Effects of nano oxide particles on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of okra plant under water deficiency

NPs	Concentration	Irrigation	HP (mm)	SD (mm)	LMR (mm)	FW(g)	DW(g)	MC	RTL (cm)	RPA (cm²)	RSA (cm²)	LPA (cm²)	NGL
ANPs	0	Control	176.88 ±5.64 a	3.21 ± 0.10 a	64.31 ± 3.52 a	5.02± 1.88 a	0.48 ±0.13 a	0.90 ±0.02 a	129.61 ± 1.08 a	3.98 ±0.51 a	12.51 ± 1.6 a	63.91 ±7.29 a	5.09 ±0.36 a
	0	Water	110.65 ±3.12d	2.03 ± 0.07 d	41.56± 1.51 b	1.32± 0.30b	0.16 ±0.05 b	0.88 ± 0.01 c	36.90 ±2.75 c	0.91 ±0.13 b	2.86 ± 0.39 b	23.32 ± 1.69 b	2.80 ±0.31 be
	10	stress	134.84 ±4.63 c	2.05 ± 0.04 d	42.22 ± 5.19 b	1.25 ± 0.08 b	0.15 ±0.01 b	0.88 ± 0.00 c	42.23 ±2.84 be	1.04±O.04b	3.26 ± 0.13 b	18.64± 1.20 be	2.49 ±0.16 c
	20		139.09 ±3.90 be	1.97± 0.04d	46.84± 2.8 b	1.32± 0.08 b	0.15 ±0.01 b	0.88 ± 0.00 c	43.18 ±4.44 be	0.94±0.11 b	2.97 ± 0.36 b	18.89 ±0.44 be	2.54 ±0.26 be
	30		143.04 ± 3.17 b	2.18 ± 0.05 c	47.23 ± 2.38 b	1.59± 0.18 b	0.16 ±0.03 b	0.90 ±0.01 ab	49.57 ± 7.20 b	1.20 ± 0.16 b	3.77 ± 0.49 b	15.17 ±0.29 c	3.13 ±0.64b
	50		114.90 ± 2.02 d	2.07± O.04d	44.29 ± 4.14 b	1.10± 0.09b	0.12 ± 0.02 b	0.89 ±0.01 be	47.74 ± 12.53 b	1.00 ± 0.20 b	3.15 ± 0.62 b	16.16±0.69c	2.67 ±0.21 be
	70		115.14± 2.69 d	2.31 ± 0.11 b	62.22 ± 1.55 a	1.28 ± 0.08 b	0.14 ±0.01 b	0.89 ±0.00 be	33.96 ± 2.94 c	0.95 ± 0.10 b	2.98 ± 0.32 b	14.24 ±0.65 c	2.83 ±0.16 be
SNPs	0	Control	!80.6±6.87b	3.07 ± 0.03 b	65.48 ±3.58 c	4.09 ± 0.37 a	0.52 ±0.04 a	0.87 ± 0.01 a	128.90 ±2.38 a	3.78 ±0.20 a	12.35 ±2.11 a	50.22 ± 6.00 b	4.02 ±0.38 a
	0	Water	109.72 ± 1.04 e	2.18 ± 0.09 d	41.71 ± 1.50 d	0.99 ± 0.10 c	0.12 ±0.01 c	0.88 ± 0.00 a	31.72 ±5.43 f	1.14 ± 0.34 b	3.59 ± 1.06 b	13.25 ±0.55 e	3.01 ±0.48 b
	10	stress	120.79 ±3.36 cd	2.58 ± 0.09 c	65.11 ± 3.65 c	1.68 ± 0.23 be	0.19 ± 0.05 be	0.89 ± 0.01 a	45.89 ± 1.85 e	1.74 ± 0.34 b	5.46 ± 1.07b	19.97 ±2.41 d	3.19 ±0.49 ab
