Changes in various secondary metabolites by crossing modern rose cultivars

Cultivar	Species of the origin	Breeding company	Year of origin
‘Violacea’	R. gallica	Unknown (The Netherlands)	1795
‘Splendens’	R. gallica	Unknown	1583
‘Poppius’	R. spinosissima	Stenberg (Sweden)	1872
‘Fruhlingsduft’	R. spinosissima	Kordes (Germany)	1941
‘Fruhlingsmorgen’	R. spinosissima	Kordes (Germany)	1941
‘Single Cherry’	R. spinosissima	Unknown	1962
‘Harstad’	R. pendulina	Unknown	Unknown (old variety)
‘Mount Everest’	R. pendulina	Interplant (The Netherlands)	1956
‘Bourgogne’	R. pendulina	Interplant (The Netherlands)	1983

Table 2.

Rose hips colour parameters of analysed rose hips.

Species and cultivars	L*	a*	b*	C*	h°
R. pendulina	36.70 ± 1.64 a	40.98 ± 1.22 c	29.66 ± 1.91 b	50.58 ± 2.04 c	35.75 ± 1.17 a
‘Harstad’	34.66 ± 0.69 a	34.08 ± 1.08 b	25.18 ± 0.87 b	42.36 ± 1.35 b	36.42 ± 0.37 a
‘Bourgogne’	32.96 ± 2.76 a	29.34 ± 1.15 ab	21.38 ± 2.31 c	37.00 ± 2.53 bc	37.16 ± 3.62 b
‘Mount Everest’	29.66 ± 1.51 a	27.36 ± 1.49 a	17.20 ± 2.36 a	32.42 ± 2.54 a	31.58 ± 1.97 a
R. spinosissima	27.89 ± 2.56 b	23.33 ± 1.92 b	14.59 ± 1.59 b	22.08 ± 3.11 b	22.14 ± 0.99 a
‘Poppius’	29.38 ± 2.11 b	25.26 ± 2.21 b	16.26 ± 3.09 b	27.76 ± 4.03 b	26.04 ± 1.99 ab
‘Frühlingsduft’	25.08 ± 1.66 ab	21.18 ± 1.14 ab	15.01 ± 1.63 ab	23.84 ± 1.41 ab	33.46 ± 1.59 bc
‘Single Cherry’	20.28 ± 0.72 a	2.28 ± 1.01 a	3.78 ± 0.09 a	4.42 ± 0.09 a	59.18 ± 2.45 c
‘Frühlingsmorgen’	28.28 ± 0.74 b	24.36 ± 1.60 b	14.28 ± 0.42 b	28.02 ± 1.51 b	31.46 ± 1.13 ab
R. gallica	43.38 ± 1.77 b	31.9 ± 1.65 a	36.84 ± 1.27 b	48.13 ± 0.73 b	49.18 ± 1.79 b
‘Violacea’	31.96 ± 1.66 a	32.08 ± 1.28 a	21.76 ± 2.53 a	38.94 ± 2.23 a	33.68 ± 2.54 a
‘Splendens’	33.78 ± 1.13 a	29.59 ± 1.47 a	24.20 ± 1.29 a	33.33 ± 1.29 a	32.90 ± 1.99 a

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.

Table 3.

Average contents ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of cyanidin-3-glucoside in all analysed rose hips.

Species and cultivars	Cyanidin-3-glucoside
R. gallica	2.19 ± 0.42 a
‘Violacea’	11.51 ± 3.02 b
‘Splendens’	0.85 ± 0.13 a
R. spinosissima	20.97 ± 3.31 a
‘Poppius’	20.97 ± 3.39 a
‘Frühlingsduft’	77.91 ± 10.14 a
‘Single Cherry’	3090.36 ± 309.12 b
‘Frühlingsmorgen’	134.31 ± 18.61 a
R. pendulina	5.09 ± 0.65 a
‘Harstad’	1.59 ± 0.22 a
‘Bourgogne’	3.16 ± 1.60 a
‘Mount Everest’	56.61 ± 17.38 b

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.

1 SE, standard error.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of *R. pendulina* and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.

Table 4.

The content ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R. pendulina and its cultivars ‘Bourgogne’, ‘Harstad’ and ‘Mount Everest’.

