Repeated measurements of depression and outcomes in patients receiving hemodialysis†

Characteristic	Deceased patients (n = 97)	Surviving patients (n = 161)	t/Z/χ²	P
Age, years (SD)	64.59 (12.27)	59.98 (13.19)	−2.631	0.009
Gender, n (%)			2.282	0.157
Male	57	79
Female	40	82
Education			3.892	0.143
Primary school and below	41	49
Secondary school	46	89
College	10	23
Marriage			4.985	0.083
Single	3	5
Married	78	136
Divorced/widowed	16	20
Employment			2.807	0.246
Working	8	12
Retired	74	110
Unemployed/students/	15	39
Family per capita monthly income (yuan/month)			6.117	0.106
<1000	14	10
1000–1999	46	77
2000–2999	19	45
>3000	18	29
Medical expenses to be paid by oneself (yuan/month), (x̄ ± s)	1731±1162	1867±1037	0.904	0.368
MHD duration, months (SD)	39.91 (45.41)	29.60 (34.99)	−1.903	0.057
Primary renal diagnosis, n (%)			6.569	0.363
Glomerulonephritis	32 (33.0)	50 (31.1)
Diabetic nephropathy	21 (21.6)	38 (23.6)
Hypertensive nephropathy	21 (21.6)	27 (16.8)
Obstructive nephropathy	9 (9.3)	7 (4.3)
Polycystic kidney	4 (4.1)	14 (8.7)
Unknown	3 (3.1)	6 (3.7)
Other*	7 (7.3)	19 (11.8)
BMI, kg/m² (SD)	20.34 (3.22)	20.77 (2.76)	−1.135	0.257

1 Note: *Lupus nephritis, nephritic syndrome, infective endocarditis, interstitial nephritis, IgA nephropathy, stenosis of the renal artery, renal tuberculosis, gouty nephropathy; BMI, body mass index; MHD, maintenance hemodialysis; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2.

Changes in depression at three time points (n = 124).

Item	Baseline	1-year follow-up	2-year follow-up	F	P
HAMDS score (SD)	4.74 (4.00)	4.94 (3.84)	6.50 (3.15)	9.78	<0.001

1 Note: HAMDS, Hamilton Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3.

Changes in the percentage of depression at three time points, n (%) (n = 124).

Items	Baseline	1-year follow-up	2-year follow-up	χ²	P
Lower score	90 (72.6)	87 (70.2)	70 (56.5)
Higher score	34 (27.4)	37 (29.8)	54 (43.5)
Total score	124 (100)	124 (100)	124 (100)	8.41	0.015

Table 4.

Comparison of HAMDS scores between the deceased and surviving groups (n = 258).

Items	Deceased patients (n = 97)	Surviving patients (n = 161)	Z	P
HAMDS score (SD)	7.15 (3.14)	6.30 (2.84)	−2.164	0.03

1 Note: HAMDS, Hamilton Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Table 5.

Hazard ratios for mortality (n = 317).

Groups	Total	Deceased patients	Incidence (%)	P
Age (years)				0.002
18–60	148	32	21.6
61–91	169	65	38.5
HAMDS score				0.037
1–6	175	46	26.3
7–17	142	51	35.9

1 Note: HAMDS, Hamilton Depression Scale.

Table 6.

Results of Cox regression analysis models.

Variable	Coefficient	P	Adjusted RR of death (95% CI)
Age	0.032	<0.001	1.032 (1.015–1.050)
HAMDS score	0.067	0.034	1.069 (1.005–1.138)

1 Note: CI, confidence interval; HAMDS, Hamilton Depression Scale; RR, relative risk.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2022-0045 | Journal eISSN: 2544-8994 | Journal ISSN: 2097-5368

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Language: English

Page range: 353 - 359

Submitted on: Mar 7, 2022

Accepted on: Jun 22, 2022

Published on: Dec 31, 2022

Published by: Shanxi Medical Periodical Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

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Related subjects:

Assistive professions, nursing

© 2022 Lu Zhang, Su-Mei Zhang, Sheng-Yan Shi, Hai-Ying Quan, Xiu Yang, published by Shanxi Medical Periodical Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 9 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)