Figure 1.
Proposed Research Model
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Note: Ext= “Extraversion,” Agr= “Agreeableness,” Con= “Conscientiousness,” Ope= “Openness to experience,” Neu= “Neuroticism,” KH= “Knowledge hiding,” JP= “Job performance.”
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of respondents
(Source: Authors’ own research)
| Variables | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 97 | 42.9 |
| Female | 129 | 57.1 | |
| Age | 20–30 | 126 | 55.8 |
| 31–40 | 64 | 28.3 | |
| Above 40 | 36 | 15.9 | |
| Education | University | 152 | 67.3 |
| Master | 74 | 32.7 |
Table 2.
Reliabilities and validities of the study variables
(Source: Authors’ own research)
| Variables | Source | - | Items | Factor loadings | α | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extraversion | Goldberg (1992); Sung and Choi (2009) | Ext1 Ext2 Ext3 Ext4 | Talkative Assertive Energetic Active | 0.655 0.825 0.663 0.802 | 0.837 | 0.836 | 0.562 |
| Agreeableness | Agr1 Agr2 Agr3 Agr4 Agr5 | Agreeable Kind Cooperative Sympathetic Warm | 0.777 0.773 0.785 0.857 0.735 | 0.892 | 0.893 | 0.626 | |
| Conscientiousness | Con1 Con2 Con3 Con4 | Organized Efficient Careful Conscientious | 0.791 0.763 0.729 0.649 | 0.838 | 0.837 | 0.564 | |
| Openness to experience | Open1 Open2 Open3 Open4 Open5 | Intellectual Creative Imaginative Bright Innovative | 0.679 0.902 0.842 0.847 0.947 | 0.930 | 0.930 | 0.728 | |
| Neuroticism | Neu1b Neu2 Neu3 Neu4 | Anxious Emotional Irritable Nervous | 0.794 0.681 0.927 0.877 | 0.890 | 0.894 | 0.681 | |
| Knowledge hiding | Peng (2012); Nguyen, et al. (2022) | KH1 KH2 KH3 KH4 | I don’t want to transfer personal knowledge and experience to others I withhold helpful information or knowledge from others I don’t want to transform valuable skills and expertise into organizational knowledge I don’t want to share innovative achievements | 0.803 0.846 0.717 0.832 | 0.883 | 0.883 | 0.654 |
| Job performance | Chiang and Hsieh (2012); Nguyen, et al. (2022); Nguy n and Nguy n (2024) | JP1 JP2 JP3 JP4 JP5 | I fulfilled my job responsibilities I met performance standards and expectations of the job My performance level satisfied my manager I was effective in my job My performance is still as good as it was before | 0.640 0.833 0.652 0.932 0.770 | 0.877 | 0.881 | 0.599 |
Table 3.
Correlation matrix
(Source: Authors’ own research)
| - | Con | Ope | Agr | JP | Neu | KH | Ext |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | 0.751 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ope | -0.367 | 0.853 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Agr | -0.037 | 0.283 | 0.791 | - | - | - | - |
| JP | -0.136 | 0.291 | 0.159 | 0.774 | - | - | - |
| Neu | -0.161 | 0.346 | 0.283 | 0.233 | 0.826 | - | - |
| KH | 0.333 | -0.464 | -0.510 | -0.266 | -0.280 | 0.809 | - |
| Ext | 0.320 | 0.078 | 0.232 | 0.166 | 0.272 | -0.240 | 0.749 |
Figure 2.
The results of measurement and structural model
(Source: Authors’ own research)
Note: Ext= “Extraversion,” Con= “Conscientiousness,” Ope= “Openness to experience,” Agr= “Agreeableness,” Neu= “Neuroticism,” KH= “Knowledge hiding,” JP= “Job performance.”
Notes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Table 4.
Structural equation model
(Source: Authors’ own research)
| Direct effect | B | βStandardized | p-value | Hypothesis testing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ext -> KH | -0.223 | -0.267 | 0.000 | Supported |
| Agr -> KH | -0.429 | -0.407 | 0.000 | Supported |
| Con -> KH | 0.370 | 0.313 | 0.000 | Supported |
| Ope -> KH | -0.213 | -0.274 | 0.000 | Supported |
| Neu -> KH | -0.004 | -0.005 | 0.932 | Not supported |
| KH -> JP | -0.365 | -0.267 | 0.000 | Supported |
| Indirect effect | - | - | - | - |
| Ext -> KH-> JP | 0.081 | 0.064 | 0.005 | Supported |
| Agr -> KH-> JP | 0.157 | 0.109 | 0.001 | Supported |
| Con-> KH-> JP | -0.135 | -0.084 | 0.001 | Supported |
| Ope -> KH-> JP | 0.078 | 0.073 | 0.001 | Supported |
| Neu-> KH-> JP | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.893 | Not supported |