Phenolic group	Compound		R. pendulina	‘Bourgogne’	‘Harstad’	‘Mount Everest’
HBA	Gallic acid	FS	41.39 ± 1.86 b	8.69 ± 3.02 a	42.32 ± 11.85 b	14.91 ± 5.58 ab
	Gallic acid	S	5.35 ± 2.05 b	0.95 ± 0.14 a	5.22 ± 2.54 b	2.12 ± 0.97 ab
	Galloylquinic acid	FS	1546.56 ± 295.70 b	536.17 ± 97.03 a	1276.72 ± 237.38 ab	520.65 ± 177.1 a
	Galloylquinic acid	S	965.58 ± 399.87 b	224.65 ± 90.54 a	926.54 ± 416.02 b	254.54 ± 88.98 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 1	FS	0.74 ± 0.28 a	0.53 ± 0.11 a	0.95 ± 0.44 a	1.19 ± 0.44 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 1	S	2.36 ± 1.65 a	2.75 ± 1.03 a	2.98 ± 0.98 a	3.41 ± 1.54 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 2	FS	2.78 ± 1.13 a	0.84 ± 0.28 a	0.71 ± 0.08 a	1.38 ± 0.58 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 2	S	3.21 ± 1.19 a	1.03 ± 0.58 a	0.78 ± 0.33 a	1.95 ± 0.65 a
	Taxifolin pentoside 1	FS	0.64 ± 0.31 a	2.37 ± 1.00 a	1.07 ± 0.46 a	4.43 ± 1.52 a
	Taxifolin pentoside 1	S	-	-	-	-
	Taxifolin pentoside 2	FS	0.18 ± 0.09 a	0.01 ± 0.005 a	0.11 ± 0.04 a	0.05 ± 0.03 a
	Taxifolin pentoside 2	S	-	-	-	-
	Taxifolin pentoside 3	FS	0.81 ± 0.56 a	0.003 ± 0.002 a	0.22 ± 0.12 a	0.07 ± 0.06 a
	Taxifolin pentoside 3	S	-	-	-	-
	Total	FS	1593.10 ± 299.93 b	548.61 ± 101.45 a	1322.1 ± 250.37 ab	542.68 ± 185.32 a
	Total	S	976.50 ± 404.76 b	229.38 ± 92.29 a	935.52 ± 419.87 b	262.02 ± 92.14 a
HCA	p-coumaric acid hexoside 1	FS	0.39 ± 0.30 a	0.47 ± 0.36 a	0.93 ± 1.31 b	0.54 ± 0.21 a
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 2	FS	3.83 ± 0.01 a	1.83 ± 0.12 a	3.94 ± 0.07 a	1.34 ± 0.05 a
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 2	S	0.92 ± 0.54 a	0.41 ± 0.12 a	0.87 ± 0.25 a	0.35 ± 0.18 a
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 1	FS	19.98 ± 3.94 a	23.43 ± 8.31 a	77.49 ± 12.16 b	21.73 ± 2.93 a
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 1	S	-	-	-	-
	Sinapic acid hexoside 1	FS	5.87 ± 1.19 a	16.08 ± 6.43 a	13.89 ± 1.77 a	3.21 ± 0.78a
	Sinapic acid hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 2	FS	385.29 ± 9.49 a	544.57 ± 210.33 a	1530.40 ± 153.76 b	345.58 ± 62.90 a
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 2	S	60.54 ± 22.54 a	71.02 ± 24.48 ab	96.21 ± 30.54 b	59.68 ± 19.88 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1	FS	11.28 ± 0.89 a	5.39 ± 2.39 a	11.60 ± 3.86 a	3.96 ± 0.61 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1	S	2.41 ± 1.09 a	1.02 ± 0.35 a	2.39 ± 1.06 a	0.87 ± 0.25 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2	FS	134.72 ± 64.05 a	51.39 ± 27.75 a	170.22 ± 20.47 a	155.41 ± 28.42 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2	S	-	-	-	-
	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid	FS	0.62 ± 0.01 a	0.87 ± 0.21 a	2.15 ± 0.48 b	0.59 ± 0.07 a
	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid	S	0.22 ± 0.04 a	0.13 ± 0.03 a	0.24 ± 0.09 a	0.21 ± 0.07 a
	Total	FS	561.98 ± 79.88 a	644.03 ± 255.90 a	1810.62 ± 193.82 b	532.36 ± 95.97 a
	Total	S	64.39 ± 24.21 a	72.58 ± 24.98 a	99.71 ± 31.94 b	61.11 ± 20.38 a
