References
- Amihud, Jakov, Lev, B. (1981). Risk Reduction as a Managerial Motive for Conglomerate Mergers. Bell Journal of Economics, 12, 605-617.
- Baber, W.R., Janakiraman, S.N., Kang, S. (1996). Investment Opportunities and the Structure of Executive Compensation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 21, 297-318.
- Baker, G.P., Jensen, M.C., Murphy, K.J. (1988). Compensation and Incentives: Practice vs. Theory. Journal of Finance, 43, 595-616.
- Balkin, D.B., Markman, G.D., Gomez-Mejia, L.R. (2000). Is CEO Pay in High-technology Firms Related to Innovation? The Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1118-1129.
- Banker, R.D., Datar, S.M. (1989). Sensitivity, Precision, and Linear Aggregation of Signals F. Journal of Accounting Research, 27(1), 21-40.
- Barbezat, D. (1987). Salary Differentials by Sex in the Academic Labor Market. Journal of Human Resources, 22(3), 422-28.
- Barbezat, D.A., Hughes, J.W. (1990). Sex Discrimination in Labor Markets: The Role of Statistical Evidence. American Economic Review, 80(1), 277-86.
- Baumol, W.J. (1959). Business Behavior, Value and Growth. New York: MacMillan.
- Baysinger, B.D., Hoskisson, R.E. (1990). The Composition of the Board of Directors and Strategic Control: Effects of Corporate Strategy. Academy of Management Review, 15, 72-87.
- Becker, G.S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis: With Special Reference to Education. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Bertrand, M., Hallo, K.F. (2000). The Gender Gap in Top Corporate Jobs. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 55(1), 3-22.
- Binder, J.J. (1998). The Event Study Methodology Since 1969. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 11, 111-37.
- Bizjak, J., Brickley, J., Coles, J. (1993). Stock-based Incentive Compensation and Investment Behavior. Journal of Accounting and Economics,16,349-372.
- Bowlin, W.F., Renner, C.J., Rivers, J.M. (2003). A DEA Study of Gender Equity in Executive Compensation. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 54(7), 751-757.
- Boyd, B.K. (1994). Board Control and CEO Compensation. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 335.
- Bryan, S., Hwang, L., Lilien, S. (2000). CEO Stock-Based Compensation: An empirical Analysis of Incentive-Intensity, Relative Mix, and Economic Determinants. The Journal of Business, 73(4), 661-694.
- Bushman, R., Indjejikian, R. (1993). Accounting Income, Stock Price, and Managerial Compensation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16, 1-23.
- Capar, N., Kotabe, M. (2003). The Relationship Between International Diversification and Performance in Service Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(4), 345.
- Christie, A. (1995). Equity Risk, the Opportunity Set, Production Costs and Debt. Unpublished Manuscript. New York: University of Rochester.
- Chung, K., Charoenwong, C. (1991). Investment Options, Assets in Place, and the Risk of Stocks. Financial Management, 20(3), 21-34.
- Ciscel, D.H., Carroll, T.M. (1980). The Determinants of Executive Salaries: An Econometric Survey. Review of Economics and Statistics, 62, 7-13.
- Clinch, G. (1991). Employee Compensation and Firms’ Research and Development Activity. Journal of Accounting Research, 59-78.
- Collins, M.C., Blackwell, D.W., Sinkey, J.F. (1995). The Relationship Between Corporate Compensation Policies and Investment Opportunities: Empirical Evidence for Large Bank Holding Companies. Financial Management, 24(3), 40-54.
- Collins, D.W., Kothari, S.P. (1989). An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 143-181.
- Cooley, P.L., Edwards, C.E. (1982). Ownership Effects on Managerial Salaries and Small Business. Financial Management, 11(4), 5-9.
- Cyert, R.M., Kang, S., Kumar, P. (2002). Corporate Governance, Takeovers, and Top-management Compensation: Theory and evidence. Management Science, 48(4), 453-470.
- Daft, R. (1992). Organization Theory and Design. St. Paul: West.
- Deckop, J.R. (1988). Determinants of Chief Executive Officer Compensation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 41, 215-226.
- Denis, D.J., Denis, D.K., Sarin, A. (1997). Agency Problems, Equity Ownership, and Corporate Diversification. Journal of Finance, 52, 135-160.
- Denis, J., Denis, D.K., Yost, K. (2002). Global Diversification, Industrial Diversification, and Firm Value. The Journal of Finance, LVII(5), 1951-1979.
- Duru, A., Reeb, D.M. (2002). Geographic and Industrial Corporate Diversification: The Level and Structure of Executive Compensation. Journal of Accounting, 17(1), 1.
- Dyl, E.A. (1988). Corporate Control and Management Compensation: Evidence on the Agency Problem. Management and Decision Economics, 9(1), 21-26.
- Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Agency Theory: Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review, 14, 57-74.
- Ekanayake, S. (2004). Agency Theory, National Culture and Management Control Systems. Journal of American Academy of Business, 4(1), 49.
- Fatemi, A.M. (1984). Shareholder Benefits from Corporate International Diversification. The Journal of Finance, XXXIX, (5), 1325-1344.
