References
- Agbede, T.M., 2010. Tillage and fertilizer effects on some soil properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and sweet potato yield on an alfisol in Southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research, 110: 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.06.003
- Ahmad, I., Jan, M.T., Arif, M., 2010. Tillage and nitrogen management impact on maize. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 26 (2): 157–167.
- Alnaass, N.S., Agil, H.K., Ibrahim, H.K., 2021. Use of fertilizers or importance of fertilizers in agriculture. International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies, 3 (2): 52–57.
- Bargaz, A., Noyce, G.L., Fulthorpe, R., Carlsson, G., Firze, J.R., Jensen, E.S., Dhiba, D., Isaac, M.E., 2017. Species interactions enhance root allocation, microbial diversity and P acquisition in intercropped wheat and soybean under P deficiency. Applied Soil Ecology, 120: 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.08.011.
- Bian, D., Jia, G., Cai, L., Ma, Z., Eneji, A.E., Cui, Y., 2016. Effects of tillage practices on root characteristics and root lodging resistance of maize. Field Crops Research, 185: 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.008.
- Busari, M.A., Kukal, S.S., Kaur, A., Bhatt, R., Dulazi, A.A., 2015. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3: 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002.
- Cahill, J.F., Lamb, E.G., 2002. Interactions between root and shoot competition vary among species. HortScience, 99 (1): 101–112. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1110
- Cook, R.L., Trlica, A., 2016. Tillage and fertilizer effects on crop yield and soil properties over 45 years in Southern Illinois. Agronomy Journal, 108 (1): 415–426. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0397.
- Crow, P., 2005. The influence of soils and species on tree root depth. Information note (Great Britain, Forestry Commission). Edinburgh: Forestry Commission. 8 p.
- Dubeux, JR, J.C.B., Lira, M.A., Santos, M.V.F., Muir, J., Silva, M.A., Teixeira, V., Mello, A.C.L., 2014. Soil characteristics under legume and non-legume tree can opies signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) pastures. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 31 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2014.880746.
- Esmeraldo, M.Q., 2017. Effects of tillage practices on some key soil parameters: a case study in the Kwazulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa. Master of Science thesis. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. [online]. [cited 2023-06-26]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188225945.pdf.
- Hashim, M.N., Mohd Hazim, M.A., Syafinie, A.M., 2015. Strategic forest plantation establishment in Malaysia for future product development and utilisation. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 1: 14–24.
- Hassan, A., Abdul Rahman, N.F., 2019. Tree planting techniques of batai (Paraserianthes falcataria) and its soil nutrients. In Chiang, L.K. (ed.) Prospects and utilization of tropical plantation trees. 1st ed. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, p. 154–196.
- Hassan, A., Balachandran, P., Khamis, K.R., 2021b. Early root development of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. seedlings from seed and stem cutting propagation methods at nursery stage. International Journal of Forestry Research, article ID 6624266, 10 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624266.
- Hassan, A., Dresbøll, D.B., Rasmussen, C.R., Lyhne-Kjærbye, A., Nicolaisen, M.H., Stokholm, M.S., Lund, O.S., Thorup-Kristensen K., 2021a. Root distribution in intercropping systems – a comparison of DNA based methods and visual distinction of roots. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 67 (1): 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1675872.
- Hassan, A., Dresbøll, D.B., Thorup-Kristensen, K., 2021c. Naturally coloured roots as a tool for studying root interactions in mixed cropping. Plant, Soil and Environment, 67(12): 700–710. https://doi.org/10.17221/154/2021-PSE.
- Hossain, M., Aziz, C., Saha, M., 2012. Relationship between soil physic-chemical properties and total viable bacterial counts in Sunderban mangrove forest, Bangladesh. Dhaka University Journal Biology Science, 21, 169–175.
- Iskandar, J., Ellen, R.F., 2000. The contribution of Paraserianthes falcataria (Albizia) to sustainable Swidden man agement practices among the Baduy of West Java. Human Ecology, 28 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007020404168.