Gallotannins	Digalloyl hexoside 1	FS	1.83 ± 0.62 a	0.55 ± 0.13 a	1.81 ± 0.53 a	0.83 ± 0.29 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 1	S	5.21 ± 1.09 b	1.32 ± 0.98 a	5.42 ± 1.09 b	2.06 ± 0.98 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 2	FS	39.45 ± 25.48 a	32.33 ± 12.25 a	33.23 ± 14.51 a	14.57 ± 5.92 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 2	S	0.19 ± 0.02 a	0.21 ± 0.07 a	0.17 ± 0.04 a	0.09 ± 0.01 a
	Methyl gallate hexoside	FS	182.98 ± 62.35 a	55.22 ± 12.75 a	181.00 ± 53.07 a	82.73 ± 29.64 a
	Methyl gallate hexoside	S	22.35 ± 11.45 a	12.47 ± 2.54 a	21.98 ± 9.87 a	18.54 ± 9.42 a
	Digalloylquinic acid 1	FS	121.06 ± 4.10 a	179.34 ± 42.58a	353.12 ± 53.33 b	153.17 ± 18.24 a
	Digalloylquinic acid 1	S	9.21 ± 4.87 a	9.05 ± 2.01 a	13.41 ± 5.87 a	8.96 ± 3.06 a
	Total	FS	345.32 ± 36.55 a	267.44 ± 67.71 a	569.16 ± 121.44 b	251.30 ± 82.80 a
	Total	S	36.96 ± 17.43 a	23.05 ± 5.6 a	40.98 ± 16.87 a	29.65 ± 13.47 a
Ellagitannins	diHHDP hexoside 1	FS	164.32 ± 102.03 a	145.59 ± 72.46 a	198.98 ± 60.19 a	165.69 ± 36.38 a
	diHHDP hexoside 1	S	32.21 ± 13.36 a	32.01 ± 18.54 a	31.85 ± 16.36 a	30.58 ± 18.25 a
	diHHDP hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-	-
	diHHDP hexoside 2	S	2.15 ± 1.03 a	2.32 ± 0.98 a	2.06 ± 0.95 a	1.98 ± 0.78 a
	Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3	FS	-	-	-	-
	Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3	S	0.75 ± 0.19 a	0.59 ± 0.14 a	0.71 ± 0.26 a	0.69 ± 0.24 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1	FS	311.37 ± 24.49 a	149.01 ± 66.03 a	320.38 ± 106.58 a	109.35 ± 16.93 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1	S	2.21 ± 0.95 a	1.15 ± 0.98 a	2.34 ± 1.09 a	0.98 ± 0.36 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2	FS	19.68 ± 0.48 a	27.82 ± 10.74 a	78.17 ± 7.85 b	17.65 ± 3.21 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2	S	3.54 ± 1.09 a	3.88 ± 1.06 a	5.98 ± 2.44 a	3.65 ± 1.98 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3	FS	-	-	-	-
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3	S	0.39 ± 0.11 a	0.52 ± 0.12 a	0.63 ± 0.26 a	0.38 ± 0.14 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1	FS	1.69 ± 0.13 a	0.81 ± 0.36 a	1.74 ± 0.58 a	0.59 ± 0.09 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1	S	0.44 ± 0.19 b	0.24 ± 0.09 a	0.46 ± 0.12 b	0.12 ± 0.06 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2	FS	117.63 ± 28.61 b	54.69 ± 13.75 ab	110.83 ± 1.39 ab	43.22 ± 7.39 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2	S	15.36 ± 5.56 a	12.06 ± 3.65 a	15.88 ± 4.87 a	11.98 ± 3.54 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 3	FS	16.90 ± 4.55 a	16.86 ± 5.05 a	13.86 ± 3.90 a	7.84 ± 3.92 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 3	S	-	-	-	-
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 1	FS	22.34 ± 0.49 a	31.51 ± 7.65 a	77.76 ± 17.33 b	21.48 ± 2.47 a
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-
	Total	FS	653.93 ± 160.78 a	426.29 ± 176.04 a	731.72 ± 197.82 a	365.82 ± 70.39 a
	Total	S	57.05 ± 22.48 a	52.77 ± 25.56 a	59.91 ± 25.40 a	50.36 ± 25.35 a

