Analysis of the soil conditions in the natural habitats of a climate-resistant species Nerium oleander L.

Province	Location	Altitude (m)	Coordinate
Adana	L1	141	37.4810172° N,	35.8301483°	E ± 7 m
	L2	268	37.4639207 N,	35.8075318°	E
Adıyaman	L3	724	37.880035° N,	38.5952181°	E ± 5 m
Antalya	L4	168	36.9287119° N,	31.7629229°	E ± 5 m
	L5	116	36.1753046° N,	32.4427024°	E ± 5 m
	L6	615	37.140.1636° N,	31.189035°1	E ± 7 m
Aydın	L7	97	37.5749658° N,	27.8260236°	E ± 5 m
Balıkesir	L8	38	39.270069° N,	26.8658451°	E ± 5 m
	L9	51	39.6140237° N,	26.9536938°	E ± 5 m
	L10	177	39.2579536° N,	26.8281544°	E
Çanakkale	L11	337	39.7007617° N,	26.3207911°	E ± 10 m
	L12	337	39.7007614° N,	26.3207911°	E
Denizli	L13	331	37.9522344° N,	29.1084182°	E ± 5 m
İçel	L14	20	36.8555178° N,	34.7484481°	E
	L15	717	36.2785009° N,	33.3887356°	E ± 5 m
İzmir	L16	45	38.6575786° N,	26.8096729°	E
	L17	87	38.4376547° N,	26.5468566°	E ± 5 m
Hatay	L18	73	36.3619489° N,	35.891514°	E ± 5 m
Manisa	L19	168	38.5863552° N,	27.3538664°	E
Muğla	L20	0	36.7527379° N,	28.118081°	E ± 5 m
	L21	0	37.4178917° N,	27.8200993°	E ± 5 m
	L22	652	36.7977692° N,	28.6484163°	E ± 16 m

Long-term (1929–2024) average temperature values of the provinces where the natural distribution areas of *Nerium oleander* L. are located (MGM, 2024).

Long-term (1929–2024) average rainfall values of the provinces where the natural distribution areas of *Nerium oleander* L. are located (MGM, 2024).

Table 2.

Minimum-highest and average content of selected physical and chemical properties of soil samples.

Soil properties	Minimum	Maximum	Average
Exchangeable Ca (cmol · kg⁻¹)	5.99	37.25	18.51
Exchangeable Mg (cmol · kg⁻¹)	0.23	30.51	4.21
Saturation (%)	25.74	70.62	45.32
pH	5.92	8.05	7.52
EC (dS · m⁻¹)	0.08	28.00	1.75
Lime (%)	1.56	80.97	15.47
Organic matter (%)	0.06	6.67	1.50
Available P (ppm)	0.14	17.60	7.39
Exchangeable K (cmol · kg⁻¹)	0.08	3.60	0.78

1 EC, electrical conductivity.

Table 3.

Selected physical and chemical properties and statistical groups of soil samples according to different locations.