	20		125.63 ± 3.26 c	2.43 ± 0.03 c	65.31 ± 3.72 c	1.51 ± 0.82 be	0.13 ± 0.04 c	0.88 ± 0.09 a	57.08 ± 4.18 d	1.94 ± 0.32 b	6.09 ± 1.01 b	19.04 ± 1.19 d	3.39 ± 0.79 ab
	30		123.34 ± 9.99 c	2.55 ± 0.05 c	76.07 ± 1.91 b	2.00 ± 0.13 be	0.23 ± 0.01 be	0.89 ± 0.01 a	78.51 ± 0.84d	1.84 ± 0.46 b	5.77 ± 1.43 b	27.93 ± 3.15 c	3.57 ± 0.40 ab
	50		202.77 ± 5.61 a	3.48 ± 0.17 a	86.11 ± 3.13 a	4.62 ± 1.72 a	0.51 ± 0.19 a	0.88 ± 0.04 a	116.92 ± 11.79 b	4.02 ± 1.52 a	12.61 ± 4.78 a	60.31 ± 1.53 a	3.67 ± 0.58 ab
	70		113.11 ± 4.19 de	2.60 ± 0.16bc	61.06 ± 0.75 c	2.33 ± 0.20 b	0.28 ± 0.06 b	0.88 ± 0.02 a	78.24 ± 2.68 c	3.21 ± 0.87 a	9.01 ± 0.90 b	22.24 ± 0.71 d	3.75 ± 0.66 ab
TNPs	0	Control	171.22 ±4.60 a	3.28 ± 0.21 a	70.02 ± 2.06 b	5.50 ± 2.24 a	0.50 ± 0.12 a	0.90 ± 0.02 a	121.58 ± 8.92 a	3.48 ± 0.34 a	11.27 ± 0.52 a	65.47 ± 2.77 a	5.49 ± 1.22 a
	0	Water	111.58 ± 1.66b	2.09 ± 0.03 c	43.31 ± 1.08 e	2.28 ± 1.30 b	0.21 ± 0.12 b	0.91 ± 0.01 a	34.59 ± 1.00 b	0.92 ± 0.10 b	2.89 ± 0.33 b	28.74 ± 0.64 b	3.67 ± 0.76 b
	10	stress	69.35 ± 6.50 d	2.20 ± 0.04 c	25.70 ± 1.85 g	0.73 ± 0.06 b	0.07 ± 0.01 b	0.90 ± 0.01 a	23.42 ± 3.21 c	0.49 ± 0.10 c	1.54 ± 0.35 c	6.48 ± 0.53 de	3.83 ± 0.29 ab
	20		47.90 ± 2.19 f	2.23 ± 0.07 c	55.09 ± 2.39 d	0.83 ± 0.36 b	0.13 ± 0.12 b	0.86 ± 0.07 a	17.73 ± 0.54 cd	0.36 ± 0.01 c	1.11 ± 0.04 c	7.73 ± 1.58 d	4.56 ± 0.51 ab
	30		61.60 ± 3.86 e	2.23 ± 0.05 c	61.03 ± 0.72 c	0.85 ± 0.14b	0.10 ± 0.03 b	0.89 ± 0.01 a	15.87 ± 0.59 d	0.38 ± 0.05 c	1.19 ± 0.16 c	8.60 ± 1.26 d	4.44 ± 0.51 ab
	50		96.20 ± 4.31 c	2.48 ± 0.11 b	78.20 ± 2.45 a	1.58 ± 0.22 b	0.14 ± 0.07 b	0.91 ± 0.04 a	28.53 ± 2.35 be	0.77 ± 0.19 b	2.40 ± 0.60 b	13.46 ± 1.46 c	3.50 ± 1.80b
	70		66.31 ± 5.38 de	2.11 ± 0.11 c	33.88 ± 3.70 f	0.81 ± 0.09b	0.08 ± 0.02 b	0.90 ± 0.01 a	11.63 ± 0.45 d	0.33 ± 0.04 c	1.04 ± 0.11 c	4.70 ± 0.40 e	4.08 ± 0.14 ab