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).

1 Note: (-) compound was not detected.

1 HBA, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives; HCA, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives; SE, standard error.

Table 5.

Contents ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R. pendulina and its cultivars ‘Bourgogne’, ‘Harstad’ and ‘Mount Everest’.

Phenolic group	Compound		R. pendulina	‘Bourgogne’	‘Harstad’	‘Mount Everest’
Flavanols	Procyanidin dimer 1	FS	310.01 ± 75.40 b	144.13 ± 36.23 ab	292.10 ± 3.69 ab	113.91 ± 19.50 a
	Procyanidin dimer 1	S	37.36 ± 19.35 b	23.57 ± 6.37 a	36.98 ± 10.32 b	25.87 ± 8.97 a
	Procyanidin dimer 2	FS	464.64 ± 16.49 a	541.56 ± 140.95 a	1092.39 ± 80.22 b	637.15 ± 60.55 a
	Procyanidin dimer 2	S	85.25 ± 21.74 a	85.99 ± 25.41 a	94.65 ± 25.74 a	91.54 ± 19.74 a
	Procyanidin dimer 3	FS	86.26 ± 17.60 a	236.45 ± 94.54 a	204.15 ± 26.07 a	47.26 ± 11.52 a
	Procyanidin dimer 3	S	6.98 ± 2.14 a	19.87 ± 7.04 b	18.47 ± 8.32 b	4.87 ± 1.09 a
	Procyanidin dimer 4	FS	515.49 ± 11.38 a	759.49 ± 190.75 a	2225.28 ± 465.77 b	467.26 ± 75.16 a
	Procyanidin dimer 4	S	57.05 ± 31.98 a	57.98 ± 24.78 a	90.25 ± 38.76 b	56.98 ± 27.89 a
	Procyanidin trimer 1	FS	78.07 ± 1.73 a	110.11 ± 26.71 a	271.74 ± 60.57 b	75.05 ± 8.63 a
	Procyanidin trimer 1	S	22.54 ± 7.63 a	45.77 ± 19.87 ab	97.87 ± 31.08 b	21.98 ± 9.51 a
	Procyanidin trimer 2	FS	275.79 ± 54.37 a	323.43 ± 114.76 a	1069.74 ± 167.93 b	299.96 ± 40.41 a
	Procyanidin trimer 2	S	11.98 ± 3.15 a	12.15 ± 3.98 a	22.54 ± 12.45 a	12.04 ± 5.78 a
	Procyanidin trimer 3	FS	16.18 ± 0.36 a	23.84 ± 5.99 a	69.85 ± 14.62 b	14.67 ± 2.36 a
	Procyanidin trimer 3	S	87.54 ± 39.87 a	85.66 ± 34.65 a	103.21 ± 45.21 a	88.54 ± 30.01 a
	Epicatechin	FS	65.13 ± 6.45 a	78.48 ± 24.84 a	218.32 ± 18.33 b	48.84 ± 8.85 a
	Epicatechin	S	25.77 ± 11.54 a	22.54 ± 9.78 a	44.74 ± 15.87 a	22.87 ± 9.87 a
	Catechin	FS	698.19 ± 1.55 a	98.47 ± 23.89 a	243.02 ± 54.16 b	67.11 ± 7.72 a
	Catechin	S	23.45 ± 9.36 b	4.87 ± 1.06 a	12.54 ± 3.25 b	2.54 ± 1.21 a
	PA dimer diglycoside	FS	217.12 ± 50.35 a	139.65 ± 48.92 a	232.51 ± 143.72 a	92.21 ± 16.37 a
