Participants’ personal characteristics (n = 753)_
| Characteristics | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | |
| <25 | 212 (28.2) |
| <35 | 361 (47.9) |
| <45 | 151 (20.1) |
| >45 | 29 (3.9) |
| Gender | |
| Male | 173 (23) |
| Female | 580 (77) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 274 (36.4) |
| Married | 479 (63.6) |
| Education status | |
| Secondary education degree | 73 (9.7) |
| Associate degree | 289 (38.4) |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 391 (51.9) |
| Working experience (years) | |
| <5 | 289 (38.4) |
| <10 | 211 (28.0) |
| <15 | 101 (13.4) |
| >15 | 152 (20.2) |
| Professional position | |
| Junior nurse | 524 (69.6) |
| Charge nurse | 193 (25.6) |
| Senior nurse | 36 (4.8) |
| Taking nightshift | |
| Yes | 586 (77.8) |
| No | 167 (22.2) |
| Ward management model | |
| Closed ward | 568 (75.4) |
| Non-closed ward | 185 (24.6) |
| Training program (frequency) | |
| Rare | 281 (37.3) |
| Medium | 301 (40.0) |
| Often | 171 (22.7) |
Psychiatric nurses’ attitude and practice toward PR (n = 753, M ± SD)_
| Items | Frequency (%) Strongly disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly agree | M ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitude | ||||||
| 1. I fully understand the definition and range of application of PR. | 20 (2.7) | 14 (1.9) | 73 (9.7) | 289 (38.4) | 357 (47.4) | 3.26 ± 0.90 |
| 2. In emergencies, nurses are allowed to apply PR on patients without a psychiatrist’s order. | 38 (5.0) | 40 (5.3) | 97 (12.9) | 211 (28) | 367 (48.7) | 3.10 ± 1.13 |
| 3. In all cases, the reasons for PR should be explained to the patient/family members and their informed consent is required. | 35 (4.6) | 70 (9.3) | 132 (17.5) | 202 (26.8) | 314 (41.7) | 2.92 ± 1.17 |
| 4. PR would cause physical and psychological harm to patients. | 33 (4.4) | 68 (9.0) | 235 (31.2) | 269 (35.7) | 148 (19.7) | 2.57 ± 1.04 |
| 5. PR can easily lead to nurses’ injury and psychological stress. | 43 (5.7) | 113 (15) | 197 (26.2) | 254 (33.7) | 146 (19.4) | 2.46 ± 1.13 |
| 6. There should be a standard process when implementing PR. | 6 (0.8) | 13 (1.7) | 56 (7.4) | 261 (34.7) | 417 (55.4) | 3.42 ± 0.77 |
| 7. In terms of PR, I think I have received enough training. | 47 (6.2) | 138 (18.3) | 240 (31.9) | 230 (30.5) | 98 (13) | 2.26 ± 1.09 |
| Practice | ||||||
| 1. PR would be applied when the patient is at the risk of violence/suicide/escape. | 40 (5.3) | 51 (6.8) | 105 (13.9) | 191 (25.4) | 366 (48.6) | 3.05 ± 1.17 |
| 2. Before implementing PR on the patient, I would consider whether alternative methods are adequate. | 20 (2.7) | 47 (6.2) | 130 (17.3) | 361 (47.9) | 195 (25.9) | 2.88 ± 0.95 |
| 3. PR can be applied for the convenience of nursing work. | 235 (31.2) | 187 (24.8) | 172 (22.8) | 84 (11.2) | 75 (10) | 1.44 ± 1.30 |
| 4. I was influenced by my fellow nurses when I implemented PR on patients. | 171 (22.7) | 198 (26.3) | 204 (27.1) | 125 (16.6) | 55 (7.3) | 1.59 ± 1.21 |
