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Organic plant nutrients in combination with inorganic sources of nutrients influence the productivity, quality, soil microbes, and nutrient use efficiency of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Folia Horticulturae
Volume 37 (2025): Issue 1 (July 2025)
By:
Open Access
|Oct 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

(A) Fresh fruit yield in t · ha−1 and (B) fruit dry matter in kg · ha−1 and dry plant yield in kg · ha−1 of bitter gourd affected by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilisers. The error bars represent the ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The mean values indicated by the uncommon letters in the bars are significantly different at the 5% level according to the LSD test. T1: control, T2: recommended dose of inorganic N-P-K-S-Zn-B at 120-40-85-20-3-2 kg · ha−1, T3: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 50% of NPKSZnB, T4: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 50% of NPKSZnB, T5: 5 t · ha−1VC + 75% of NPKSZnB, T6: 2.5 t · ha−1PM + 75% of NPKSZnB, T7: 5 t · ha−1 CD + 75% of NPKSZnB, T8: 5 t · ha−1VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 50% of NPKSZnB, and T9: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 25% of NPKSZnB. CD, cow dung; LSD, least significant difference; PM, poultry manure; VC, vermicompost.
(A) Fresh fruit yield in t · ha−1 and (B) fruit dry matter in kg · ha−1 and dry plant yield in kg · ha−1 of bitter gourd affected by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilisers. The error bars represent the ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The mean values indicated by the uncommon letters in the bars are significantly different at the 5% level according to the LSD test. T1: control, T2: recommended dose of inorganic N-P-K-S-Zn-B at 120-40-85-20-3-2 kg · ha−1, T3: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 50% of NPKSZnB, T4: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 50% of NPKSZnB, T5: 5 t · ha−1VC + 75% of NPKSZnB, T6: 2.5 t · ha−1PM + 75% of NPKSZnB, T7: 5 t · ha−1 CD + 75% of NPKSZnB, T8: 5 t · ha−1VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 50% of NPKSZnB, and T9: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 25% of NPKSZnB. CD, cow dung; LSD, least significant difference; PM, poultry manure; VC, vermicompost.

Figure 2.

(A) Total uptake of N, P, K, and S by bitter gourd and (B) total uptake of Zn and B by bitter gourd as affected by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilisers. The error bars represent the ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The mean values indicated by the uncommon letters in the bars are significantly different at the 5% level according to the LSD test. T1: control, T2: recommended dose of inorganic N-P-K-S-Zn-B at 120-40-85-20-3-2 kg · ha−1, T3: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 50% of NPKSZnB, T4: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 50% of NPKSZnB, T5: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 75% of NPKSZnB, T6: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 75% of NPKSZnB, T7: 5 t · ha−1 CD + 75% of NPKSZnB, T8: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 50% of NPKSZnB, and T9: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 25% of NPKSZnB. CD, cow dung; LSD, least significant difference; PM, poultry manure; VC, vermicompost.
(A) Total uptake of N, P, K, and S by bitter gourd and (B) total uptake of Zn and B by bitter gourd as affected by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilisers. The error bars represent the ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The mean values indicated by the uncommon letters in the bars are significantly different at the 5% level according to the LSD test. T1: control, T2: recommended dose of inorganic N-P-K-S-Zn-B at 120-40-85-20-3-2 kg · ha−1, T3: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 50% of NPKSZnB, T4: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 50% of NPKSZnB, T5: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 75% of NPKSZnB, T6: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 75% of NPKSZnB, T7: 5 t · ha−1 CD + 75% of NPKSZnB, T8: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 50% of NPKSZnB, and T9: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 25% of NPKSZnB. CD, cow dung; LSD, least significant difference; PM, poultry manure; VC, vermicompost.

Figure 3.