	PA dimer diglycoside	S	27.54 ± 12.41 b	19.87 ± 9.24 b	26.98 ± 12.75 b	12.54 ± 6.87 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 1	FS	20.62 ± 0.46 a	30.38 ± 7.63 a	89.01 ± 18.63 b	18.69 ± 3.01 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 1	S	3.05 ± 1.39 a	5.98 ± 1.03 a	12.87 ± 3.19 b	1.89 ± 0.97 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 2	FS	22.55 ± 1.77 a	10.79 ± 4.78 a	23.21 ± 7.72 a	7.92 ± 1.23 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 2	S	0.45 ± 0.10 b	0.36 ± 0.08 b	0.57 ± 0.14 b	0.19 ± 0.04 a
	Total	FS	2770.05 ± 237.90 a	2496.78 ± 719.99 a	6031.32 ± 1,061.43 b	1890.03 ± 255.31 a
	Total	S	388.87 ± 160.68 a	384.61 ± 143.29 a	561.67 ± 207.08 b	341.85 ± 121.95 a
Flavonols	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1	FS	0.29 ± 0.11 a	0.20 ± 0.04 a	0.37 ± 0.17 a	0.46 ± 0.17 a
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1	S	0.78 ± 0.35 a	0.82 ± 0.24 a	0.98 ± 0.37 a	1.25 ± 0.94 a
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2	FS	2.65 ± 1.07 a	0.80 ± 0.27 a	0.68 ± 0.08 a	1.31 ± 0.55 a
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2	S	5.98 ± 2.14 b	1.59 ± 0.75 a	1.63 ± 0.64 a	3.88 ± 1.07 b
	Quercetin-3-rutinoside	FS	2.49 ± 1.01 a	0.75 ± 0.25 a	0.64 ± 0.07 a	1.24 ± 0.52 a
	Quercetin-3-rutinoside	S	0.51 ± 0.16 b	0.14 ± 0.04 a	0.12 ± 0.05 a	0.23 ± 0.09 ab
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	FS	10.97 ± 3.37 ab	0.65 ± 0.22 a	19.30 ± 3.44 b	8.09 ± 6.40 ab
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	S	3.54 ± 1.04 a	2.15 ± 0.97 a	3.28 ± 1.01 a	1.05 ± 0.07 a
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	FS	27.26 ± 13.45 a	1.83 ± 0.70 a	15.70 ± 5.36 a	7.22 ± 4.53 a
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	S	7.19 ± 2.14 b	1.02 ± 0.21 a	5.84 ± 1.54 b	3.45 ± 1.96 a
	Total	FS	43.66 ± 24.99 b	4.23 ± 1.48 a	36.69 ± 9.12 ab	18.32 ± 12.17 ab
	Total	S	18.00 ± 5.83 a	5.72 ± 2.21 a	11.85 ± 3.61 a	9.86 ± 4.13 a
Flavonols	Apigenin derivative 1	FS	1.54 ± 0.51 a	0.99 ± 0.30 a	2.15 ± 0.27 a	2.49 ± 0.84 a
	Apigenin derivative 1	S	0.31 ± 0.09 a	0.12 ± 0.04 a	0.67 ± 0.03 b	0.72 ± 0.16 b
	Apigenin derivative 2	FS	0.35 ± 0.13 a	0.25 ± 0.05 a	0.45 ± 0.21 a	0.57 ± 0.21 a
	Apigenin derivative 2	S	1.36 ± 0.57 a	1.02 ± 0.45 a	1.41 ± 0.49 a	1.45 ± 0.87 a
	Total	FS	1.89 ± 0.64 a	1.24 ± 0.35 a	2.60 ± 0.48 a	3.06 ± 1.05 a
	Total	S	1.67 ± 0.66 a	1.14 ± 0.49 a	2.08 ± 0.52 a	2.17 ± 1.03 a

