Table 1
Participant characteristic.
| Characteristic | Experimental group, n = 44 | Control group, n = 47 | χ2 | df | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Sex | 0.512 | 1 | 0.567 | ||||
| Male | 8 | 18.2 | 6 | 12.8 | |||
| Female | 36 | 81.8 | 41 | 87.2 | |||
| Age, years | 2.203 | 3 | 0.531 | ||||
| <55 | 6 | 13.6 | 6 | 12.8 | |||
| 56–65 | 18 | 40.9 | 26 | 55.3 | |||
| 66–75 | 15 | 34.1 | 12 | 25.5 | |||
| 76–85 | 5 | 11.4 | 3 | 6.4 | |||
| Status | 0.602 | 2 | 0.969 | ||||
| Single | 4 | 9.1 | 4 | 8.5 | |||
| Married | 27 | 61.4 | 28 | 59.6 | |||
| Divorced | 13 | 29.5 | 15 | 31.9 | |||
| Education | 8.331 | 4 | 0.139 | ||||
| No literate | 5 | 11.4 | 1 | 2.1 | |||
| Elementary | 29 | 65.9 | 32 | 68.1 | |||
| Secondary | 6 | 13.6 | 10 | 21.3 | |||
| Diploma | 2 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bachelor | 2 | 4.5 | 3 | 6.46 | |||
| Master | 1 | 1.1 | 0 | 2.1 | |||
| Occupation | 4.839 | 2 | 0.087 | ||||
| Freelance | 23 | 52.3 | 33 | 70.2 | |||
| Hire | 17 | 38.6 | 9 | 19.1 | |||
| Merchant | 4 | 9.1 | 5 | 11.1 | |||
[i] Note: *p < 0.05
Table 2
Clinical characteristics.
| Characteristic | Experimental group, n = 44 | Control group, n = 47 | χ2 | df | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Duration of disease, years | 0.233 | 1 | 0.267 | ||||
| -<5 | 25 | 56.8 | 32 | 68.1 | |||
| ->5 | 19 | 48.2 | 15 | 31.9 | |||
| Smoke | 0.781 | 1 | 0.781 | ||||
| Non-smoke | 20 | 45.5 | 20 | 42.6 | |||
| Smoke | 24 | 47.1 | 27 | 57.4 | |||
| Drink Alcohol | 2.226 | 1 | 0.136 | ||||
| Drink | 3 | 6.8 | 8 | 17 | |||
| Not drink | 41 | 93.2 | 9 | 83 | |||
[i] Note: *P < 0.005.
Table 3
Comparisons of decreases in systolic and diastolic BP levels between the experimental and control groups (at week 4).
| Bp control | Mean (SD) | T | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean difference | Std. error difference | 95% Confidence interval of the difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic decrease | 2.08 | 89 | 0.04 | 6.44 | 3.09 | 0.28 | 12.59 | |
| Experimental group | 7.61 (16.25) | |||||||
| Control group | 1.17 (13.21) | |||||||
| Diastolic decrease | 0.688 | 89 | 0.51 | 1.7 | 2.55 | −3.77 | 6.77 | |
| Experimental group | −1.00 (11.57) | |||||||
| Control group | −2.70 (12.71) | |||||||
[i] Note: BP, blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.
Table 4
Comparison of BP levels within experimental group and control group before – after entering the Program (at the 13th week).
| BP, mmHg | Before entering program | After entering program | T = paired t-test | P-value (1-tailed) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Systolic BP | ||||||
| Experimental group | 138.27 | 18.57 | 130.45 | 26.30 | 1.93 | 0.060 |
| Control group | 132.49 | 15.93 | 124.47 | 14.31 | 3.24 | 0.002 |
| Diastolic BP | ||||||
| Experimental group | 73.75 | 11.47 | 78.91 | 13.36 | −2.72 | 0.009 |
| Control group | 75.96 | 9.63 | 77.81 | 11.35 | −1.03 | 0.308 |
[i] Note: BP, Blood pressure; SD, Standard deviation.
Table 5
Comparison of mean differences of self-management behaviors before – after program participation (at week 4, at week 13).
| Variance (S2) | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F-test | P-value | Partial eta squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Between-group | ||||||
| Self-management behavior | 2241.51 | 1 | 2241.47 | 5821.47 | 0.000 | 0.983 |
| Error | 37.773 | 89 | 0.424 | |||
| Within-group | ||||||
| Self–management behavior | 1.950 | 1.78 | 1.094 | 9.56 | 0.000 | 0.097 |
| Self-management behavior *time | 1.835 | 1.836 | 0.999 | 9.004 | 0.000 | 0.092 |
| Error | 18.139 | 158.591 | 0.114 | |||
Figure 1
The present study showed a mean difference in self-management program scores between the experimental and control groups at the fourth week after entering the Program.
Table 6
Comparison of mean differences in self-management behavior scores before and after entering the Program (at the 4th & 13th weeks within each group).