Influence of combined use of organic and inorganic fertiliser practices on the (A) cost, gross return, gross margin, and (B) BCR of bitter gourd. The error bars represent the ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The mean values indicated by the uncommon letters in the bars are significantly different at the 5% level according to the LSD test. T1: control, T2: recommended dose of inorganic N-P-K-S-Zn-B at 120-40-85-20-3-2 kg · ha−1, T3: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 50% of NPKSZnB, T4: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 50% of NPKSZnB, T5: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 75% of NPKSZnB, T6: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 75% of NPKSZnB, T7: 5 t · ha−1 CD + 75% of NPKSZnB, T8: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 50% of NPKSZnB, and T9: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 25% of NPKSZnB. BCR, benefit–cost ratio; CD, cow dung; LSD, least significant difference; PM, poultry manure; VC, vermicompost.
Influence of combined use of organic and inorganic fertiliser practices on the (A) cost, gross return, gross margin, and (B) BCR of bitter gourd. The error bars represent the ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). The mean values indicated by the uncommon letters in the bars are significantly different at the 5% level according to the LSD test. T1: control, T2: recommended dose of inorganic N-P-K-S-Zn-B at 120-40-85-20-3-2 kg · ha−1, T3: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 50% of NPKSZnB, T4: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 50% of NPKSZnB, T5: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 75% of NPKSZnB, T6: 2.5 t · ha−1 PM + 75% of NPKSZnB, T7: 5 t · ha−1 CD + 75% of NPKSZnB, T8: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 50% of NPKSZnB, and T9: 5 t · ha−1 VC + 5 t · ha−1 CD + 25% of NPKSZnB. BCR, benefit–cost ratio; CD, cow dung; LSD, least significant difference; PM, poultry manure; VC, vermicompost.

Physicochemical properties of preliminary soils in the experimental field_

Physical parametersUnitTest value
Sand%41.26
Silt%23.22
Clay%35.52
Textural class–Clay loam
Particle densityg · cm−32.56
Bulk densityg · cm−31.41
Porosity%44.92
Moisture%18.5
Field capacity%25.6
Chemical parameters
pH–6.50
ECdS · m−10.61
OM%1.33
Ca(meq. · 100 g−1 soil)4.5
Mg(meq. · 100 g−1 soil)1.7
K(meq. · 100 g−1 soil)0.14
Total N%0.076
Available P(μg · g−1)11.9
Available S(μg · g−1)14.5
Available Zn(μg · g−1)0.88
Available B(μg · g−1)0.16

Nutrient composition of the VC, PM, and CD used in the experiment_

ComponentsOrganic sources
VCPMCD
pH7.47.77.5
Organic carbon (g · kg−1)16610973
Total N (g · kg−1)1212.611
K (g · kg−1)9.99.04.8
P (g · kg−1)12.410.04.5
S (g · kg−1)5.03.42.9
Zn (g · kg−1)0.170.190.18
B (g · kg−1)0.140.120.17

Effects of year of cultivation (Y), combined organic and inorganic fertilisers (T) and their interaction (Y × T) on the quality traits of bitter gourd_