1 ANPs, aluminium oxide nanoparticles; DW, dry weight of each plant; FW, fresh weight of each plant; HP, height of plant; LPA, leaf projected area; MC, moisture content; NGL, number of green leaf; NPs, nanoparticles; RPA, root projected area; RS A, root surface area; RTL, root total length; SD, stem diameter; SNPs, silica nanoparticles; TNPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

1 Different lowercase letters showed significant differences among treatments at p ≥ 0.05.

Table 2.

Photosynthesis characteristics of seedlings in okra treated with NPs under water stress.

NPs	Concentration	Irrigation	Photosynthesis parameters
NPs	Concentration	Irrigation	E (μmol · nr² · s⁻¹)	A (μmol · nr² · s⁻¹)	Ci (μmol · mob¹)	gsw (mol · nr² · s⁻¹)	gtw (mol · m ² · s⁻¹)	gtc (mol · nr² · s⁻¹)	WUE (μmol · nr² · s⁻¹)
ANPs	0	Control	7.52 ± 0.39 a	14.28 ± 0.38 a	321.43 ± 9.25 a	0.35 ± 0.02 a	0.31 ± 0.00 a	0.20 ± 0.01 a	1.90 ± 0.14 c
	0	Water	2.10 ± 0.06 b	7.99 ± 0.12 b	206.61 ± 13.62 b	0.09 ± 0.01 be	0.10 ± 0.00 c	0.06 ± 0.00 e	3.81 ± 0.17 ab
	10	stress	2.56 ± 0.40 b	7.95 ± 0.42 b	207.07 ± 12.81 b	0.09 ± 0.01 be	0.10 ± 0.01 c	0.06 ± 0.00 e	3.15 ± 0.53 ab
	20		2.60 ± 0.34 b	7.82 ± 0.25 b	215.40 ± 8.05 b	0.08 ± 0.00 c	0.10 ± 0.00 c	0.07 ± 0.00 d	3.05 ± 0.49 b
	30		2.55 ± 0.35 b	7.63 ± 0.40 b	219.72 ± 14.28 b	0.09 ± 0.01 be	0.11 ± 0.00 be	0.07 ± 0.00 d	3.02 ± 0.35 b
	50		2.12 ± 0.08 b	8.06 ± 0.62 b	222.33 ± 4.49 b	0.10 ± 0.02 b	0.12 ± 0.01b	0.08 ± 0.00 c	3.82 ± 0.43 a
	70		2.44 ± 0.41 b	7.81 ± 0.37 b	217.09 ± 11.86 b	0.09 ± 0.01 be	0.10 ± 0.01 c	0.10 ± 0.00 b	3.24 ± 0.39 ab
SNPs	0	Control	7.14 ± 0.56 b	13.87 ± 0.63 ab	317.39 ± 8.41 b	0.34 ± 0.03 b	0.31 ± 0.01 b	0.20 ± 0.01 b	1.95 ± 0.07 e
	0	Water	2.00 ± 0.07 d	7.89 ± 0.51 e	204.87 ± 12.62 e	0.10 ± 0.01 f	0.10 ± 0.00 g	0.06 ± 0.00 f	3.95 ± 0.18 d
	10	stress	2.19 ± 0.02 d	10.09 ± 0.30 d	263.00 ± 3.46 d	0.16 ± 0.01 e	0.14 ± 0.00 f	0.09 ± 0.00 e	4.61 ± 0.10 b
	20		2.53 ± 0.06 d	10.98 ± 0.69 d	274.91 ± 4.08 c	0.21 ± 0.00 d	0.16 ± 0.01 e	0.10 ± 0.00 d	4.33 ± 0.20 c
	30		2.72 ± 0.05 cd	13.21 ± 0.46 be	314.89 ± 6.55 b	0.29 ± 0.01 c	0.25 ± 0.00 d	0.15 ± 0.00 c	4.86 ± 0.08 a
	50		7.73 ± 0.57 a	14.67 ± 0.83 a	346.95 ± 1.54 a	0.41 ± 0.04 a	0.36 ± 0.01 a	0.23 ± 0.00 a	1.9 ± 0.04 e
	70		3.17 ± 0.10 c	12.35 ± 0.10 c	319.89 ± 2.76 b	0.27 ± 0.01 c	0.26 ± 0.01 c	0.16 ± 0.00 c	3.9 ± 0.14 d
TNPs	0	Control	7.62 ± 0.63 a	13.43 ± 1.09 a	322.16 ± 2.87 a	0.35 ± 0.03 a	0.31 ± 0.00 a	0.20 ± 0.02 a	1.77 ± 0.19 c
	0	Water	2.16 ± 0.10 b	8.07 ± 0.49 b	216.04 ± 1.38 b	0.10 ± 0.01 b	0.10 ± 0.00 b	0.06 ± 0.00 b	3.74 ± 0.36 a
	10	stress	1.65 ± 0.09 c	6.61 ± 0.86 c	190.11 ± 2.74 d	0.06 ± 0.00 c	0.06 ± 0.00 c	0.04 ± 0.00 c	4.01 ± 0.31 a
	20		1.37 ± 0.05 c	5.46 ± 0.14 d	148.45 ± 5.27 f	0.04 ± 0.00 c	0.04 ± 0.00 e	0.03 ± 0.00 c	4.00 ± 0.24 a
	30		1.22 ± 0.07 c	3.45 ± 0.31 e	162.88 ± 6.54 e	0.05 ± 0.00 c	0.05 ± 0.00 d	0.03 ± 0.00 c	2.84 ± 0.39 b
	50		1.91 ± 0.05 be	7.51 ± 0.3 be	204.84 ± 1.11 c	0.09 ± 0.00 b	0.09 ± 0.00 b	0.06 ± 0.00 b	3.93 ± 0.25 a
	70		1.30 ± 0.05 c	3.29 ± 0.08 e	152.70 ± 2.34 f	0.04 ± 0.00 c	0.04 ± 0.00 e	0.03 ± 0.00 c	2.54 ± 0.09 b

