Figure 1
Flow diagram of inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Table 1
Main characteristics of included RCTs
| Study | Design | Country | Subjects | Sample (n) | age (year) (Mean ± SD) | Investigation | Study duration | Outcomes assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E | C | E | C | E | C | ||||||
| Burger et al.31 | RCT | USA | Nursing students | 28 | 24 | Unclear | Unclear | MM | WL | 4 weeks, meditate 10 min/day and keeping a practice | PSS, FFMQ |
| Chen et al.35 | RCT | China | Nursing students | 30 | 30 | 19.4 ± 0.85 | 19.7 ± 0.88 | MM | NI | 1 week, 7 sessions, each session lasted 30 min/day | SAS, SDS |
| Kang et al.32 | RCT | Korea | Nursing students | 21 | 20 | 22.69 ± 1.49 | 22.25 ± 0.68 | SCBMM | NI | 8 weeks, 8 sessions, each session lasted 1.5–2 h/week | STAI, BDI, PWI-SF |
| Ratanasiripong et al.34 | RCT | Thai | Nursing students | 29 | 31 | 18–21 | 18–21 | MM | NI | 4 weeks, 2 sessions, practicing 3 times/day | STAI, PSS |
| Song et al.33 | RCT | Korea | Nursing students | 21 | 23 | 19.6 ± 1.7 | 19.5 ± 2.0 | MBSR | WL | 8 weeks, 8 sessions, each session lasted 2 h/week | DASS-A, DASS-D, DASS-S, MAAS |
[i] Note: RCT, randomized controlled trial; E, experimental group; C, control group; MM, mindfulness meditation; SCBM, Stress coping program-based mindfulness meditation, MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; NI, no intervention; WL, Waiting list; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; DASS-A, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Anxiety; SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; DASS-D, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Depression; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; PWI-SF, Psychological Wellbeing Index-Short Form Questionnaire; DASS-S, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Stress; FFMQ, Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; MAAS, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale.
Figure 2
Risk of bias graph and summary of the included studies. A. Risk of bias graph B. Risk of bias summary.
Figure 3
Effect of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, depression, stress and mindfulness. A. Anxiety B. Depression C. Stress D. Mindfulness
Figure 4
Outcomes of Trial Sequential Analysis. A. Anxiety B. Stress C. Mindfulness