TreatmentTSS (°Brix)Vitamin C (mg · 100 g’1)ß-Carotene (mcg · 100 g 11Moisture (%)Fruit firmness (kgf)Reducing sugar (%)Total sugar (%)Protein content (%)
T13.76 ± 0.022 d70.9 ± 0.73 b112 ± 1.47 c90.1 ±0.37 d2.02 ±0.061 b2.32 ± 0.065 d15.5 ± 0.25 b14.5 ± 0.32 c
T23.99 ±0.002 a75.2 ± 1.8 1 a115 ± 1.03 be92.3 ±0.38 a-c2.16 ± 0.057 ab2.49 ± 0.015 c15.8 ± 0.17 b17.6 ± 0.44 ab
T33.82 ±0.001 b-d76.3 ± 1.3 9 a116 ±3.32 be91.6 ±0.55 b-d2.15 ± 0.064 ab2.54 ±0.016 be16.6 ±0.09 a16.5 ± 0.70 ab
T43.50 ± 0.003 e74.8 ± 0.4 7 a114 ± 1.54 c92.3 ±0.73 a-c2.16 ± 0.024 ab2.52 ± 0.052 c15.5 ± 0.16 b16.4 ± 1.00 ab
T53.90 ± 0.002 b76.7 ±0.53 a121 ± 1.94 ab92.7 ± 0.38 ab2.22 ± 0.075 a2.59 ±0.056 be16.5 ±0.17 a18.0 ±0.63 a
T63.86 ±0.003 be75.8 ± 0.79 a117 ± 2.25 a-c91.3 ±0.46 b-d2.23 ±0.047 a2.57 ±0.060 be15.7 ± 0.14 b17.5 ±0.51 ab
T73.79 ± 0.003 cd76.1 ± 0.40 a116 ±0.611 be92.1 ±0.73 a-c2.24 ±0.049 a2.67 ± 0.022 ab16.5 ±0.37 a17.6 ± 0.37 ab
T84.00 ±0.090 a77.6 ± 0.99 a122 ±3.88 a93.4 ± 0.42 a2.26 ±0.057 a2.73 ±0.081 a16.5 ±0.20 a18.1 ±0.72 a
T93.77 ±0.003 cd75.9 ± 0.74 a114 ± 1.47 c91.1 ±0.37 cd2.20 ±0.035 a2.76 ±0.057 a16.6 ±0.26 a16.0 ±0.26 be
F-test*************
C V (%)2.163.574.231.475.924.673.179.05
LSD (0.05)0.013.165.771.580.150.140.601.79
Interaction (Y×T)nsnsnsnsnsnsnsns

Populations of PSB, rhizobia, fungi, total bacteria, and actinomycetes in the soil of bitter gourd at the flowering stage as influenced by combined use of organic and inorganic fertilisers (pooled data from 2 years)_

TreatmentsPopulation (× 105 cfu · g−1 soil)
PSBRhizobiaFungusTotal bacteriaActinomycetes
T11.00 ± 0.06 b1.50 ± 0.12 c1.00 ± 0.06 b120 ± 5.77 e1.10 ± 0.06 c
T22.00 ± 0.12 b4.00 ± 0.58 c1.20 ± 0.12 b1300 ± 57.7 c2.00 ± 0.17 c
T32.00 ± 0.09 b2.50 ± 0.12 c2.00 ± 0.09 b1400 ± 57.7 c2.20 ± 0.12 c
T41.00 ± 0.05 b3.00 ± 0.20 c100 ± 5.77 a400 ± 28.9 d2.50 ± 0.12 c
T54.00 ± 0.58 b100 ± 5.77 b1.40 ± 0.12 b1600 ± 57.7 b100 ± 5.77 b
T62.00 ± 0.15 b2.00 ± 0.09 c2.00 ± 0.12 b510 ± 5.77 d2.00 ± 0.12 c
T73.00 ± 0.29 b2.00 ± 0.04 c1.50 ± 0.17 b1400 ± 57.7 c1.20 ± 0.06 c
T8100 ± 8.66 a110 ± 5.77 a100 ± 5.77 a1900 ± 57.7 a130 ± 5.77 a
T91.00 ± 0.05 b7.00 ± 0.17 c2.00 ± 0.06 b500 ± 28.8 d2.40 ± 0.06 c
F-test**********
CV (%)38.417.321.37.7816.3
LSD (0.05)8.577.738.661377.63

Effects of year of cultivation (Y), combined use of organic and inorganic fertilisers (T) and their interaction (Y × T) on postharvest soil chemical properties associated with the initial soil_

