Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Research gap and objective for the study (Source: Authors’ own research)
| Research group | Research objectives |
|---|---|
| RG1: There appears to be a paucity of research on the conceptual framework for HEIs TQM implementation, particularly from the aspect of the UAE | RO1: Create a theoretical framework for HEIs employing TQM principles |
| RO2: Conduct a detailed analysis and offer adaption methods |
Factors adopted for variables of proposed theoretical framework (Source: Authors’ own research)
| Variable | Factors’ classification | Factors’ description |
|---|---|---|
| TQM | TQM 1 | Process approach |
| TQM 2 | Commitment and leadership | |
| TQM 3 | Customer focus | |
| TQM 4 | Staff competence | |
| SQ | SQ1 | Academic procedures |
| SQ2 | Nonacademic procedures | |
| SS | SS1 | Staff competence |
| SS2 | Faculty competence | |
| ES | ES1 | Work atmosphere |
| ES2 | Employee happiness | |
| OP | OP1 | Research output |
| OP2 | Teaching efficacy | |
| OP3 | Community involvement |
Discriminant validity using HTMT (Source: Authors’ own research)
| Variable | Employee satisfaction | Organizational performance | Service quality | Student satisfaction | TQM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employee satisfaction | - | - | - | - | - |
| Organizational performance | 0.153 | - | - | - | - |
| Service quality | 0.678 | 0.410 | - | - | - |
| Student satisfaction | 0.689 | 0.202 | 0.647 | - | - |
| TQM | 0.592 | 0.208 | 0.683 | 0.460 | - |
Convergent validity using CR and AVE (Source: Authors’ own research)
| Variable | Composite reliability | Average variance extracted (AVE) |
|---|---|---|
| Employee satisfaction | 0.895 | 0.810 |
| Organizational performance | 0.836 | 0.719 |
| Service quality | 0.853 | 0.659 |
| Student satisfaction | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| TQM | 0.852 | 0.660 |