The Socio-Economic Perspective for the Guns Vs. Butter Trade-Off in the European Union Countries
By: Grzegorz Waszkiewicz
, Gábor Kutasi and Ádám Marton
, Gábor Kutasi and Ádám Marton References
- Arbolino, R., Boffardi, R., Ioppolo, G. (2019). The effectiveness of European energy policy on the Italiansystem: Regional evidences from a hierarchical cluster analysis approach. Energy Policy, 132, 47–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.021.
- Caputo, D.A. (1975). New Perspectives on the Pubic Policy Implications of Defence and Welfare Expenditures in Four Modern Democracies: 1950–1970. Policy Sciences, 6(4), 423–446.
- Carter, J., Ondercin, H.L., Palmer, G. (2020). Guns, Butter, and Growth: The Consequences of Military Spending Reconsidered. Political Research Quarterly, 106591291989041. DOI: 10.1177/1065912919890417.
- Caruso, R., Biscione, A. (2022). Militarization and Income Inequality in European Countries (2000–2017). Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 28(3), 267–285. DOI: 10.1515/peps-2022-0026.
- Chen, W.Y., Liang, Y.W., Lin, Y.H. (2017). Does Health Spending Crowd out Defense in the United States? Evidence from Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 780–793. DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2017.1302772.
- Davis, R., Chan, S. (1990). The Security-Welfare Relationship: Longitudinal Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, 27(1), 87–100.
- Dabelko, D., McCormick, J. (1977). Opportunity costs of defence: Some Cross-National Evidence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(1), 145–154.
- DG-ECFIN, Statistics, The Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. European Commission.
- Elish, E., Ahmed, H.E., Abo Elsoud, M.E. (2023). Military spending crowding out health and education spending: which views are valid in Egypt? Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(435), 1–9. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-023-01916-3.
- Eurostat Statistics.
- Forgy, E.W. (1965). Cluster analysis of multivariate data : efficiency versus interpretability of classifications. Biometrics, 21, 768–769.
- Hirnissa, M.T., Habibullah, M.S., Baharom, A.H. (2009). The Relationship between Defense, Education and Health Expenditures in Selected Asian Countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 1(2). DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v1n2p149.
- Kollias, C., Paleologou, S.M. (2011). Budgetary trade-offs between defence, education and social spending in Greece. Applied Economics Letters, 18(11), 1071–1075. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2010.524606.
- Lin, E.S., Ali, H.E., Lu, Y.L. (2013). Does Military Spending Crowd Out Social Welfare Expenditures? Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(1), 33–48. DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.848576.
- Looney, R.E. (1986). Military Expenditures in Latin America: Patterns of Budgetary Tradeoffs.
- Nowak-Brzezińska, A.J., Gaibei, I. (2022). Influence the Quality of Clustering? Entropy, MDPI, 24(7), 1–16. DOI:10.3390/e24070917.
- OECD Statistics.
- Paliova, I., McNown, R., Nülle, G. (2019). Multiple Dimensions of Human Development Index and Public Social Spending for Sustainable Development. IMF Working Papers, 19(204). DOI: 10.5089/9781513511924.001.
- Peroff, K. (1976). The warfare-welfare trade-off: Health, public aid, and housing. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 4(3), 366–381. DOI: 10.15453/0191-5096.3782.
- Pierson, P. (1996). The New Politics of the Welfare State. World Politics, 48(2), 143–179. DOI: 10.1353/wp.1996.0004.
- Pryor, F. (1968). Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations.
- Russett, B.M. (1982). Defense Expenditures and National Well-being. American Political Science Review, 76(4), 767–777. DOI: 10.1017/s0003055400189592.
- Russett, B.M. (1969). Who Pays for Defense? American Political Science Review, 63(2), 412–426.
- SIPRI Statistics.
- Tryon, R. (1939). Cluster Analysis: Correlation Profile and Orthometric (Factor) Analysis for the Isolation of Unities in Mind and Personality. A.A. Edwards Brothers.
- UN (2015). Integrating the three dimensions of sustainable development: A framework and tools, Greening of Economic Growth Series, ST/ESCAP/2737.
- UNDP Statistics.
- Vanhercke, B., Ghailani, D., Spasova, S., Pochet, P. (2020). Social policy in the European Union 1999–2019: the long and winding road. European Trade Union Institute, European Social Observatory.
- Verner, J.G. (1983). Budgetary trade-offs between education and defence in Latin American: A research note. The Journal of Developing Areas, 18(1), 77–92.
- Ward, J.H. (1963). Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236–244. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845.
- Waszkiewicz, G., Taksás, B. (2023). Military Spending Among European NATO Members. The Importance of Strategic Factors After 2014. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 13(1), 53–63. DOI: 10.47459/jssi.2023.13.5.
- Whitten, G.D., Williams, L.K. (2011). Buttery Guns and Welfare Hawks: The Politics of Defense Spending in Advanced Industrial Democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 55(1), 117–134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00479.x.
- Yildirim, J., Sezgin, S. (2003). Military expenditure and employment in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 14(2), 129–139. DOI: 10.1080/10242690302919.
- Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Xu, J., Wang, R. (2016). Does military spending promote social welfare? A comparative analysis of the BRICS and G7 countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 28(6), 686–702. DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2016.1144899.
Language: English
Page range: 337 - 353
Submitted on: Mar 18, 2024
Accepted on: Mar 12, 2025
Published on: Jun 10, 2025
Published by: University of Szczecin
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2025 Grzegorz Waszkiewicz, Gábor Kutasi, Ádám Marton, published by University of Szczecin
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License.