Year of cultivation (Y)PHOM (%)Total N(%)KPSZnB
meq · 100 g−1mg · g−1
Initial status6.501.330.0760.1411.914.50.880.16
20206.51 ±0.039 a1.37 ±0.013 a0.086 ±0.001 a0.134 ±0.003 a12.3 ±0.22 a15.4 ±0.25 a0.927 ±0.011 a0.180 ±0.005 a
20216.53 ±0.039 a1.39 ±0.014 a0.088 ±0.001 a0.139 ±0.004 a12.4 ±0.22 a15.5 ±0.26 a0.930 ±0.011 a0.182 ±0.005 a
F-testnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns
CV (%)3.014.286.5611.49.617.963.237.08
LSD (0.05)0.110.030.0030.0090.660.680.020.007
Treatment (T)
T16.61 ±0.180 a1.33 ±0.050 a0.075 ± 0.005 b0.112 ± 0.004 c11.3 ±0.37 a14.2 ±0.80 a0.790 ± 0.007 b0.148 ± 0.004 f
T26.32 ± 0.075 a1.36 ±0.015 a0.087 ±0.002 a0.132 ± 0.004 b12.3 ±0.37 a15.2 ±0.09 a0.952 ± 0.004 a0.162 ± 0.007 ef
T36.52 ±0.040 a1.36 ±0.020 a0.088 ±0.002 a0.142 ± 0.007 ab12.6 ±0.36 a15.4 ±0.37 a0.942 ± 0.004 a0.152 ± 0.004 f
T46.41 ±0.037 a1.38 ±0.031 a0.087 ±0.001 a0.143 ± 0.008 ab12.0 ±0.34 a14.9 ±0.66 a0.932 ± 0.020 a0.172 ±0.004 de
T56.51 ±0.040 a1.40 ±0.030 a0.089 ±0.002 a0.153 ±0.005 a12.7 ±0.37 a15.7 ±0.26 a0.962 ± 0.020 a0.191 ±0.004 be
T66.60 ±0.037 a1.39 ±0.024 a0.088 ±0.002 a0.142 ± 0.004 ab12.7 ±0.26 a15.8 ±0.37 a0.952 ±0.003 a0.201 ± 0.007 ab
T76.51 ±0.070 a1.40 ±0.030 a0.090 ±0.002 a0.133 ± 0.008 b12.6 ±0.58 a15.6 ±0.91 a0.942 ± 0.004 a0.211 ±0.004 a
T86.61 ±0.073 a1.41 ±0.035 a0.091 ±0.001 a0.145 ± 0.006 ab12.7 ±0.84 a16.1 ±0.37 a0.952 ± 0.020 a0.211 ±0.006 a
T96.61 ±0.009 a1.40 ±0.011 a0.090 ±0.006 a0.132 ± 0.004 b12.1 ±0.37 a15.8 ±0.29 a0.932 ± 0.007 a0.182 ±0.004 cd
F-testnsns****nsns****
CV (%)3.014.286.5611.49.617.963.237.08
LSD (0.05)0.230.070.0070.021.391.440.040.02
Y×Tnsnsnsnsnsns

Effects of combined use of organic and inorganic fertilisers on the AE of N-P-K-S-Zn-B in bitter gourd (pooled data from 2 years)_

TreatmentsNPKSZnB
AE (kg · kg−1)
T25.40 ± 0.55 bc16.2 ± 1.64 a7.63 ± 0.77 bc32.4 ± 3.30 a216 ± 21.7 c324 ± 32.9 cd
T35.14 ± 0.22 bc7.52 ± 0.32 cd6.70 ± 0.28 cd17.6 ± 0.76 cd262 ± 11.0 bc363 ± 15.4 bc
T46.98 ± 0.53 a14.2 ± 1.09 ab9.83 ± 0.75 a34.5 ± 2.66 a324 ± 24.8 a492 ± 37.8 a
T55.44 ± 0.49 bc8.87 ± 0.79 c7.21 ± 0.64 b–d20.4 ± 1.82 c263 ± 23.3 bc371 ± 33.2 bc
T66.09 ± 0.18 ab13.5 ± 0.40 b8.58 ± 0.25 ab31.5 ± 0.92 a272 ± 8.08 ab411 ± 12.1 b
T75.27 ± 0.23 bc14.6 ± 0.63 ab8.71 ± 0.38 ab25.9 ± 1.12 b243 ± 10.6 bc325 ± 14.1 cd
T84.89 ± 0.19 cd8.20 ± 0.32 cd7.38 ± 0.29 b–d17.3 ± 0.66 cd264 ± 10.4 bc336 ± 13.3 b–d
T93.83 ± 0.35 d5.88 ± 0.53 d5.87 ± 0.53 d12.5 ± 1.13 d222 ± 19.9 bc271 ± 24.2 d
F-test***********
CV (%)12.112.711.712.811.812.1
LSD (0.05)1.142.471.595.3753.476.7