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).

1 Note: (-) Compound was not detected.

1 SE, standard error.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of *R. spinosissima* and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.

Table 6.

The content ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R. spinosissima and its cultivars ‘Poppins’. ‘Single Cherry’, ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ and ‘Frühlingsduft’.

Phenolic group	Compound		R. spinosissima	‘Poppins’	‘Single Cherry’	‘Frühlingsmorgen’	‘Frühlingsduft’
HBA	Gallic acid	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Gallic acid	S	45.63 ± 7.62 ab	116.41 ± 10.69 be	190.84 ± 37.33 c	40.16 ± 22.95 ab	2.41 ± 0.73 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 1	FS	4.64 ± 1.33 a	11.31 ± 3.54 ab	12.64 ± 5.45 ab	101.02 ± 38.43 be	165.95 ± 99.92 c
	Ellagic acid pentoside 1	S	13.30 ± 3.25 a	4.13 ± 0.84 a	7.62 ± 3.95 a	3.51 ± 1.94 a	12.27 ± 2.39 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 2	FS	1.58 ± 0.36 a	2.66 ± 0.96 a	6.50 ± 3.41 ab	16.23 ± 5.95 be	22.61 ± 9.62 c
	Ellagic acid pentoside 2	S	1.63 ± 0.46 ab	0.67 ± 0.28 ab	2.27 ± 0.66 b	0.17 ± 0.06 a	0.24 ± 0.05 a
	Taxifolin pentoside 1	FS	0.76 ± 0.08 a	2.09 ± 0.65 a	2.34 ± 0.51 a	19.89 ± 7.26 a	180.48 ± 90.26 a
	Taxifolin pentoside 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Taxifolin pentoside 2	FS	23.98 ± 6.29 a	9.46 ± 3.45 a	38.48 ± 9.32 a	189.33 ± 94.49 b	157.66 ± 99.92 b
	Taxifolin pentoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Taxifolin pentoside 3	FS	0.23 ± 0.02 a	0.27 ± 0.21 a	0.68 ± 0.45 ab	1.64 ± 0.32 be	2.21 ± 0.65 c
	Taxifolin pentoside 3	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1	S	0.05 ± 0.01 a	0.09 ± 0.01 ab	0.04 ± 0.02 a	0.16 ± 0.07 b	0.04 ± 0.01 a
	Total	FS	31.19 ± 8.08 a	25.79 ± 8.81 a	60.64 ± 19.14 a	328.11 ± 146.45 a	528.91 ± 300.37 a
	Total	S	60.61 ± 11.34 ab	121.30 ± 11.82 be	200.77 ± 41.96 c	44.00 ± 25.02 ab	14.96 ± 3.18 a
HCA	p-coumaric acid hexoside 1	FS	2.69 ± 0.48 a	9.50 ± 1.02 a	20.45 ± 2.03 ab	35.85 ± 8.12 b	20.27 ± 4.16 ab
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 1	S	45.21 ± 14.87 ab	319.09 ± 101.19 c	534.79 ± 178.29 d	30.0 ± 4.68 a	214.55 ± 89.81 be
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 2	FS	0.22 ± 0.06 a	0.59 ± 0.19 a	0.71 ± 0.06 a	2.03 ± 0.29 b	4.44 ± 0.52 c
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 1	FS	16.55 ± 2.48 a	74.29 ± 22.89 ab	81.14 ± 22.79 ab	148.15 ± 26.08 be	231.59 ± 96.91 c
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 1	S	141.85 ± 52.09 a	159.43 ± 93.72 a	286.42 ± 109.12 a	20.0 ± 8.11 b	10.56 ± 2.59 b
	Sinapic acid hexoside 1	FS	94.42 ± 22.52 a	137.39 ± 36.89 a	527.15 ± 32.37 a	1415.02 ± 285.19 b	1430.98 ± 290.65 b
	Sinapic acid hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Sinapic acid hexoside 2	FS	35.26 ± 16.18 a	55.63 ± 21.07 a	100.11 ± 25.38 a	298.62 ± 133.19 b	461.51 ± 151.52 c
	Sinapic acid hexoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 2	FS	15.82 ± 2.89 a	9.86 ± 3.63 a	57.05 ± 26.31 a	216.59 ± 105.21 a	618.79 ± 194.21 b
