References
- Allen, C.D., Macalady, A.K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger T., Rigling A., Breshears, E.H., Hogg, T., Gonzales, P., Fensham, R., Zhang, Z., Castro, J., Demidova N., Lim J.H., Allard, G., Running S.W., Semerci, A., Cobb, N., 2010. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259: 660–684.10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001
- Apatsidis, L., Sifakis, C., 1999. Electronic application (APSI) for the calculation of static and dynamic data of Beech, Fir, Oak, Spruce, Austrian, Aleppo, Brutian and Scots Pine and Cypress forest stands. User manual. Athens, Greece: National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute of Mediterranean Ecosystems & Forest Products Technology. 32 p.
- Aussenac, G., 2002. Ecology and ecophysiology of circum-Mediterranean firs in the context of climate change. Annals of Forest Science, 59: 823–832.10.1051/forest:2002080
- Bergmeier, E., Dimopoulos, P., 2001. Fagus sylvatica forest vegetation in Greece: syntaxonomy and gradient analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science, 12: 109–126.10.1111/j.1654-1103.2001.tb02622.x
- Bergmeier, E., Dimopoulos, P., 2008. Identifying plant communities of thermophilous deciduous forest in Greece: species composition, distribution, ecology and syntax-onomy. Plant Biosystems, 142: 228–254.10.1080/11263500802150357
- Bertini, G., Amoriello, T., Fabbio, G., Piovosi, M., 2011. Forest growth and climate change: evidences from the ICP-Forests intensive monitoring in Italy. iForest, 4: 262–267.10.3832/ifor0596-004
- Bigler, C.J., Gricar, J., Bugmann, H., Cufar, K., 2004. Growth patterns as indicators of impending tree death in silver fir. Forest Ecology and Management, 199: 183–190.10.1016/j.foreco.2004.04.019
- Bréda, N., Huc, R., Granier, A., Dreyer, E., 2006. Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences. Annals of Forest Science, 63: 625–644.10.1051/forest:2006042
- Camarero, J., Manzanedo, R.D., Sanchez-Salguero, R., Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M., 2013. Growth response to climate and drought change along an aridity gradient in the southernmost Pinus nigra relict forests. Annals of Forest Science, 70: 769–780.10.1007/s13595-013-0321-9
- Caudullo, G., Tinner, W., 2016. Abies- Circum-Mediterranean firs in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., De Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (eds). European atlas of forest tree species. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, e015be7.
- Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogee, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., De Noblet, N., Friend, A.D., Friedlingstein, P., Gruenwald, T., Heinesch, B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J.F., Sanz, M.J., Schulze, E.D., Vesala, T., Valentini, R., 2005. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature, 437 (7058): 529–533.10.1038/nature0397216177786
- De Vries, W., Dobbertin, M.H., Solberg, S., Van Dobben, H.F., Schaub, M., 2014. Impacts of acid deposition, ozone exposure and weather conditions on forest ecosystems in Europe: an overview. Plant and Soil, 380: 1–45.10.1007/s11104-014-2056-2
- De Vries, W., Reinds, G.J., Vel, E., 2003. Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe 2: atmospheric deposition and its impacts on soil solution chemistry. Forest Ecology and Management, 174: 97–115.10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00030-0
- Dimopoulos, P., Bergmeier, E., Fischer, P., 2006. Natura 2000 habitat types of Greece evaluated in the light of distribution, threat and responsibility. Biology and Environment, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 106: 175–187.10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.175
- Dobbertin, M., 2005. Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. European Journal of Forest Research, 124: 319–333.10.1007/s10342-005-0085-3
- Dobbertin, M., Neumann, M., 2016. Part V., Tree growth. In UNECE ICP Forests, Programme Coordinating Centre (ed.). Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. Eberswalde, Germany: Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems. 28 p.
- Etzold, S., Waldner, P., Thimonier, A., Schmitt, M., Dobbertin, M., 2014. Tree growth in Swiss forests between 1995 and 2010 in relation to climate and stand conditions: Recent disturbances matter. Forest Ecology and Management, 311: 41–55.10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.040
- Fabbio, G., Bertini, G., Calderisi, M., Ferretti, M., 2006. Status and trend of tree growth and mortality rate at the CONECOFOR plots, 1997–2004. In Ferretti, M., Bussotti, F., Fabbio, G., Petriccione, B. (eds). Ecological condition of selected forest ecosystem in Italy. Status and changes 1995–2005. Fourth report of the Task Force on Integrated and Combined evaluation of the CONECOFOR programme. Annali Instituto Sperimentale per La Selvicoltura, 34: 11–20.
- Ferretti, M., Marchetto, A., Arisci, S., Bussotti, F., Calderisi, M., Carnicelli, S., Cecchini, G., Fabbio, G., Bertini, G., Matteucci, G., De Cinti, B., Salvati, L., Pompei, E., 2014. On the tracks of nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forests at their southern European range – an observational study from Italy. Global Change Biology, 20: 3423–3438.10.1111/gcb.1255224729460
- Fyllas, N.M., Christopoulou, A., Galanidis, A., Michelaki, C.Z., Dimitrakopoulos, P.G., Fulé, P.Z., Arianoutsou, M., 2017. Tree growth-climate relationships in a forest-plot network on Mediterranean mountains. Science of the Total Environment, 598: 393–403.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.14528448931
- Galiano, L., Martinez-Vilalta, J., Lloret, F., 2010. Drought-induced multifactor decline of Scots pine in the Pyrenees and potential vegetation change by the expansion of co-occurring oak species. Ecosystems, 13: 978–991.10.1007/s10021-010-9368-8
- Hartmann, H., 2011. Will a 385 million year-struggle for light become a struggle for water and for carbon? How trees may cope with more frequent climate change-type drought events. Global Change Biology, 17: 642–655.10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02248.x
- Houston Durrant, T., De Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., 2016. Fagus sylvatica and other beeches in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., De Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (eds). European atlas of forest tree species. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, p. e012b90+
- IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., Van Der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E. (eds). Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 22 p.
- IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. In Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.K., Allen, S.K., Tignor, M., Midgley, P.M. (eds). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 582 p.
- Jolly, W.M., Dobbertin, M., Zimmermann, N.E., Reich-stein, M., 2005. Divergent vegetation growth responses to the 2003 heat wave in the Swiss Alps. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L18409.10.1029/2005GL023252
- Linares, J.C., Camarero, J.J., Carreira, J.A., 2009. Interacting effects of changes in climate and forest cover on mortality and growth of the southernmost European fir forests. Global Ecological Biogeography, 18: 485–497.10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00465.x
- Linares, J.C., Tíscar, P.A., Camarero, J.J., Taïqui, L., Viñegla, B., Seco, J.I., Merino, J., Carreira, J.A., 2011. Tree growth decline on relict Western-Mediterranean mountain forests: causes and impacts. In Jenkins, J.A. (ed.). Forest decline: causes and impacts. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, p. 522–533.
- Lindner, M., Maroschek, M., Netherer, S., Kremer, A., Barbati, A., Garcia-Gonzalo, J., Seidl, R., Delzon, S., Corona, P., Kolström, M., Lexer, M.J., Marchetti, M., 2010. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 259: 698–709.10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023
- Lorenz, M., Becher, G., Mues, V., Fischer, R., Ulrich, E., Dobbertin, M., Stofer, S., 2004. Forest condition in Europe: 2004 technical report of ICP Forests. Work report of the Institute for World Forestry, No. 2004/2. Hamburg: Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH), Institute for World Forestry.
- Mauri, A., Enescu, C.M., Houston Durrant, T., De Rigo, D., Caudullo G., 2016. Quercus frainetto in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., De Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Dur-rant, T., Mauri, A. (eds). European atlas of forest tree species. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European, p. e01de78+.
- Merino, A., Real, C., Alvarez-Gonzalez, J.G., Rodriguez-Guitian, M.A., 2007. Forest structure and C stocks in natural Fagus sylvatica forest in southern Europe: the effects of past management. Forest Ecology and Management, 250: 206–214.10.1016/j.foreco.2007.05.016
- Michopoulos, P., Baloutsos, G., Economou, A., 2008. Nitrogen cycling in a mature mountainous beech forest. Silva Fennica, 42: 5–17.10.14214/sf.260
- Michopoulos, P., Bourletsikas, A., Kaoukis, K., Karetsos, G., Tsagari, C., Daskalakou, E., 2015. Assessment of the risk of nitrogen saturation in a mountainous fir stand. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24: 1456–1462.
- Pallardy, S.G., 2008. Physiology of woody plants. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 453 p.
- Papadopoulos, A., 2016. Tree-ring patterns and climate response of Mediterranean fir populations in Central Greece. Dendrochronologia, 40: 17–25.10.1016/j.dendro.2016.05.005
- Peñuelas, J., Lloret, F., Montoya, R., 2001. Severe drought effects on Mediterranean woody flora in Spain. Forest Science, 47: 214–218.10.1093/forestscience/47.2.214
- Peñuelas, J., Sardans, J., Filella, I., Estiarte, M., Llusià, J., Ogaya, R., Carnicer, J., Bartrons, M., Rivas-Ubach, A., Grau, O., Peguero, G., Margalef, O., Pla-Rabés, S., Stefanescu, C., Asensio, D., Preece, C., Liu, L., Verger, A., Barbeta, A., Achotegui-Castells, A., Gargallo-Garriga, A., Sperlich, D., Farré-Armengol, G., Fernández-Martínez, M., Liu, D., Zhang, C., Urbina, I., Camino-Serrano, M., Vives-Ingla, M., Stocker, B.D., Balzarolo, M., Guerrieri, R., Peaucelle, M., Marañón-Jiménez, S., Bórnez-Mejías, K., Mu, Z., Descals, A., Castellanos, A., Terradas, J., 2017. Impacts of global change on Mediterranean forests and their services. Forests, 8: 463.10.3390/f8120463
- Pressler, M., 1865. Das Gesetz der Stammbildung. Leipzig.
- Sánchez-Salguero, R., Camarero, J.J., Grau, J., De la Cruz, A.C., Gil, P.M., Minaya, M., Fernández-Cancio, Á., 2017. Analysing atmospheric processes and climatic drivers of tree defoliation to determine forest vulnerability to climate warming. Forests, 8: 13.10.3390/f8010013
- Saxe, H., Cannell M.G.R., Johnsen, Ø., Ryan, M.G., Vourlitis, G., 2001. Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming. New Phytologist, 149: 369–40010.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x33873342
- Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Vogt, J.V., Barbosa, P., 2015. The biggest drought events in Europe from 1950 to 2012. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 3: 509–524.10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.01.001
- Thuiller, W., 2004. Patterns and uncertainties of species’ range shifts under climate change. Global Change Biology, 10: 2020–2027.10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00859.x
- Von Wuehlisch, G., 2008. EUFORGEN Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Rome, Italy: Bioversity International. 6 p.