Seasonal water uses and WPI during the 2020 and 2021 crop seasons_

Year of cultivationIrrigation frequency (no.)Amount of irrigation water (mm)Water for plant establishment (mm)Effective rainfall (mm)Total seasonal water use (mm)Fresh fruit yield (t · ha−1)WPI (kg · m−3)
20201218010121.36311.3612.94.14
20211014010119.20269.2013.24.90

Effects of combined use of organic and inorganic fertilisers on the RE of N-P-K-S-Zn-B by bitter gourd (pooled data from 2 years)_

TreatmentNPKSZnB
RE (%)
T2107 ± 3.21 bc44.2 ± 2.45 a83.2 ± 1.15 c63.8 ± 1.48 b6.35 ± 0.17 e7.50 ± 0.18 cd
T3102 ± 3.87 bc19.9 ± 1.07 cd72.1 ± 0.15 d32.1 ± 1.50 e7.56 ± 0.15 bc8.08 ± 0.22 c
T4135 ± 9.38 a38.3 ± 0.84 b107 ± 1.59 a69.7 ± 0.001 a9.58 ± 0.10 a10.8 ± 0.04 a
T5101 ± 8.39 bc22.1 ± 1.25 c78.0 ± 7.11 cd40.3 ± 2.99 d7.26 ± 0.47 b–d7.86 ± 0.43 cd
T6117 ± 8.12 ab35.0 ± 1.58 b95.2 ± 5.37 b64.0 ± 3.20 b7.70 ± 0.37 b9.00 ± 0.43 b
T799.6 ± 2.88 bc37.6 ± 0.41 b95.6 ± 1.93 b51.1 ± 0.80 c6.66 ± 0.06 de7.25 ± 0.02 d
T895.3 ± 5.36 cd21.8 ± 0.38 c83.1 ± 1.14 c36.5 ± 0.52 de7.68 ± 0.17 b7.50 ± 0.11 cd
T978.0 ± 3.46 d16.2 ± 0.03 d72.3 ± 4.02 d25.7 ± 1.10 f6.87 ± 0.05 c–e6.52 ± 0.04 e
F-test************
CV (%)9.947.747.026.115.694.81
LSD (0.05)18.13.9810.55.130.740.68

Elemental form of nutrients attained from the applied inorganic and organic sources_

TreatmentNPKSZnB
kg · ha−1
T1000000
T212040852032
T31208292352.351.70
T491.5456518.51.971.30
T515092113.2403.102.20
T6121.55586.223.52.721.80
T714552.587.729.53.152.35
T8175104.511649.53.252.55
T914594.594.744.52.502.05

Effect of year of cultivation and combined use of organic and inorganic fertilisers on growth and yield attributes of bitter gourd_

Year of cultivation (Y)Vine length (cm)No. of fruits · plant−1Fruit length (cm)Fruit diameter (cm)Individual fruit wt. (g)
2020336 ± 9.34 b34.6 ± 1.25 b12.2 ± 0.26 b4.80 ± 0.07 b85.1 ± 2.30 b
2021346 ± 9.18 a39.7 ± 1.21 a13.7 ± 0.25 a5.99 ± 0.06 a88.0 ± 2.30 a
F-test*********
CV (%)5.007.245.052.563.18
LSD (0.05)9.321.490.360.081.52
Treatment (T)
T1239 ± 5.58 e22.7 ± 1.34 f10.5 ± 0.37 e4.82 ± 0.27 e59.3 ± 0.91 f
T2347 ± 7.84 cd37.1 ± 2.06 de12.6 ± 0.42 cd5.23 ± 0.26 c81.8 ± 1.08 e
T3320 ± 5.90 e35.2 ± 1.79 e12.2 ± 0.55 d5.02 ± 0.28 d83.7 ± 1.11 e
T4332 ± 6.59 de35.6 ± 1.37 e12.7 ± 0.34 cd5.30 ± 0.27 c87.3 ± 0.69 d
T5371 ± 7.99 b41.0 ± 1.33 b13.8 ± 0.44 b5.62 ± 0.29 b95.8 ± 2.19 b
T6359 ± 3.97 bc40.4 ± 1.13 bc13.3 ± 0.38 bc5.60 ± 0.27 b92.4 ± 0.71 c
T7355 ± 7.64 bc39.3 ± 1.14 bc13.6 ± 3.34 b5.64 ± 0.27 b95.8 ± 0.99 b
T8417 ± 4.92 a45.1 ± 1.75 a15.2 ± 0.37 a5.83 ± 0.28 a101 ± 1.37 a
T9325 ± 6.84 e37.4 ± 1.33 c–e12.8 ± 0.42 cd5.50 ± 0.27 b81.3 ± 0.93 e
F-test**********
CV (%)5.007.245.052.563.18
LSD (0.05)19.73.150.770.163.22
Interaction (Y × T)nsnsnsnsns