1 A, photosynthetic rate; ANPs, aluminium oxide nanoparticles; Ci, intercellular CO₂ concentration; E, transpiration rate; gsw, stomatai conductance to water vapour; gtc, total conductivity to CO₂; gtw, total conductivity to water vapour; NPs, nanoparticles; SNPs, silica nanoparticles; TNPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles; WUE, water use efficiency.

The correlation coefficient of okra plant treated with ANPs under water stress. A, photosynthetic rate; ANPs, aluminium oxide nanoparticles; Ci, intercellular CO₂ concentration; DW, dry weight of each plant; E, transpiration rate; FW, fresh weight of each plant; gsw, stomatal conductance to water vapour; gtc, total conductivity to CO₂; gtw, total conductivity to water vapour; HP, height of plant; LPA, leaf projected area; MC, moisture content; NPs, nanoparticles; RPA, root projected area; RSA, root surface area; RTL, root total length; SD, stem diameter; WUE, water use efficiency.

The correlation coefficient of okra plant treated with SNPs under water stress. A, photosynthetic rate; Ci, intercellular CO₂ concentration; DW, dry weight of each plant; E, transpiration rate; FW, fresh weight of each plant; gsw, stomatal conductance to water vapour; gtc, total conductivity to CO₂; gtw, total conductivity to water vapour; HP, height of plant; LPA, leaf projected area; MC, moisture content; NPs, nanoparticles; RPA, root projected area; RSA, root surface area; RTL, root total length; SD, stem diameter; SNPs, silica nanoparticles; WUE, water use efficiency.

The correlation coefficient of okra plant treated with TNPs under water stress. A, photosynthetic rate; Ci, intercellular CO₂ concentration; DW, dry weight of each plant; E, transpiration rate; FW, fresh weight of each plant; gsw, stomatal conductance to water vapour; gtc, total conductivity to CO₂; gtw, total conductivity to water vapour; HP, height of plant; LPA, leaf projected area; MC, moisture content; NPs, nanoparticles; RPA, root projected area; RSA, root surface area; RTL, root total length; SD, stem diameter; TNPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles; WUE, water use efficiency.

Table 3.

The function values of phenotypic characteristics in okra plant with NPs under water stress.

NPs	Concentration (mg · kg⁻¹)	Phenotypic characteristics											Sum	Order
NPs	Concentration (mg · kg⁻¹)	HP	SD	LMR	FW	DW	MC	RTL	RPA	RSA	LPA	NGL	Sum	Order
ANPs	0	0.00	0.18	0.00	0.46	0.95	0.00	0.19	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.49	3.27	12
	10	0.75	0.26	0.03	0.31	0.64	0.10	0.53	0.44	0.44	0.48	0.00	3.98	8
	20	0.88	0.00	0.26	0.45	0.80	0.18	0.59	0.11	0.11	0.51	0.08	3.97	9
	30	1.00	0.63	0.27	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.10	1.00	9.00	2
	50	0.13	0.29	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.50	0.88	0.31	0.31	0.21	0.28	3.04	13
	70	0.14	1.00	1.00	0.38	0.41	0.66	0.00	0.13	0.13	0.00	0.53	4.38	7
SNPs	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.10	18
	10	0.12	0.31	0.53	0.19	0.18	1.00	0.17	0.21	0.21	0.14	0.24	3.30	11
	20	0.17	0.19	0.53	0.15	0.04	0.00	0.30	0.28	0.28	0.12	0.51	2.57	16
	30	0.15	0.29	0.77	0.28	0.28	0.64	0.55	0.24	0.24	0.31	0.75	4.50	6
	50	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.47	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.89	10.36	1
	70	0.04	0.33	0.44	0.37	0.42	0.03	0.55	0.72	0.60	0.19	1.00	4.69	5
TNPs	0	1.00	0.00	0.34	1.00	1.00	0.91	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.16	8.41	3
	10	0.34	0.28	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.79	0.51	0.27	0.27	0.07	0.32	2.85	15
	20	0.00	0.37	0.56	0.06	0.43	0.00	0.27	0.04	0.04	0.13	1.00	2.90	14
	30	0.22	0.37	0.67	0.08	0.18	0.52	0.18	0.08	0.08	0.16	0.89	3.43	10
	50	0.76	1.00	1.00	0.55	0.49	1.00	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.36	0.00	7.38	4
	70	0.29	0.05	0.16	0.05	0.03	0.86	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.55	1.99	17