Location	Saturation (%)	Texture class	pH	EC (dS · m⁻¹)	Lime (CaCO₃) (%)	Organic matter (%)	Available P (ppm)	Exchangeable ions
Location	Saturation (%)	Texture class	pH	EC (dS · m⁻¹)	Lime (CaCO₃) (%)	Organic matter (%)	Available P (ppm)	Ca (cmol · kg⁻¹)	Mg (cmol · kg⁻¹)	K (cmol · kg⁻¹)
L1	25.74 m	Sandy	7.55	0.61 def	14.05 g	0.26 fg	4.20 fg	16.84 f	0.32 jk	0.43 def
L2	41.47 ij	Loamy	7.85	0.27 fgh	41.49 c	1.90 cde	4.20 fg	20.43 e	0.55 ijk	0.54 def
L3	66.22 b	Clayey-loamy	7.86	0.56 defg	24.84 e	0.64 defg	0.15 i	29.49 b	7.18 d	0.35 def
L4	44.88 g	Loamy	7.82	0.35 efgh	1.71 m	0.06 g	9.40 d	8.48 i	0.67 ijk	0.89 cdef
L5	48.40 f	Loamy	7.68	0.55 defg	34.14 d	1.22 defg	0.14 i	19.45 e	1.19 hijk	0.09 f
L6	41.25 ij	Loamy	7.66	0.39 defgh	8.97 i	1.44 defg	1.30 hi	24.52 c	0.58 ijk	0.34 def
L7	42.68 hi	Loamy	7.13	0.43 defgh	3.76 kl	1.67 cde	20.60 a**	8.02 i	0.41 ijk	0.38 def
L8	37.95 k	Loamy	6.51	0.08 h	1.71 m	1.63 cdef	5.34 ef	5.99 j	0.61 ijk	0.24 ef
L9	36.85 k	Loamy	7.32	0.8 cd	1.73 m	0.81 defg	13.60 c	10.88 h	1.68 ghij	0.79 def
L10	40.81 j	Loamy	7.62	0.52 defg	2.21 lm	0.79 defg	14.00 c	12.90 g	1.75 ghi	0.86 cdef
L11	36.52 k	Loamy	7.67	0.22 fgh	2.53 klm	0.93 defg	13.40 c	11.37 h	0.96 hijk	0.39 def
L12	52.25 d	Clayey-loamy	7.93	1.07 c	4.10 k	0.55 efg	17.60 b	24.45 c	12.34 c	1.08 bcde
L13	43.67 gh	Loamy	7.90	0.52 defg	44.15 b	1.76 cde	2.41 h	22.74 d	2.91 efg	1.23 bcd
L14	51.15 d	Clayey-loamy	7.96	1.50 b	22.84 f	0.93 defg	4.37 fg	30.73 b	3.21 ef	1.70 bc
L15	50.60 de	Loamy	7.70	0.29 fgh	80.97 a**	3.68 b	8.47 d	19.67 e	0.50 ijk	0.25 ef
L16	49.06 ef	Loamy	5.92	0.4d efgh	1.56 m	1.20 defg	12.80 c	15.36 f	3.94 e	1.79 b
L17	47.96 f	Loamy	7.55	0.5d efgh	6.24 j	2.89 bc	1.07 hi	25.97 c	2.24 fgh	0.92 bcdef
L18	62.70 c	Clayey-loamy	7.46	0.76 cde	5.95 j	2.03 cd	5.00 f	16.95 f	19.98 b	0.75 def
L19	32.78 l	Loamy	8.05	0.16 gh	10.84 h	0.56 efg	2.40 h	15.88 f	0.48 ijk	0.37 def
L20	70.62 a^**	Clayey-loamy	7.33	28.00 a**	10.07 hi	6.67 a**	6.65 e	37.25 a**	30.51 a**	3.60 a**
L21	36.63 k	Loamy	7.76	0.25 fgh	2.96k lm	0.53 efg	2.77 gh	17.11 f	0.55 ijk	0.18 ef
L22	36.85 k	Loamy	7.27	0.32 fgh	13.55 g	0.86 defg	12.76 c	12.84 g	0.23 k	0.08 f
Sig.	**		n.s.	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

1** Letters indicate different groups at the p ≤ 0.01 level.

1 EC, electrical conductivity; n.s., nonsignificant.

Texture class and saturation properties of soil samples according to different locations.

Organic matter, EC, and pH properties of soil samples according to different locations. EC, electrical conductivity.

Lime, Ca, and Mg properties of soil samples according to different locations.

P and K properties of soil samples according to different locations.

Table 4.

Selected physical and chemical properties of soil samples at different altitudes.

Altitude (m)	Saturation (%)	Texture class	pH	EC (dS/m)	Lime (CaCO₃) (%)	Organic matter (%)	Available P (ppm)	Exchangeable ions
Altitude (m)	Saturation (%)	Texture class	pH	EC (dS/m)	Lime (CaCO₃) (%)	Organic matter (%)	Available P (ppm)	Ca (cmol · kg⁻¹)	Mg (cmol · kg⁻¹)	K (cmol · kg⁻¹)
0–150	46.34 b	Loamy	7.28	3.08 a**	9.54 d	1.80	6.96 b	18.60 b	5.87 a**	0.99 a**
151–300	39.98 d	Loamy	7.83	0.32 b	14.06 c	0.82	7.50 b	14.42 c	0.86 b	0.67 b
301–450	44.14 c	Loamy	7.83	0.60 b	16.92 b	1.08	11.13 a**	19.52 b	5.40 a**	0.90 a**
451–750	48.73 a**	Loamy	7.62	0.39 b	32.08 a**	1.65	5.67 b	21.63 a**	2.12 b	0.26 c
Sig.	**		n.s.	**	**	n.s.	**	**	**	**

1** Letters indicate different groups at the p ≤ 0.01 level.