Monthly mean values of temperature, humidity, sunshine hours, and total rainfall during the experimental period_

MonthsAverage temperature (°C)Average humidity (%)Sunshine (hrs. · day−1)Rainfall (mm)
20202021202020212020202120202021
Min.Max.Min.Max.
April21.833.023.436.082.571.76.707.6735.636.0
May24.033.225.034.883.279.24.966.31115108
June26.633.326.232.285.287.14.494.06205390
July26.632.627.032.087.587.23.563.35310400
August26.933.426.434.487.188.84.613.40175478

Effects of combined use of organic and inorganic fertilisers on the PE of N-P-K-S-Zn-B in bitter gourd (pooled data from 2 years)_

TreatmentNPKSZnB
PE
kg · kg−1mg · kg−1
T28.57 ± 1.41 a63.0 ± 4.45 a–c15.2 ± 0.93 a–c79.6 ± 3.04 bc5.81 ± 0.10 ab7.38 ± 0.24 b–d
T38.64 ± 0.37 a67.2 ± 2.29 ab16.5 ± 1.92 a94.0 ± 2.25 a6.29 ± 0.41 a8.25 ± 0.22 a
T48.84 ± 0.25 a63.8 ± 0.63 a–c15.6 ± 0.23 ab77.4 ± 3.80 bc5.84 ± 0.11 ab8.13 ± 0.30 ab
T58.24 ± 0.39 a61.7 ± 4.26 bc13.6 ± 0.31 bc71.3 ± 1.16 cd5.59 ± 0.15 bc7.38 ± 0.29 b–d
T68.28 ± 0.73 a60.9 ± 1.37 c13.7 ± 0.22 bc71.5 ± 1.43 cd5.69 ± 0.06 b7.47 ± 0.17 a–c
T78.15 ± 0.10 a60.6 ± 1.56 cd13.7 ± 0.27 bc73.5 ± 1.67 b–d5.85 ± 0.08 ab7.09 ± 0.15 cd
T87.55 ± 0.95 a54.8 ± 1.21 d12.5 ± 0.29 c64.1 ± 2.38 d5.04 ± 0.11 c6.66 ± 0.24 d
T99.24 ± 1.72 a68.1 ± 0.64 a14.0 ± 1.05 a–c82.8 ± 9.77 b5.99 ± 0.15 ab7.80 ± 0.51 a–c
F-testns*******
CV (%)13.75.4010.67.965.506.09
LSD (0.05)2.035.912.6910.70.560.80
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2025-0001 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 23
Submitted on: Sep 13, 2024
Accepted on: Feb 5, 2025
Published on: Oct 14, 2025
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
bitter gourd,
nutrient uptake,
profitability,
quality,
soil health,
yield traits
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Zoology,
Ecology,
Life sciences, other

© 2025 Md. Abdul Quddus, Md. Ataur Rahman, Shafkat Tashzi, Mohammad Eyakub Ali, Md. Anower Hossain, Md. Razzab Ali, Mohammad Amdadul Haque, Nazneen Ara Sultana, Ahmed Gaber, Md. Parvez Kabir, Akbar Hossain, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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