Sleep quality components among patients in the study sample (n = 125)_
| Sleep (PSQI) | Mean ± SD | Median |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective sleep quality | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2 |
| Sleep latency | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2 |
| Sleep duration | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 0 |
| Sleep efficiency | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1 |
| Sleep disturbance | 2.4–0.6 | 2 |
| Use of sleeping Medications | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2 |
| Total PSQI | 11.3 ± 3.2 | 11 |
Sleep quality score among patients in the study sample (n = 125)_
| Sleep quality (PSQI) score | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|
| Good (<5) | 4 | 3.2 |
| Poor (≥5) | 121 | 96.8 |
Relation between glycemic control and sleep quality_
| Sleep quality (PSQI) | Diabetes control (HbA1c) | χ2 test | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good glycemic control | Poor glycemic control | |||||
| No. | % | No. | % | |||
| Good (<5) | 3 | 75.0 | 1 | 25.0 | ||
| Poor (≥5) | 9 | 7.4 | 112 | 92.6 | Fisher | 0.003* |
Best fitting multiple linear regression model for the HbA1c level_
| Items | Unstandardized coefficients | Standardized coefficients | t-test | P-value | 95% CI for B | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Std. Error | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Constant | 7.67 | 0.68 | 11.218 | 0.000 | 6.32 | 9.03 | |
| Income | 0.74 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 1.944 | 0.054 | −0.01 | 1.50 |
| Duration of DM | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 1.786 | 0.077 | −0.01 | 0.16 |
| Smoking | 1.10 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 1.930 | 0.056 | −0.03 | 2.23 |
| Female gender | −1.31 | 0.45 | −0.26 | −2.924 | 0.004 | −2.20 | −0.42 |
| PSQI score | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 2.678 | 0.008 | 0.04 | 0.28 |
Best fitting multiple logistic regression model for the control of DM_
| Items | Wald | Df | P-value | OR | 95.0% CI for OR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper | Lower | |||||
| Constant | 2.366 | 1 | 0.124 | 13.246 | ||
| Controlled Hypertension | 4.898 | 1 | 0.027 | 9.081 | 1.287 | 64.071 |
| PSQI score | 8.876 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.592 | 0.420 | 0.836 |
Best fitting multiple linear regression model for PSQI score_
| Items | Unstandardized coefficients | Standardized coefficients | t-test | P-value | 95% CI for B | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Std. Error | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Constant | −0.34 | 1.96 | −0.173 | 0.863 | −4.22 | 3.54 | |
| Female gender | 3.21 | 0.80 | 0.43 | 4.009 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 4.79 |
| Income | 10.91 | 0.53 | 0.29 | 3.613 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 2.95 |
| Duration of DM | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 1.856 | 0.066 | −0.01 | 0.23 |
| Oral + insulin | 0.83 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 1.815 | 0.072 | −0.08 | 1.73 |
| Smoking | 2.14 | 1.03 | 0.22 | 2.079 | 0.040 | 0.10 | 4.18 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.98 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 1.859 | 0.066 | −0.06 | 2.03 |
Relations between PSQI scores of the good glycemic and poor glycemic control patients_
| PSQI | Diabetes (HbA1c) | Mann–Whitney test | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| good glycemic control (<7) | Poor glycemic control (≥7) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | Median | Mean ± SD | Median | |||
| Sleep efficiency | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.50 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.00 | 3.99 | 0.046* |
| Sleep duration | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.00 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 0.24 |
| Sleep disturbance | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.00 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 3.00 | 5.03 | 0.02* |
| Sleep latency | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 2.00 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.00 | 2.47 | 0.12 |
| Subjective sleep quality | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.00 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.00 | 4.68 | 0.03* |
| Use of sleeping medications | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.00 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.27 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.00 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.00 | 11.16 | 0.001* |
| Total PSQI | 8.5 ± 3.0 | 8.50 | 11.6 ± 3.1 | 12.00 | 8.47 | 0.004* |
glycemic control level among patients in the study sample (n = 125)_
| Glycated Hb (HbA1c) | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|
| <7.0 | 12 | 9.6 |
| ≥7.0 | 113 | 90.4 |