1 EC, electrical conductivity; n.s., nonsignificant.

Table 5.

Selected physical and chemical properties of soil samples according to different aspects.

Aspect	Saturation (%)	Texture class	pH	EC (dS · m⁻¹)	Lime (CaCO₃) (%)	Organic matter (%)	Available P (ppm)	Exchangeable ions
Aspect	Saturation (%)	Texture class	pH	EC (dS · m⁻¹)	Lime (CaCO₃) (%)	Organic matter (%)	Available P (ppm)	Ca (cmol Ca · kg⁻¹)	Mg (cmol · kg⁻¹)	K (cmol · kg⁻¹)
North	42.68 d	Loamy	7.13	0.43 d	3.76 e	1.67	20.6 a**	8.02 e	0.41d	0.38 b
South	48.22 b	Loamy	7.35	0.42 d	8.91 d	1.34	3.62 e	22.49 ab	2.90 bc	0.72 b
East	45.72 c	Loamy	7.65	0.62 b	22.53 b	1.58	9.00 c	17.56 c	4.09 b	0.75 b
West	35.86 e	Loamy	7.27	0.18 e	8.70 d	1.01	6.83 d	11.57 d	0.44 d	0.23 b
Northeast	25.74 f	Sandy	7.55	0.61 b	14.05 c	0.26	4.20 e	16.84 c	0.32 d	0.43 b
Southeast	46.03 c	Loamy	7.79	0.53 c	39.14 a**	1.49	1.27 f	21.09 b	2.05 c	0.66 b
Southwest	55.91 a**	Clayey-loamy	7.69	9.80 a**	5.29 e	2.42	11.21 b	23.39 a**	14.51 a**	1.86 a**
Sig.	**		n.s.	**	**	n.s.	**	**	**	n.s.

1** Letters indicate different groups at the p ≤ 0.01 level.

1 EC, electrical conductivity; n.s., nonsignificant.

Table 6.

Pearson correlation analysis of soil properties at different altitudes.

Altitude	Exchangeable Ca	Exchange Mg	Saturation	pH	EC	Lime	Organic matter	Available P	Exchangeable K
Exchangeable Ca	1
Exchangeable Mg	0.386	1
Saturation	0.931	0.354	1
pH	–0.288	–0.505	–0.578	1
EC	0.054	0.694	0.294	–0.911	1
Lime	0.656	–0.433	0.569	0.238	–0.595	1
Organic matter	0.682	0.451	0.890	–0.886	0.664	0.206	1
Available P	–0.100	0.468	–0.399	0.505	–0.170	–0.369	–0.539	1
Exchangeable K	–0.346	0.730	–0.349	–0.249	0.624	–0.916	–0.087	0.598	1

1 Correlation is found to be insignificant.

1 EC, electrical conductivity.

Table 7.

Pearson correlation analysis of soil properties at different aspects.

Aspect	Exchangeable Ca	Exchange Mg	Saturation	pH	EC	Lime	Organic matter	Available P	Exchangeable K
Exchangeable Ca	1
Exchangeable Mg	0.611	1
Saturation	0.510	0.731	1
pH	0.744	0.479	0.272	1
EC	0.485	0.963**	0.594	0.387	1
Lime	0.334	–0.203	0.002	0.696	–0.310	1
Organic matter	0.288	0.762*	0.942**	0.195	0.682	–0.112	1
Available P	–0.616	0.128	0.189	–0.541	0.206	–0.599	0.442	1
Exchangeable K	0.691	0.987**	0.744	0.542	0.942**	–0.126	0.747	0.071	1

1** 0.01,

1* 0.05.

1 EC, electrical conductivity.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2025-0004 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 33 - 47

Submitted on: Jan 23, 2025

Accepted on: Mar 20, 2025

Published on: Oct 14, 2025

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

Apocynaceae,

landscape adaptation,

pH,

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© 2025 Betul Humeyra Celik, Murat Zencirkiran, Songul Sever Mutlu, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 37 (2025): Issue 1 (July 2025)

Analysis of the soil conditions in the natural habitats of a climate-resistant species Nerium oleander L.

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Table 4.

Figure 8.

Table 5.

Table 6.

Table 7.

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