References
- Akhani, H., 2005. The illustrated flora of Golestan National Park, Iran. Vol. 1. Tehran: University of Tehran Press. 129 p.
- Akhani, H., Djamali, M., Ghorbanalizadeh, A., Ramezani, E., 2010. Plant biodiversity of Hyrcanian relict forests, N Iran: an overview of the flora, vegetation, palaeoecology and conservation. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42: 231–258.
- Algrech, C., 2001. The saffron of Quercy. Revue Quercy Recherche, 97: 20–27.
- Assadi, M., Khatamsaz, M., Masoumi, A., Mozafarian, V., Babakhanlu, P., Zehzad, B. (eds), 1999. Flora of Iran. Vol. 31 (Iridaceae). Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publication, p. 4–18. (In Persian).
- Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A.A., Khatamsaz, M., Mozaffarian, V. (eds), 1988–2018. Flora of Iran. Vols. 1–147. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications. (In Persian).
- Bacaro, G., Maccherini, S., Chiarucci, A., Jentsch, D., et al., 2015. Distributional patterns of endemic, native and alien species along a roadside elevation gradient in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Community Ecology, 16: 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1556/168.2015.16.2.1010.1556/168.2015.16.2.10
- Badri, M.A., Minchin, P.E.H., Lapointe, L., 2007. Effects of temperature on the growth of spring ephemerals: Crocus vernus (L.) Hill. Physiologia Plantarum, 130: 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00882.x10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00882.x
- Barthlott, W., Lauer, W., Placke, A., 1996. Global distribution of species diversity in vascular plants: towards a world map of phytodiversity. Erdkunde, 50 (41): 317–327.10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.03
- Benschop, M., 1993. Crocus. In De Hertogh, A., Le Nard, M. (eds). The physiology of flower bulbs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, p. 257–272.
- Boyce, M.S., 1992. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23: 481–506.10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002405
- Brummitt, N., Lughadha, E.N., 2003. Biodiversity: where is hot and where is not hot. Conservation Biology, 17: 1442–1448. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02344.x10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02344.x
- Caro, T., 2010. Conservation by proxy: indicator, umbrella, keystone, flagship, and other surrogate species. Washington: Island Press, p. 99–260.
- Chen, Y., Yang, X., Yang, Q., Li, D., Long, W., Luo, W., 2014. Factors affecting the distribution pattern of wild plants with extremely small populations in Hainan Island, China. PloS One, 9: e97751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.009775110.1371/journal.pone.0097751402265924830683
- Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Hamilton, A.C., 1994. Centers of plant diversity. Natural History, 111 (1): 1–10.
- De Oliveira, R.L.C., Lins Neto, E.M.F., Araújo, E.L., Albuquerqueet, U.P., 2007. Conservation priorities and population structure of woody medicinal plants in an area of Caatinga vegetation (Pernambuco State, NE Brazil). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132: 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9528-710.1007/s10661-006-9528-717279457
- Dewan, M.L., Famouri, J., 1964. The soils of Iran. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 319 p.
- Dietz, R. W., Czech, B., 2005. Conservation deficits for the continental United States: an ecosystem gap analysis. Conservation Biology, 19: 1478–1487.10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00114.x
- Djamali, M., Akhani, H., Khoshravesh, R., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Ponel, P., Brewer, S., 2011. Application of the Global Bioclimatic Classification to Iran: implications for understanding the modern vegetation and biogeography. Ecologia Mediterranea, 37: 91–114.10.3406/ecmed.2011.1350
- Dobson, A.P., Rodriguez, J.P., Roberts, W.M., Wilcove, D.S., 1997. Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science, 275: 550–553.10.1126/science.275.5299.5508999803
- Dolédec, S., Chessel, D., Gimaret-Carpentier, C., 2000. Niche separation in community analysis: a new method. Ecology, 81 (10): 2914–2927. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2914:NSICAA]2.0.CO;2
- Dothan, F.N., 1986. Flora Palaestina. Vol. 4 (Iridaceae). Jerusalem: Academy of Science and Humanities, p. 112–138.
- Esri, 2000. ArcView Gis Ver. 3.2a. California: Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc.
- Fedchenko, B.A., 1935. Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4 (Iridaceae). Leningrad: Academy of Science of USSR, p. 501–588. (In Russian).
