Managerial competence according to gender (N = 256)_
| Managerial competence | Male (n = 54) | Female (n = 202) | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
| Applying quality care improvement | 3.77 ± 0.902 | 3.91 ± 0.801 | −1.151 | 0.251 |
| Utilizing informatics | 3.68 ± 0.725 | 3.85 ± 0.766 | −1.475 | 0.142 |
| Facilitating spiritual nursing care | 3.62 ± 0.763 | 3.77 ± 0.744 | −1.232 | 0.219 |
| Leadership | 3.69 ± 0.651 | 3.67 ± 0.703 | 0.165 | 0.869 |
| Self-management | 3.61 ± 0.761 | 3.69 ± 0.764 | −0.697 | 0.486 |
| Staffing and professional development | 3.53 ± 1.130 | 3.59 ± 0.991 | −0.395 | 0.693 |
| Financial management | 3.22 ± 0.857 | 3.15 ± 0.840 | 0.522 | 0.602 |
| Total dimension | 3.62 ± 0.632 | 3.67 ± 0.635 | −0.592 | 0.555 |
Leadership dimension of managerial competence according to gender (N = 256)_
| Activities | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Facilitating nursing staff in collaboration with other health professions in practice, especially with medical doctors in providing patient-centered care | 2.41 | 1.41 | 2.13 | 1.38 |
| Shared decision-making by involving staff in the process of change | 2.19 | 1.39 | 4.20 | 0.83 |
| Effectively assigning task responsibility and authority to subordinates | 4.05 | 0.99 | 4.09 | 0.96 |
| Establishing mutual trust and respect by dealing with others in a fair manner | 4.13 | 0.91 | 4.01 | 0.94 |
| Arranging schedules and supporting flexible self-scheduling for staff | 4.04 | 0.93 | 4.04 | 1.08 |
| Advocating for staff in assertive and confident manner | 4.21 | 0.95 | 4.17 | 0.98 |
| Giving safe and proper legal and ethical care | 3.52 | 1.19 | 3.46 | 1.45 |
| Becoming role model of professional and visioning behavior | 3.47 | 1.39 | 3.96 | 0.80 |
| Leading and inviting staff to pray before working in the unit | 4.11 | 0.93 | 4.08 | 0.91 |
| Collaborating and communicating with other health professions in inter-disciplinary team | 3.37 | 1.07 | 3.20 | 1.46 |
| Providing positive feedback and reinforcement for improvement of staff performance | 3.24 | 1.38 | 3.80 | 1.09 |
| Identifying strengths of staff and capitalizing on those strengths | 4.08 | 1.00 | 4.02 | 1.02 |
| Dealing with anger, criticism, and frustration in a constructive manner | 3.39 | 1.12 | 3.44 | 1.19 |
| Evaluating nurses staff performance based on standard and key performance indicators | 3.43 | 1.17 | 2.56 | 1.51 |
Dimensions of self-management, staffing and professional development, and financial management according to gender (N = 256)_
| Items | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Self-management | ||||
| Getting involved in professional associations and professional development programs | 3.61 | 1.22 | 3.92 | 1.01 |
| Engaging in self-evaluation program in the hospital | 3.70 | 1.18 | 3.81 | 1.13 |
| Involved in developing a policy brief and advocacy to policy makers | 4.30 | 0.72 | 4.5 | 0.74 |
| Achieving certification in an appropriate field/specialty | 3.59 | 1.16 | 3.57 | 1.26 |
| Managing self through continuing education and participating in nursing management research/training/course | 3.76 | 1.04 | 3.84 | 1.04 |
| Engaging in regular supervision or consulting with superordinates | 2.74 | 1.39 | 2.55 | 1.39 |
| Staffing and professional development | ||||
| Managing the number and qualification of nurse staff based on the standard of hospital | 3.56 | 1.44 | 3.47 | 1.45 |
| Determining and evaluating staffing needs | 3.54 | 1.25 | 3.62 | 1.15 |
| Setting up learning opportunities, trainings, and continuing education and others related to nurse staff development | 3.50 | 1.34 | 3.70 | 1.26 |
| Identifying and matching the competence of nurse staff with patient acuity | 3.56 | 1.28 | 3.60 | 1.26 |
| Financial management | ||||
| Actively participating in arranging a practical annual budget for the unit that includes volume, revenue, personnel, supplies, and capital equipment | 3.59 | 1.22 | 3.53 | 1.35 |
| Communicating fiscal management expectations and outcomes to staffs and other stakeholders | 2.43 | 1.47 | 2.46 | 1.43 |
| Implementing cost-benefit analysis approach in financial plan in the unit | 4.24 | 0.70 | 4.33 | 0.72 |
| Coordinating with supervisors among departments | 2.63 | 1.40 | 2.30 | 1.44 |
Facilitating spiritual nursing care dimension of managerial competence according to gender (N = 256)_
| Activities | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Relieving staff spiritual distress | 3.63 | 1.10 | 3.87 | 0.92 |
| Reviewing and identifying the influence of cultural beliefs, values, and spiritual on nursing care | 3.37 | 1.31 | 3.56 | 1.21 |
| Explaining and demonstrating spiritual care practice to staff and patients | 3.44 | 1.18 | 3.63 | 1.11 |
| Referring effectively and articulately to other spiritual nursing care based on the situation and preference of staff and patient | 3.35 | 1.20 | 3.47 | 1.19 |
| Paying attention to the spiritual needs of staff | 3.31 | 1.13 | 3.45 | 1.23 |
| Facilitate staff to provide spiritual nursing care to patient and families and respect their diversity and differences | 4.06 | 0.96 | 4.22 | 0.85 |
| Coaching or mentoring staff in developing problem-solving skills | 4.24 | 0.82 | 4.20 | 0.83 |
Applying quality care improvement and informatics utilization dimension of managerial competence according to gender (N = 256)_
| Items | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Applying quality care improvement | ||||
| Continually understanding and measuring quality of care in terms of structure, process, and outcomes | 3.72 | 1.12 | 3.84 | 1.06 |
| Using evidence-based practice in nursing care | 4.15 | 0.96 | 4.31 | 0.90 |
| Analyzing the workflow of unit and identifying errors, causes, and their effects in nursing service | 3.56 | 1.09 | 3.82 | 0.95 |
| Actively participating in setting nursing practice standards or guidelines for nursing care in unit | 3.67 | 1.13 | 3.70 | 1.14 |
| Utilizing informatics | ||||
| Utilizing technology to manage patients | 3.33 | 0.99 | 3.33 | 1.05 |
| Integrating technology into nursing documentation | 3.48 | 1.37 | 3.57 | 1.25 |
| Evaluating the effect of information technology (IT) on patient care and delivery system | 4.13 | 0.87 | 4.51 | 0.73 |
| Using information system to support nursing practice | 3.80 | 0.98 | 4.01 | 1.01 |