- Judd, L.A., Jackson, B.E., Fontena, W.C., 2015. Advancements in root growth measurement technologies and observation capabilities for container-grown plants. Plants, 4 (3): 369–392. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030369.
- Kraska, P., Andruszczak, S., Gierasimiuk, P., Rusecki, H., 2021. The effect of subsurface placement of mineral fertilizer on some soil properties under reduced tillage soybean cultivation. Agronomy, 11 (5): 859. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050859.
- Krishnapillay, B., Noor, M.M., Norini, H., Zuhaidi, A.Y., Ghani, A.R.A., Mahmud, A.W., 1998. Viability of planting teak and sentang in Malaysia. Planter, 74 (862): 19–34.
- Krisnawati, H., Varis, E., Kallio, M., Kanninen, M., 2011. Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen: ecology, silviculture and productivity. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
- Kudoyarova, G.R., Dodd, I.C., Veselov, D.S., Rothwell, S.A., Veselov, S.Y., 2015. Common and specific responses to availability of mineral nutrients and water. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66 (8): 2133–2144. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv017.
- Liew, K.C., Chang, C.Y., Kodoh, J., Mojiol, A.R., Kitingan, C., 2016. Growth performance of Paraserianthes falcataria (Batai) planted in bioplastic pots. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 2: 111–114.
- Lim, H., Jämtgård, S., Oren, R., Gruffman, L., Kunz, S., Näsholm, T., 2022. Organic nitrogen enhances nitrogen nutrition and early growth of Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Tree Physiology, 42 (3): 513–522.
- Maeght, J.L., Rewald, B., Pierret, A., 2013. How to study deep roots–and why it matters. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00299.
- McGrath, J.M., Spargo, J., Penn, C.J., 2014. Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Plant Health, 166–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00249-7.
- Memon, S.H., Mirjat, M.S., A.Q.; Amjad, N., Saeed, M.A., Kalwar, S., Mirani, A.A., Javed, H.I., 2013. Tillage and NPK effect on growth and yield of spring maize in Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 26 (1): 32–39.
- Nordahlia, A.S., Lim, S.G. Hamdan, H. Anwar, U.M.K., 2014. Wood properties of selected plantation species: Tectona grandis (Teak), Neolamarckia cadamba (Kelampayan/laran), Octomeles sumatrana (Binuang) and Paraserianthes falcataria (Batai). Timber Technology Centre, 54: 1–8. [online]. [cit. 2023-06-27]. http://myagric.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/11457.
- Ogban, P.L., Babalola, O., 2009. Tillage and fertilizer effect on root distribution, water uptake and yield of maize in inland valley swamps in southwestern Nigeria. Agro-Science, 8 (2): 121–129. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v8i2.51110.
- Olesik, J.W., 1991. Elemental analysis using ICP-OES and ICP/MS. Analytical Chemistry, 63 (1): 12A-21A. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00001a711.
- Onasanya, O.O., Olowoboko, T.B., Thanni, B.M., Adegbayi, R.A., Azeez, J.O., 2017. Effect of rooting media, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the seedling growth of gmelina (Gmelina) and teak (Tectona). International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 16 (4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2017/32878
- Paramitha, T.A., Mardji, D., 2015. Growth responses of Acacia mangium and Paraserianthes falcataria seedlings on different soil origin under nursery condition. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 4 (3): 114–125.
- Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Díaz, S., Garnier, E., Lavorel, S., Poorter, H., Jaureguiberry, P., Bret-Harte, M.S., Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J.M., Gurvich, D.E., Urcelay, C., Veneklaas, E.J., Reich, P.B., Poorter, L., Wright, I.J., Ray, P., Enrico, L., Pausas, J.G., De Vos, A.C., Buchmann, N., Funes, G., Quétier, F., Hodgson, J.G., Thompsom, K., Morgan, H.D., ter Steege, H., Sack, L., Blonder, B., Poschlod, P., Vaieretti, M.V., Conti, G., Staver, A.C., Aquino, S., Cornelissen, J.H.C., 2013. New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 61 (3): 167. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12225_CO.