- Fernández, J. A., Santana, O., Guardiola., J.L., Molina R.V., Harrison, P.H., Borbely, G., Branca, F., Argento, S., Maloupa, E., Talou, T., Thiercelin, J.-M., Gasimov, K., Vurdu, H., Roldán, M., Santaell, M., Sanchís, E. García-L., A., Suranyi, G., Molnár, A., Sramko, G., Gulyas, G., Balazs, L., Horvat, O., Rodríquez, M.-F., Sánchez-Vioque, R., Escolano, M.-Á., Reina, J.-V., Krigas, N., Pastor, T., Renau-Morata, B., Raynaud, C., Ibadli, O., Polissiou, M., Tsimidou, M.Z., Tsaftaris, A., Sharaf-Eldin, M., Medina, J., Constantinidis, T., Caramplianis, T., De-Los-Mozos-Pascual, M., 2011. The world saffron and Crocus collection: strategies for stablishment, management, characterization and utilization. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 58: 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9601-510.1007/s10722-010-9601-5
- Frey, W., Probst, W., 1986. A synopsis of the vegetation of Iran. In Kürschner, H. (ed). Contributions to the vegetation of southwest Asia. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, p. 61–73.
- Grilli Caiola, M.G., Caputo, P., Zanier, R., 2004. RAPD analysis in Crocus sativus L. accessions and related Crocus species. Biologia Plantarum, 48: 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOP.0000041089.92559.8410.1023/B:BIOP.0000041089.92559.84
- Hammer, Q., Harper, D.A., Ryan, P.D., 2001. PAST Software. Palaeontological Association.
- Harpke, D., Meng, S., Rutten, T., Kerndorff, H., Blattner, F.R., 2003. Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66: 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.00710.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.00723123733
- Harpke, D., Peruzzi, L., Kerndorff, H., Karamplianis, T., Constantinidis, T., Ranđelović, V., Ranđelović, N., Jušković, M., Pasche, E., Blattner, F.B., 2014. Phylogeny, geographic distribution and new taxonomic circumscription of the Crocus reticulatus species group (Iridaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 38: 1182–1198.10.3906/bot-1405-60
- Hedge, I.C., Wendelbo, P., 1978. Patterns of distribution and endemism in Iran. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, 36: 441–464.
- Heywood, V.H., Dulloo, M.E., 2005. In situ conservation of wild plant species: a critical global review of best practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin, No. 11. Rome, Italy: IPGRI. 174 p.
- Homke, S., Verges J., Emami, H., Garces, M.R., 2004. Magnetostratigraphy of Miocene–Pliocene Zagros foreland deposits in the front of the Push–e Kush Arc (Lurestan Province, Iran). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 225 (3-4): 397–410.10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.002
- Iriondo, J.M., Maxtend, N., Dulloo, M.E., 2008. Conserving plant genetic diversity in protected areas. Wallingford: CAB International Publication. 288 p.10.1079/9781845932824.0000
- Iucn, 2011. Guidelines for appropriate uses of IUCN Red List Data. Incorporating the Guidelines for Reporting on Proportion Threatened and the Guidelines on Scientific Collecting of Threatened Species. Version 9. Switzerland: Adopted by the IUCN Red List Committee and IUCN SSC Steering Committee. 78 p.
- Jafarbeyglu, M., Mobaraky, Z., 2008. The land proportion evaluation in Qazvin province for Saffron cultivation based on multi-criteria decision making method. Journal of Natural Geographic Research, 66: 101–119. (In Persian with English summary).
- Jafari, M., 2010. Climate change impacts on Iranian ecosystems. Iran: Research Institute of Forests and rangelans. 332 p.
- Johnson, C.N., 1998. Species extinction and the relationship between distribution and abundance. Nature, 394: 272–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/2838510.1038/28385
- Kandemir, N., 2009. A morphological, anatomical and ecological investigation on endemic Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. (Iridaceae) critically endangered in North-West of Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 38: 127–132.10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5136
- Kandemir, N., Çelik, A., Yayla, F., 2012. Comparative anatomic and ecologic investigations on some endemic Crocus taxa (Iridaceae) in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44 (3): 1065–1074.
- Kapos, V., Rhind, J., Edwards, M., Price, M.F., Ravilious, C., 2000. Developing a map of the world’s mountain forests. In Price, M.F., Butt, N. (eds). Forests in sustainable mountain development: a state-of-knowledge report for 2000. Wallingford: CAB International, p. 4–9.10.1079/9780851994468.0004
- Kerndorff, H., Pasche, E., 2006. Crocus biflorus in Anatolia, part three. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 38: 165–187.
- Khattak, I.M., Khattak. M.I., 2011. Study of heavy trace metals in some medicinal-herbal plants of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43: 2003–2009.
