Figure 1
The conceptual model guiding this study.
Table 1
Comparison of HADS-D score by sample characteristics.
| Variable | N(%)/M ± SD/Median (Q) | HADS-D M ± SD | r | t | F | P-value | Post hoc test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | −0.064 | 0.949 | |||||
| Male | 165 (51.4) | 4.8 ± 3.2 | |||||
| Female | 156 (48.6) | 4.8 ± 3.1 | |||||
| Age, years | 63.6 ± 10.6 | 0.110 | 0.048 | ||||
| Education | 4.002 | <0.001 | |||||
| <High school | 209 (65.1) | 5.3 ± 3.0 | |||||
| ≥High school | 112 (34.9) | 3.9 ± 3.2 | |||||
| Employment | 2.383 | 0.018 | |||||
| Unemployed | 191 (59.5) | 5.3 ± 3.4 | |||||
| Employed | 130 (40.5) | 4.5 ± 2.9 | |||||
| Marital status | 2.006 | 0.046 | |||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 46 (14.3) | 5.7 ± 3.1 | |||||
| Married/cohabitating | 275 (85.7) | 4.7 ± 3.1 | |||||
| Residence | 3.049 | 0.002 | |||||
| Rural area | 123 (38.3) | 5.5 ± 3.4 | |||||
| Urban area | 198 (61.7) | 4.4 ± 2.9 | |||||
| Income (RMB per month) | 3.318 | 0.001 | |||||
| <1000 | 88 (27.4) | 5.8 ± 3.5 | |||||
| 1000 | 233 (72.6) | 4.5 ± 2.9 | |||||
| LVEF | 0.789 | 0.431 | |||||
| <40% | 51 (15.9) | 5.1 ± 3.4 | |||||
| ≥40% | 270 (84.1) | 4.8 ± 3.1 | |||||
| NYHA class | 6.590 | 0.002 | |||||
| (a) II | 202 (62.9) | 4.4 ± 3.0 | a<b**, a<c** | ||||
| (b) III | 93 (29.0) | 5.5 ± 3.2 | b<c | ||||
| (c) IV | 26 (8.1) | 6.0 ± 3.5 | |||||
| NT-pro BNP, pg/mL | 2384.6 (262.3–2714.1) | 0.135 | 0.015 | ||||
| Hospitalizations | −3.187 | 0.002 | |||||
| <3 | 261 (81.3) | 4.6 ± 3.2 | |||||
| ≥3 | 60 (18.7) | 6.0 ± 2.7 | |||||
| HF duration | −2.206 | 0.028 | |||||
| <6 months | 202 (62.9) | 4.5 ± 3.2 | |||||
| ≥6 months | 119 (37.1) | 5.3 ± 2.9 | |||||
| Comorbidities | −0.945 | 0.345 | |||||
| <3 | 39 (12.1) | 4.7 ± 3.1 | |||||
| ≥3 | 282 (87.9) | 5.1 ± 3.1 | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 6.371 | < 0.001 | |||||
| (a) <18.5 | 11 (3.4) | 7.7 ± 3.1 | a>b*, a>c**, a>d*** | ||||
| (b) 18.5–23.9 | 86 (26.8) | 5.5 ± 3.5 | b>c*, b>d** | ||||
| (c)24.0–27.9 | 147 (45.8) | 4.6 ± 3.0 | c>d | ||||
| (d) ³28.0 | 77 (24.0) | 4.1 ± 2.5 |
Table 2
Mean scores and correlation coefficients between potential influencing factors and HADS-D (n = 321).
| Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. HADS-D | 4.8 | 3.1 | 1 | ||||
| 2. DASI | 20.6 | 9.3 | −0.353*** | 1 | |||
| 3. MSPSS | 64.7 | 7.4 | −0.378*** | 0.170** | 1 | ||
| 4. LOT-R | 20.7 | 2.2 | −0.456*** | 0.110* | 0.325*** | 1 | |
| 5. Self-care confidence | 57.1 | 13.4 | −0.321*** | 0.126* | 0.212*** | 0.156** | 1 |
| 6. HLS | 99.5 | 12.5 | −0.462*** | 0.335*** | 0.275*** | 0.107 | 0.299*** |
Note: DASI, Duke Activity Status Index; HADS-D, Depression Subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HLS, Health Literacy Scale for Patients with Chronic Disease; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.
Table 3
Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis of HADS-D score (n = 321).
| Variables | β | 95% CI | t | P-value | Collinearity statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tolerance | VIF | ||||||
| Hospitalizations <3 | 0.737 | 0.039 | 1.436 | 2.079 | 0.038 | 0.878 | 1.139 |
| DASI | −0.043 | −0.075 | −0.012 | −2.734 | 0.007 | 0.778 | 1.285 |
| MSPSS | −0.047 | −0.086 | −0.009 | −2.426 | 0.016 | 0.806 | 1.241 |
| LOT-R | −0.513 | −0.639 | −0.388 | −8.035 | < 0.001 | 0.863 | 1.159 |
| Self-care confidence | −0.032 | −0.053 | −0.012 | −3.092 | 0.002 | 0.859 | 1.164 |
| HLS | −0.076 | −0.099 | −0.053 | −6.503 | < 0.001 | 0.785 | 1.273 |
| DASI*LOT-R | 0.017 | 0.005 | 0.030 | 2.723 | 0.007 | 0.934 | 1.071 |
[i] Note: Dependent variable: HADS-D score. Adjusted R2 = 0.452. Gender, age, education, employment, marital status, residence, income, left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA class, NT-pro BNP, disease duration, comorbidities, BMI, and DASI * MSPSS, DASI * self-care confidence, DASI * HLS were excluded by stepwise multiple linear regression.
[ii] β, standardized beta; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DASI, Duke Activity Status Index; HLS, Health Literacy Scale for Patients with Chronic Disease; HADS-D, Depression Subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide; VIF, variance inflation factor.