Figure 1
PMR from Bernstein and Borkovec for tension release in 16 major muscle groups. PMR, progressive muscle relaxation.
Figure 2
CONSORT Flow Diagram for enrollment, allocation, and follow-up study participant. PMR, progressive muscle relaxation; SE, stretching exercise..
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participant and BP (n = 130).
| Variable | Total | Control (n = 65) | Intervention (n = 65) | Z/χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | |||||
| Md (P25–P75) | 45 (40.7–50.0) | 46 (39.5–56.0) | 45 (41.0–48.0) | −1.149 | 0.250 |
| Gender n (%) | |||||
| Male | 107 (82.3) | 49 (75.4) | 58 (89.2) | 3.381 | 0.066 |
| Female | 23 (17.7) | 16 (24.6) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Education level n (%) | |||||
| Not attending | 17 (13.1) | 11 (16.9) | 6 (9.2) | 1.787 | 0.618 |
| Elementary school | 93 (71.5) | 45 (69.2) | 48 (73.8) | ||
| Junior high school | 13 (10.0) | 6 (9.2) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Senior high school | 7 (5.4) | 3 (4.6) | 4 (6.2) | ||
| Smoking n (%) | |||||
| No | 89 (68.5) | 39 (60.0) | 50 (76.9) | 3.563 | 0.059 |
| Yes | 41 (31.5) | 26 (40.0) | 15 (23.1) | ||
| Length of working per day (h) | |||||
| Md (P25–P75) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 6.0 (4.0–7.0) | −1.304 | 0.192 |
| Length of rest in working (h) | |||||
| Md (P25–P75) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.5) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | −1.767 | 0.077 |
| Length of sleeping per day (h) | |||||
| Md (P25–P75) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | −1.459 | 0.145 |
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Md (P25–P75) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120.0–142.5) | 130 (120–140) | −0.939 | 0.348 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Md (P25–P75) | 80 (80–90) | 80 (80–90) | 90 (80–90) | −1.914 | 0.056 |
[i] Note: Z was determined using Mann Whitney-U test; χ2 was determined using Chi-square test.
[ii] BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Table 2
Comparison of SBP and DBP baseline and 3 months data in control and intervention groups (n = 90).
| Variable | Control (n = 30) | Intervention (n = 60) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Md (P25–P75) | Z | P-value | Md (P25–P75) | Z | P-value | |
| SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Pre | 120.0 (110.0–150.0) | −1.732 | 0.083 | 130.0 (120.0–147.5) | −5.381 | <0.001* |
| Post | 120.0 (110.0–150.0) | 120.0 (110.0–130.0) | ||||
| DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Pre | 80.0 (80.0–90.0) | −1.342 | 0.180 | 90.0 (80.0–90.0) | −5.038 | <0.001* |
| Post | 80.0 (80.0–85.0) | 80.0 (76.25–83.75) | ||||
Table 3
The comparison of number of type BP baseline and 3 months data in the control group (n = 30).
| BP | SBP | DBP | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n) | 3 months (n) | Changing (%) | χ2 (P-value) | Baseline (n) | 3 months (n) | Changing (%) | χ2 (P-value) | |
| Normal | 10 | 10 | 0 | 60.0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 50.0 |
| Pre hypertension | 10 | 10 | 0 | (<0.001) | 16 | 18 | + 6.7 | (<0.001) |
| Hypertension stage I | 10 | 10 | 0 | 8 | 6 | –6.7 | ||
| Hypertension stage II | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
[i] Note: JNC VII (National Heart, Lung, 2003); Normal (SBP < 120 mmHg; DBP < 80 mmHg), Pre hypertension (DBP = 120–139 mmHg), Hypertension stage I (SBP = 140–159 mmHg), and Hypertension stage II (SBP > 160 mmHg; DBP > 100 mmHg).
Table 4
The comparison of number of type BP baseline and 3 months data in the intervention group (n = 60).
| Baseline | SBP | DBP | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n) | 3 months (n) | Changing (%) | χ2 (P-value) | Baseline (n) | 3 months (n) | Changing (%) | χ2 (P-value) | |
| Normal | 10 | 16 | +10.0 | 43.2 | 9 | 15 | +10.0 | 34.7 |
| Pre hypertension | 24 | 36 | +20.0 | (<0.001) | 19 | 38 | +31.6 | (<0.001) |
| Hypertension stage I | 26 | 8 | –30.0 | 32 | 7 | –41.6 | ||
| Hypertension stage II | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
[i] Note: JNC VII (National Heart, Lung, 2003); Normal (SBP < 120 mmHg; DBP < 80 mmHg), Pre hypertension (DBP = 120–139 mmHg), Hypertension stage I (SBP = 140–159 mmHg), and Hypertension stage II (SBP > 160 mmHg; DBP > 100 mmHg).
[ii] BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; JNC VII, The Seven Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
[iii] BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; JNC VII, The Seven Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Table 5
Distribution of number BP values among drop out of participant in control and intervention group.
| BP | Control (n = 35) | Intervention (n = 5) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic, n (%) | Diastolic, n (%) | Systolic, n (%) | Diastolic, n (%) | |
| Normal | 4 (11.4) | 35 (100.0) | 0 | 5 (100.0) |
| Pre hypertension | 18 (51.4) | 0 | 4 (80.0) | 0 |
| Hypertension stage I | 13 (37.1) | 0 | 1 (20.0) | 0 |
| Hypertension stage II | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[i] Note: JNC VII (National Heart, Lung, 2003); Normal (SBP < 120 mmHg; DBP < 80 mmHg), Pre hypertension (DBP = 120–139 mmHg), Hypertension stage I (SBP = 140–159 mmHg), and Hypertension stage II (SBP > 160 mmHg; DBP > 100 mmHg).
[ii] BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; JNC VII, The Seven Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.