- Khoury, C., Laliberte´, B., Guariano, L., 2010. Trends in ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources: a review of global crop and regional conservation strategies. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 57: 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9534-z10.1007/s10722-010-9534-z
- Kier, G., Mutke, J., Dinerstein, E., Ricketts, T.H., Küper, W., Kreft, H., Barthlott, W., 2005. Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge. Journal of Biogeography, 32 (7): 1107–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01272.x10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01272.x
- Kraefte, H., Jetz, W., 2007. Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 104 (14): 5925–5930. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.060836110410.1073/pnas.0608361104185159317379667
- Larsen, B., 2011. Origin of Crocus sativus (Iridaceae): inter- and intraspecific variation, population structure and hybridization compatibility within Series Crocus. Master Thesis in Horticultural Sciences. University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Louca, M., Vojiatakis, I.N., Moustakas, A., 2015. Modelling the combined effects of land use and climatic changes: coupling bioclimatic modelling with Markov-chain cellular automata in a case study in Cyprus. Ecological Informatics, 30: 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.05.00810.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.05.008
- Lundmark, M., Hurry, V., Lapointe, L., 2009. Low temperature maximizes growth of Crocus vernus (L.) Hill via changes in carbon partitioning and corm development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60 (7): 2203–2213. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp10310.1093/jxb/erp103268250919403850
- Lyberis, N., Manby, G., 1999. Oblique to orthogonal convergence across the Turan Block in the post-Miocene. AAPG Bulletin, 83 (7): 1135–1160.10.1306/E4FD2E97-1732-11D7-8645000102C1865D
- Margules, C.R., Pressey, R.L., 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405: 243–253.10.1038/3501225110821285
- Mathew, B., 1982. The Crocus. Portland: Timber Press. 127 p.
- Mathew, B., 1984. Crocus. In Davis, P.H. (ed.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 8. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 413–438.
- Matthies, D., Brauer, I., Maibom, W., Tscharntke, T., 2004. Population size and the risk of local extinction: empirical evidence from rare plants. Oikos, 105: 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12800.x10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12800.x
- Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Jury, S., Kell, S., Scholten, M., 2006. Towards a definition of a crop wild relative. Biodiversity & Conservation, 15 (8): 2673–2685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-5409-610.1007/s10531-005-5409-6
- Mehrabian, A.R., 2014. Principles of plant conservation: challenges and methods. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University. 323 p. (In Persian).
- Mehrabian, A.R., Amini Rad, M., Pahlevani, A.H., 2015. The map of distribution patterns of Iranian endemic monocotyledons. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.
- Mehrabian, A.R., Sayadi, S., 2018. The map of distribution patterns and conservation status of Iranian crop wild relatives (GP1). Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.
- Mehrabian, A.R., Sayadi, S., Kuhbanani, M. M., Hashemi V., Abdoljabari, M., 2020. Priorities for conservation of endemic trees and shrubs of Iran: Important Plant Areas (IPAs) and Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE) in SW Asia. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 13: 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2019.09.01010.1016/j.japb.2019.09.010
- Mehrabian, A.R., Khajoei Nasab, F., Amini Rad, M., 2021. Distribution patterns and priorities for conservation of Iranian Endemic Monocots: determining the Areas of Endemism (AOEs). Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 5 (2): 69–87. https://10.22120/jwb.2020.136616.1188
- Mutke, J., Barthlott, W., 2005. Patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. In Friis, I., Balslev, H. (eds). Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional and global dimensions. Biologiske Skrifter, 55. Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, p. 521–537.
- Myers, N., 1988. Threatened biotas: “hot spots” in tropical forests. Environmentalist, 8: 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0224025210.1007/BF0224025212322582
- Myers, N., 1990. The biodiversity challenge: expanded hot-spots analysis. Environmentalist, 10: 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0223972010.1007/BF0223972012322583
- Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature, 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/3500250110.1038/3500250110706275
- Neghbi, M., 1999. Saffron: Crocus sativus L. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. 154 p.
- Parenti, L.R., Ebach, M.C., 2009. Comparative biogeography. California: University of California Press. 295 p.10.1525/california/9780520259454.003.0008
- Peruzzi, L., Carta, A., 2011. Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy). Nordic Journal of Botany, 29: 6–13.10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.01023.x
- Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Thorsoe, S., Jorgensen, T., Mathew, B., 2008. A phylogeny of the genus Crocus (Iridaceae) based on sequence data from five plastid regions. Taxon, 57 (2): 487–499.
- Petit, J., El Mousadik, A., Pons, O., 1998. Identification of populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conservation Biology, 12: 844–855.10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.x
- Poczai, P.K., 2011. Molecular genetic studies on complex evolutionary processes in archaesolanum (Solanum, Solanaceae). PhD thesis. University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary.
- Post, G.E., 1933. Flora of Syria, Palestina and Sinai. Vol. 11 (Iridaceae: Crocus L.). Beirut: American Press, p. 583–586.