| 5. I was influenced by my nursing superior when I implemented PR on patients. | 153 (20.3) | 169 (22.4) | 192 (25.5) | 172 (22.8) | 67 (8.9) | 1.78 ± 1.25 |
| 6. For patients who are difficult to handle, junior nurses can be recommended to use PR appropriately for the convenience of work. | 218 (29) | 180 (23.9) | 194 (25.8) | 96 (12.7) | 65 (8.6) | 1.48 ± 1.27 |
Attitude and practice toward PR among different nurses_
| Characteristics | Attitude | t/F | P value | Practice | t/F | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 14.995 | 0.002 | 57.849 | 0.000 | ||
| <25 | 17.94 ± 3.26 | 11.99 ± 4.23 | ||||
| 25–35 | 18.02 ± 3.37 | 13.57 ± 4.43 | ||||
| 35–45 | 19.04 ± 3.05 | 14.97 ± 4.20 | ||||
| >45 | 16.90 ± 3.47 | 17.00 ± 4.18 | ||||
| Gender | −3.436 | 0.001 | −3.622 | 0.000 | ||
| Male | 18.79 ± 3.69 | 12.42 ± 4.90 | ||||
| Female | 17.97 ± 3.17 | 13.87 ± 4.30 | ||||
| Marital status | −0.941 | 0.347 | −4.740 | 0.000 | ||
| Single | 18.06 ± 3.26 | 12.47 ± 4.33 | ||||
| Married | 18.21 ± 3.35 | 14.15 ± 4.46 | ||||
| Education status | 2.425 | 0.489 | 10.272 | 0.016 | ||
| Secondary education degree | 17.92 ± 3.48 | 12.44 ± 4.56 | ||||
| Associate degree | 17.94 ± 3.23 | 13.38 ± 4.36 | ||||
| Bachelor degree | 18.37 ± 3.29 | 13.95 ± 4.49 | ||||
| Master degree | 18.18 ± 4.81 | 11.00 ± 5.40 | ||||
| Working experience (years) | 2.739 | 0.434 | 37.429 | 0.000 | ||
| < 5 | 17.98 ± 3.21 | 12.67 ± 4.35 | ||||
| 5.00–10 | 18.17 ± 3.38 | 13.35 ± 4.45 | ||||
| 10.01–15 | 18.16 ± 3.24 | 13.61 ± 3.97 | ||||
| >15 | 18.47 ± 3.46 | 15.41 ± 4.59 | ||||
| Professional position | 9.423 | 0.009 | 28.092 | 0.000 | ||
| Junior nurse | 17.92 ± 3.30 | 12.96 ± 4.35 | ||||
| Charge nurse | 18.69 ± 3.19 | 14.93 ± 4.60 | ||||
| Senior nurse | 18.81 ± 3.79 | 14.50 ± 5.38 | ||||
| Taking nightshift | −2.360 | 0.018 | −4.357 | 0.000 | ||
| Yes | 17.99 ± 3.31 | 13.16 ± 4.43 | ||||
| No | 18.75 ± 3.28 | 14.86 ± 4.47 | ||||
| Ward management model | −0.007 | 0.994 | −0.988 | 0.323 | ||
| Closed ward | 18.16 ± 3.30 | 13.65 ± 4.40 | ||||
| Non-closed ward | 18.28 ± 3.35 | 14.00 ± 4.75 | ||||
| Training program (frequency) | 35.002 | 0.000 | 11.227 | 0.004 | ||
| Rare | 17.28 ± 3.30 | 13.12 ± 4.24 | ||||
| Medium | 18.46 ± 3.11 | 14.25 ± 4.09 | ||||
| Often | 19.06 ± 3.31 | 13.54 ± 5.33 |
Ordinal regression analysis for the correlation between attitude and practice
| Items | Estimate | OR | 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.479 | 1.61 | 0.130 to 0.828 | 0.007 |
| Age | 0.533 | 1.70 | 0.234 to 0.832 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | −0.071 | 0.93 | −0.716 to 0.287 | 0.697 |
| Education status | 0.196 | 1.22 | −0.020 to 0412 | 0.076 |
| Profession title | −0.217 | 0.80 | −0.559 to 0.125 | 0.213 |
| Work experience | 0.137 | 1.15 | −0.053 to 0.327 | 0.157 |
| Taking nightshift | 0.113 | 1.12 | −0.321 to −0.546 | 0.610 |
| Training program | 0.250 | 1.28 | 0.057 to 0.442 | 0.011 |
| Attitude | 1.811 | 6.12 | 0.903 to 2.719 | <0.001 |