- Finkelstein, S.R., D’Aveni. A. (1994). CEO Duality as a Double-edged Sword: How Boards of Directors Balance Entrenchment Avoidance and Unity of Command. Academy of Management Journal, 37(5), 1079-1108.
- Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D.C. (1989). Chief Executive Officer Compensation: A Study of the Intersection of Markets and Political Processes. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 121-134.
- Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D.C. (1996). Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and Their Effects on Organizations. Minneapolis/St Paul, MN: West Publishing.
- Gander, J.P. (1997). Gender-based Faculty-pay Differences in Academe: A Reduced-form Approach. Journal of Labor Research, 18(3), 451-61.
- Gaver, J.J., Gaver, K.M. (1993). Additional Evidence on the Association Between the Investment Opportunity Set and Corporate Financing, Dividend and Compensation Policies. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16(1-3), 125-160.
- Gaver, J.J., Gaver, K.M. (1995). Compensation Policy and the Investment Opportunity Set. Financial Management, 24(1), 19-33.
- Gerhart, B., Milkovich, G.T. (1990). Organizational Differences in Managerial Compensation and Financial Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 663-691.
- Gomez-Mejia, L.R. (1992). Structure and Process of Diversification, Compensation Strategy, and Firm Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5), 381-398.
- Gomez-Mejia, L.R., Balkin, D.B. (1992). Compensation, Organizational Strategy, and Firm Performance. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing.
- Gomez-Mejia, L.R., Tosi, H., Hinkin, T. (1987). Managerial Control, Performance, and Executive Compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 51-70.
- Grace, E. (2004). Contracting Incentives and Compensation for Property-liability Insurer Executives. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 71(2), 285-308.
- Grossman, W., Hoskisson, R.E. (1998). CEO Pay at the Crossroads of Wall Street and Main; Toward the Strategic Design of Executive Compensation. The Academy of Management Executive, 12(1), 43-58.
- Hahn, R.M., Kleiner, B.H. (2002). Managing Human Behavior in City Government. Management Research News, 25(3), 1-10.
- Hambrick, D., Finkelstein, S. (1987). Managerial Discretion: A Bridge Between Polar Views of Organizational Outcomes. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 369-406.
- Hambrick, D.C., Fukutomi, G.D. (1991). The Seasons of a CEO’s Tenure. Academy of Management Review, 16, 719-742.
- Hambrick, D.C., Mason. P. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of its top Managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193-206.
- Hanke, J.E., Reitsch, A.G. (1994). Understanding Business Statistics. Boston: Irwin.
- Henderson, A.D., Fredrickson, J.W. (1996). Information-processing Demands as a Determinant of CEO Compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 575-608.
- Hill, C.W.L., Phan, P. (1991). CEO Tenure as a Determinant of CEO pay. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 707-717.
- Hitt, M., Barr, S. (1989). Managerial Selection Decision Models: Examination of Configuralcue Processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 53-61.
- Hoffman, E. (1976). Faculty Salaries: Is there Discrimination by Sex, Race, and Discipline? American Economics Review, 66(1), 196-98.
- Holmstrom, B. (1979). Moral Hazard and Observability. Journal of Economics, 10(1), 74-91.
- Jensen, M.C. (1983). Organizational Theory and Methodology. The Accounting Review, 58, 319-339.
- Jensen, M.C., Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360
- Jensen, M.C., Murphy, K.J. (1990). Performance Pay and Top Management Incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 225-264.
- Jensen, M.C., Murphy, K.J. (1990). CEO Incentives: It’s not How Much You Pay, But How. Harvard Business Review, 68(3),138-154.
- Johnson, G.., and Stafford, F. (1974). The earnings and promotion of women faculty. American Economic Review, 64(6), 888-903.
- Katz, D. (1973). Faculty Salaries, Promotions, and Productivity at a Large University. America Economic Review, 63(3), 469-77.
- Kester, W.C. (1986). An Options Approach to Corporate Finance. In: E.I. Altman (Ed.) Handbookof Corporate Finance. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
- Kim, C., Kim, S., Pantzalis. (2001). Firm Diversification and Earnings Volatility: An EMPIRICAL Analysis of U.S.--Based Mncs. American Business Review, 19(1), 26-39.
- Lambert, R.A., Larcker, D.F. (1987). An Analysis of the Use of Accounting and Market Measures of Performance in Executive Compensation Contracts. Journal of Accounting Research, 10, 85-125.
- Lehn, K., Poulsen, A. (1989). Free Cash Flow and Stockholder Gains in Going Private Transactions. Journal of Finance, 44, 771-789.
- Lewellen, W.G., Huntsman, B. (1970). Managerial Pay and Corporate Performance. American Economic Review, 60, 710-720.
- Lewellen, W.G., Loderer, C., Martin, K. (1987). Executive Compensation and Executive Incentive Problems: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 9(3), 287-310.
- Lippert, R., Moore, W. (1995). Monitoring Versus Bonding: Shareholder Rights and Management Compensation. Financial Management, 24(3), 5461.
