 3.38, P = 0.020; Variables entered and excluded: age, gender, education, job, marital status, residence, treatment type, family history.

1 ANOVA, analysis of variance; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index.

Table 6.

Best fitting multiple logistic regression model for the control of DM.

Items	Wald	Df	P-value	OR	95.0% CI for OR
Items	Wald	Df	P-value	OR	Upper	Lower
Constant	2.366	1	0.124	13.246
Controlled Hypertension	4.898	1	0.027	9.081	1.287	64.071
PSQI score	8.876	1	0.003	0.592	0.420	0.836

1 Note: Nagelkerke R square: 0.372; Hosmer and Lemeshow Test: P = 0.991; Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients: P < 0.001. DM, diabetes mellitus; CI, confidence level; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index.

Table 7.

Relations between PSQI scores of the good glycemic and poor glycemic control patients.

PSQI	Diabetes (HbA1c)				Mann–Whitney test	P-value
	good glycemic control (<7)		Poor glycemic control (≥7)
	Mean ± SD	Median	Mean ± SD	Median
Sleep efficiency	0.8 ± 1.0	0.50	1.4 ± 0.9	1.00	3.99	0.046*
Sleep duration	0.2 ± 0.4	0.00	0.4 ± 0.8	0.00	1.38	0.24
Sleep disturbance	2.0 ± 0.7	2.00	2.5 ± 0.6	3.00	5.03	0.02*
Sleep latency	1.8 ± 0.8	2.00	2.2 ± 0.7	2.00	2.47	0.12
Subjective sleep quality	2.0 ± 0.4	2.00	2.5 ± 0.8	2.00	4.68	0.03*
Use of sleeping medications	0.3 ± 0.9	0.00	0.4 ± 0.8	0.00	1.20	0.27
Daytime dysfunction	1.4 ± 0.7	1.00	2.2 ± 0.7	2.00	11.16	0.001*
Total PSQI	8.5 ± 3.0	8.50	11.6 ± 3.1	12.00	8.47	0.004*