- Poirier, V., Roumet, C., Munson, A.D., 2018. The root of the matter: linking root traits and soil organic matter stabilization processes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 120: 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.02.016.
- Ramirez-Garcia, J., Martens, H.J., Quemada, M., Thorup-Kristensen, K., 2015. Intercropping effect on root growth and nitrogen uptake at different nitrogen levels. Journal of Plant Ecology, 8 (40): 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtu024.
- Riniarti, M., Hidayat, W., Prasetia, H., Niswati, A., Hasanudin, U., Banuwa, I.S., Yoo, J., Kim, S., Lee, S., 2021. Using two dosages of biochar from shorea to improve the growth of Paraserianthes falcataria seedlings. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 749: 012049. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/749/1/012049.
- Roumet, C., Birouste, M., Picon-Clochard, C., Ghestem, M., Osman, N., Vrignon-Brena, S., Cao, K.F., Stokes, A., 2016. Root structure–function relationship in 74 species: evidence of a root economics spectrum related to carbon economy. New Phytologist, 210: 815–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13828.
- Sądej, W., Przekwas, K., 2008. Fluctuations of nitrogen levels in soil profile under conditions of a long-term fertilization experiment. Plant Soil and Environment, 54 (5): 197–203.
- Santosa, S., 2016. Growth and physical quality of Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen seedling on ten types of transplanting media. International Journal of Plant Biology, 7 (1): 6317. https://doi.org/10.4081/pb.2016.6317.
- Scarpare, F.V., Van Lier, Q.D.J., de Camargo, L., Pires, R.C.M., Ruiz-Corrêa, T., Bezerra, A.H.F., Gava, G.J.C., Dias, C.T.S., 2019. Tillage effects on soil physical condition and root growth associated with sugarcane water availability. Soil and Tillage Research, 187: 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.12.005.
- Schenk, H., 2006. Root competition: beyond resource depletion. Journal of Ecology, 94 (4): 725–739.
- Shahid, M.N., Zamir, M.S.I., Ul-Haq, I., Khan, M.K., Hussain, M., Afzal, U., Asim, M., Ali, I., 2016. Evalu- ating the impact of different tillage regimes and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7: 789–797. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.76073
- Shu, Y., Xiong, Z.J., Gang, L.B., Hua, M.J., Huo, H.D., Hui, W.R., Ping, W.R., Quan, Z.H., 2017. Early growth performance and selection of Paraserinathes falcataria clones. Journal of Southwest Forestry University, 37 (6): 10–14.
- Shukla, A., Panchal, H., Mishra, M., Patel, P.R., Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P., Shukla, A.K., 2014. Soil moisture estimation using gravimetric technique and FDR probe technique: a comparative analysis. American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied and Natural Sciences, 8 (1): 89–92.
- Stokes, A., Atger, C., Bengough, A., Fourcaud, T., Sidle, R., 2009 Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides. Plant and Soil, 324: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0159-y
- Sun, T., Mao,. Z., Han, Y., 2013. Slow decomposition of very fine roots and some factors controlling the process: a 4-year experiment in four temperate tree species. Plant and Soil, 372: 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1755-4.
- Tamiru, F., Deba, G., Diriba, G., Defa, G., Gudeta, G., Iticha, A., Chimdessa, A., 2017. Effect of plant spacing and urea fertilizer on yield and yield component of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Agricultural Development, 2 (1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.523.2017.21.13.21.
- Unger, P.W., Kaspar, T.C., 1994. Soil compaction and root growth: a review. Agronomy, 86: 759–766. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600050004x.
- Van Kessel, C., Hartley, C., 2000. Agricultural management of grain legumes: has it led to an increase in nitrogen fixation? Field Crops Research, 65: 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00085-4.
- Zhou, W., Cheng, X., Wu, R., Han, H., Kang, F., Zhu, J., Tian, P., 2018. Effect of intraspecific competition on biomass partitioning of Larix principis-rupprechtii. Journal of Plant Interactions, 13 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1406999.