1 ANPs, aluminium oxide nanoparticles; DW, dry weight of each plant; FW, fresh weight of each plant; HP, height of plant; LMR, length of main root; LPA, leaf projected area; MC, moisture content; NGL, number of green leaves; NPs, nanoparticles; RPA, root projected area; RSA, root surface area; RTL, root total length; SD, stem diameter; SNPs, silica nanoparticles; TNPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Table 4.

The function values of photosynthetic parameters in okra plant with NPs under water stress.

NPs	Concentratio (mg · kg⁻¹)	Photosynthetic parameters							Sum	Order
NPs	Concentratio (mg · kg⁻¹)	E	A	Ci	gsw	gtw	gtc	WUE	Sum	Order
ANPs	0	1.00	0.83	0.00	0.58	0.00	0.00	0.99	3.40	9
	10	0.71	0.75	0.03	0.56	0.35	0.05	0.16	2.61	13
	20	0.77	0.45	0.56	0.80	0.39	0.11	0.03	3.11	10
	30	0.69	0.00	0.83	0.60	0.46	0.21	0.00	2.79	11
	50	0.00	1.00	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.36	1.00	4.36	4
	70	0.51	0.41	0.67	1.00	0.38	1.00	0.28	4.25	6
SNPs	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.69	0.69	17
	10	0.03	0.32	0.41	0.21	0.14	0.16	0.92	2.19	14
	20	0.09	0.46	0.49	0.36	0.20	0.22	0.82	2.64	12
	30	0.13	0.78	0.77	0.62	0.48	0.56	1.00	4.34	5
	50	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.85	1.00	0.00	5.85	3
	70	0.20	0.66	0.81	0.57	0.52	0.61	0.68	4.05	7
TNPs	0	1.00	1.00	0.85	0.54	1.00	1.00	0.82	6.21	1
	10	0.45	0.70	0.52	0.16	0.40	0.23	1.00	3.46	8
	20	0.16	0.45	0.00	0.01	0.07	0.00	0.99	1.68	15
	30	0.00	0.03	0.18	0.09	0.20	0.05	0.21	0.76	16
	50	0.74	0.46	1.00	1.00	0.95	0.93	0.95	6.03	2
	70	0.08	0.00	0.05	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.16	18

1 A, photosynthetic rate; ANPs, aluminium oxide nanoparticles; Ci, intercellular CO₂concentration; E, transpiration rate; gsw, stomatal conductance to water vapour; gtc, total conductivity to CO₂; gtw, total conductivity to water vapour; NPs, nanoparticles; SNPs, silica nanoparticles; TNPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles; WUE, water use efficiency.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2024-0029 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 449 - 461

Submitted on: Aug 1, 2024

Accepted on: Oct 25, 2024

Published on: Nov 18, 2024

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

growth,

nano oxide particles,

okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.),

phenotypic traits,

photosynthetic characteristics,

Related subjects:

© 2024 Jiyue Wang, Jiajun Xu, Rongrong Xie, Nian Chen, Mingli Yang, Xiaojian Tian, Denghong Shi, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 36 (2024): Issue 3 (December 2024)

Effects of nano oxide particles on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of okra plant under water deficiency

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Table 2.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 3.

Table 4.

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