- Prendergast, J.R., Quinn, R.M., Lawton, J.H., 1999. The gaps between theory and practice in selecting nature reserves. Conservation Biology, 13: 484-492.10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97428.x
- Prendergast, J.R., Quinn, R.M., Lawton, J.H., Eversham, B.C., Gibbons, D.W., 1993. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature, 365: 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1038/365335a010.1038/365335a0
- Reshinger, K.H. (ed.), 1975. Flora Iranica. Vol. 112. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, p. 2–11.
- Satil, F., Selvi, S., 2007. An anatomical and ecological study of some Crocus L. taxa (Iridaceae) from the West part of Turkey. Acta Botanica Croatica, 66: 25–33.
- Sayadi, S., Mehrabian, A.R., 2016. Diversity and distribution patterns of Solanaceae in Iran: implications for conservation and habitat management with emphasis on endemism and diversity in SW Asia. Rostaniha, 17 (2): 136–160.
- Scheiner, S.M., Rey-Benayas, J.M., 1994. Global patterns of plant biodiversity. Evolutionary Ecology, 8: 331–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0123818610.1007/BF01238186
- Schönbeck-Temesy, E., 1972. Solanaceae. In Rechinger, K.H. (ed). Flora Iranica. Vol. 100. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
- Shakur, A., Roshan, G., Kani, A.A.N., 2010. Evaluating climatic potential for palm cultivation in Iran with emphasis on degree–day index. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5: 1616–1626.
- Sheidai, M., Tabasi, M., Mehabian, A. R., Koohdar, F., Ghasemzadeh-Baraki, S., Noormohammadi, Z., 2018. Species delimitation and relationship in Crocus L. (Iridaceae). Acta Botanica Croatica, 77 (1): 10–17.10.1515/botcro-2017-0015
- Şik, L., Candan, F., 2009. Ecological properties of some Crocus taxa in Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (9): 1895–1899.
- Stöcklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review. AAPG Bulletin, 52 (7): 1229–1258.10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
- Stöcklin, J., 1974. Northern Iran: Alborz Mountains. Geological Society Special Publications, 4 (1): 213–234.10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.12
- Tabasi, M., Sheidai, M., Mehrabiam, A. R., Noormohammadi, Z., 2015. Population assessment of some Crocus species in Iran based on morphological and habitat characteristics. In Proceedings 2nd National conference on climate change and engineering sustainable agriculture and natural resourses. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University, p. 1–7.
- Täckholm, V., Drar, M., 1973. Flora of Egypt. Vol. 3, Angiosperma, part Monocotyledons: Liliaceae: Musaceae. Koenigstein - Ts./B.R.D.: Otto Koeltz Antiquariat.
- Takhtajan, A., 1986. Floristic regions of the world. California: University of California Press. 544 p.
- Tammaro, F., 1987. Notizie storico-colturalisullo zafferano (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) nell’area mediterranea [Saffron (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) in the Mediterranean area – historical and cultural aspects]. Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea, 2: 44–59.
- Tsiftsis, S., Tsiripidis, I., Karagainnakidou, V., 2009. Identifying areas of high importance for orchid conservation in East Macedonia (NE Greece). Biodiversity & Conservation, 18: 1765–1780.10.1007/s10531-008-9557-3
- Vavilov, N.I., 1926. Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Bulletin of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, 14: 1–245.
- Vavilov, N.I., 1951. The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Chronica Botanica, 13: 1–366. (Translated from Russian by K.S. Chester).
- Wendelbo, P., 1985. Flora of Iraq. Vol. 8. (Iridaceae). Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture, p. 226–257.
- Williams, P., Gibbons, D., Margules, C., Rebelo, A., Humphries, C., Pressey, R.L., 1996. A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots and complementary areas for conserving diversity using British birds. Conservation Biology, 10: 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010155.x10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010155.x
- Yue, J., Wang, R., Ma, X., Liu, J., Lu, X., Balaso Thakar, S., An, N., Liu, J., Xia, E., Liu, Y., 2020. Full-length transcriptome sequencing provides insights into the evolution of apocarotenoid biosynthesis in Crocus sativus. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 18: 774–783.10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.022713205432280432
- Zahran, M.A., 2010. Climate-Vegetation: Afro-Asian Mediterranean and Red sea coastal lands. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 324p.10.1007/978-90-481-8595-5_2
- Zohary, M., 1973. Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Vol. 1-2. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag Press. 739 p.
- Zubor, Á.A., Surányi, G., Gyóri, Z., Borbély, G., Prokisch, J., 2004. Molecular biological approach of the systematics of Crocus sativus L. and its allies. Acta Horticulturae, 650: 85–93.10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.8