- MacCrimmon, K.R., Wehrung, D.A. (1990). Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives. Management Science, 36, 422-435.
- MacKie-Mason, J.K. (1990). Do Taxes Affect Corporate Financing Decisions? Journal of Finance, 35, 1471-1493.
- Marris, R. (1963). A Model of the Managerial Enterprise. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 77, 185-209.
- McWilliams, A., Siegel, D. (1997). Event Studies in Management Research: Theoretical and Empirical Issues. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 626-57.
- Mehran, H. (1995). Executive Compensation Structure, Ownership and Firm Performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 38, 163-184.
- Miller, D.J. (1995). CEO Salary Increases May be Rational after all: Referents and Contracts in CEO Pay. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1361-1386.
- Mohan, N., Ruggiero, J. (2003). Compensation Differences Between Male and Female CEOs for Publicly Traded Firms: A Nonparametric Analysis. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 54(12), 1242-1248.
- Murphy, K.J. (1985). Corporate Performance and Managerial Remuneration: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7, 1-42.
- Myers, S. (1977). Determinants of Corporate Borrowing. Journal of Financial Economics, 5,147-175.
- Newman, H.A., Bannister, J.W. (1998). Cross-sectional Difference in Corporate Compensation Structure. Journal of Managerial Issues, 10, 223-239.
- Nilakant, V., Rao, H. (1994). Agency Theory and Uncertainty in Organizations: A Evaluation. Organization Studies, 15, 649-672.
- Nohria, N., Ghoshal, S. (1994). Differentiated Fit and Shared Values: Alternatives for Managing Headquarters-subsidiary Relations. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 491-502.
- Pavlik, E.L., Scott, T.W., Tiessen, P. (1993). Executive Compensation: Issues and research. Journal of Accounting Literature, 12, 131.
- Platt, H.D. (1987). Determinants of Executive Compensation: The Neoclassical Versus Concept Formulation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 8, 255-272.
- Ransom, M R., Megdal, S.B. (1993). Sex Differences in the Academic Labor Market in the Affirmative Action Era. Economics of Education Review,12(1), 21-43.
- Redling, E.T. (1981). Myth vs. Reality: The Relationship Between Top Executive Pay and Corporate Performance. Compensation Review, 4, 16-24.
- Rosen, S. (1982). Authority, Control and the Distribution of Earnings. Bell Journal of Economics,13, 311-323.
- Roth, K., O’Donnell, S. (1996). Foreign Subsidiary Compensation Strategy: An Agency Theory Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 678-703.
- Ryan, T.P. (1997). Modern Regression Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Sanders, W.G., Carpenter, M.A. (1998). Internationalization and Firm Governance: The roles of CEO Compensation, Top Team Composition, and Board Structure. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2), 158-179.
- Sanders, W.G., Davis-Blake, A., Fredrickson, J.W. (1995). Prizes with Strings Attached: Determinants of the Structure of CEO Compensation. Academy of Management Journal, Best Papers Proceedings, 16, 266-271.
- Scholes, M.S, Wilson, G.P., Wolfson, M.A. (1992). Firms’ responses to Anticipated Reductions in Tax Rates: The Tax Reform Act of 1986. Journal of Accounting Research, 30, 161-185.
- Singh, P., Agarwal, N.C. (2002). The Effects of Firm Strategy on the Level and Structure of Executive Compensation. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 19(1), 42-57.
- Singh, P., Agarwal, N.C. (2003). Executive Compensation: Examining an Old Issue From New Perspectives. Compensation and Benefits Review, 35(2), 48-55.
- Skinner, D.J. (1993). The Investment Opportunity Set and Accounting Procedure Choice. Journal of Accounting Economics, 16, 407-445.
- Smith, C.W., Watts, R.L. (1992). The Investment Opportunity Set and Corporate Financing, Dividend and Compensation Policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 32(3), 263-292.
- Sridharan, U.C. (1996). CEO Influence and Executive Compensation. The Financial Review, 31, 51-66.
- Stulz, R.M. (1990). Managerial Discretion and Optimal Financing Policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 26, 3-27.
- Tosi, H.L., Gomez-Mejia, L.R. (1994). CEO Compensation Monitoring and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1002-1016.
- Useng, C.J., Wells, D. W., and Lilly, J. D. (2000). CEO Influence and Executive Compensation: Large Firms Vs. Small Firms. Managerial Finance, 26(8), 3-13.
- Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Wiersema, M.F., Bantel. K.A. (1992). Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 91-122.
- Williams, S. (2003). Gender Inequities Persist in CEO Compensation. Association Management, 55(11), 22.
- Yermack, D. (1995). Do Corporations Award CEO Stock Options Effectively? Journal of Financial Economics, 39, 237-69.
- Young, M.N., Buchholtz, A.K. (2002). Firm Performance and CEO Pay: Relational Demography as a Moderator. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(3), 296-314.
- Zajac, E.J., Westphal, J.W. (1994). The Costs and Benefits of Managerial Incentives and Monitoring in Large U.S. Corporations: When is More not Better? Strategic Management Journal, 15, 121-142.