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1	FS	24.76 ± 9.76 a	30.35 ± 11.49 a	54.61 ± 18.39 a	173.58 ± 99.06 b	289.17 ± 138.59 c
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1	S	2.26 ± 1.80 a	12.64 ± 1.81 ab	32.73 ± 11.94 b	21.62 ± 7.45 ab	6.68 ± 1.93 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2	FS	3.39 ± 1.10 a	9.98 ± 3.35 a	12.01 ± 2.98 a	32.45 ± 13.98 b	74.78 ± 16.39 c
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2	S	49.72 ± 16.29 a	44.78 ± 13.98 a	111.23 ± 39.27 b	130.25 ± 62.57 b	48.42 ± 18.95 a
	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid	FS	3.00 ± 1.34 a	7.16 ± 1.25 a	12.66 ± 3.36 b	23.65 ± 9.12 b	30.33 ± 12.68 b
	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid	S	112.68 ± 38.42 a	26.31 ± 14.39 a	12.68 ± 2.24 a	46.3 ± 11.55 a	30.06 ± 9.74 a
	3-feruloyquinic acid	FS	0.06 ± 0.04 a	0.06 ± 0.01 a	0.10 ± 0.02 a	0.26 ± 0.19 a	0.26 ± 0.19 a
	3-feruloyquinic acid	S	12.59 ± 4.73 a	41.99 ± 15.55 bc	103.78 ± 46.65 d	21.59 ± 9.86 ab	50.12 ± 16.04 c
	Trigalloylquinic acid	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Trigalloylquinic acid	S	16.54 ± 5.01 a	6.01 ± 1.03 a	19.32 ± 4.05 a	44.68 ± 14.06 a	12.33 ± 3.62 a
	Total	FS	196.17 ± 56.85 a	334.81 ± 101.79 a	866.01 ± 132.57 ab	2346.20 ± 680.43 ab	3162.12 ± 905.82 b
	Total	S	380.85 ± 133.21 a	610.25 ± 241.67 a	1100.93 ± 392.68 a	314.64 ± 118.28 a	372.72 ± 142.68 a
Gallotannins	Digalloyl hexoside 1	FS	98.41 ± 30.47 a	384.84 ± 154.38 a	1347.62 ± 299.99 b	261.97 ± 135.72 a	237.37 ± 101.92 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 1	S	48.89 ± 12.89 b	30.90 ± 9.53 ab	38.68 ± 10.39 ab	93.14 ± 27.56 c	0.24 ± 0.07 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 2	FS	9.67 ± 2.49 a	38.53 ± 14.59 b	114.79 ± 83.03 d	64.93 ± 26.12 c	21.23 ± 3.29 ab
	Digalloyl hexoside 2	S	0.19 ± 0.03 b	0.14 ± 0.02 ab	0.26 ± 0.05 b	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.28 ± 0.05 b
	Methyl gallate hexoside	FS	83.89 ± 27.43 a	321.06 ± 138.24 b	956.62 ± 225.24 d	623.78 ± 243.91 c	262.05 ± 151.99 b
	Methyl gallate hexoside	S	80.35 ± 33.89 ab	68.56 ± 17.90 ab	138.70 ± 38.62 b	32.05 ± 13.72 a	103.40 ± 40.76 ab
	Digalloylquinic acid 1	FS	118.35 ± 35.32 a	229.59 ± 60.72 a	541.28 ± 139.90 be	478.17 ± 162.57 b	757.77 ± 158.17 c
	Digalloylquinic acid 1	S	16.02 ± 6.33 be	13.65 ± 2.42 ac	24.72 ± 10.94 c	2.77 ± 0.46a b	0.36 ± 0.06 a
	Trigalloyl hexoside 1	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Trigalloyl hexoside 1	S	9.04 ± 6.24 a	46.33 ± 16.64 ab	102.28 ± 29.55 b	32.31 ± 10.23 ab	37.44 ± 13.93 ab
	Methyl gallate rutinoside	FS	24.54 ± 11.54 a	12.87 ± 4.14 ab	25.54 ± 19.81 ab	35.62 ± 15.57 ab	47.63 ± 28.92 b
	Methyl gallate rutinoside	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside	S	0.78 ± 0.06 a	1.44 ± 0.77 a	1.57 ± 0.88 a	0.43 ± 0.09 a	1.80 ± 0.18 a
	Total	FS	310.56 ± 107.25 a	986.89 ± 372.07 ab	2985.85 ± 767.97 b	1464.47 ± 583.89 ab	1326.05 ± 444.29 ab
	Total	S	155.27 ± 59.44 a	161.02 ± 47.28 a	306.21 ± 90.43 b	160.72 ± 52.07 a	143.52 ± 55.05 a
Ellagitannins	diHHDP hexoside 1	FS	33.66 ± 13.29 a	188.89 ± 90.49 a	846.22 ± 253.33 b	435.35 ± 159.26 ab	634.66 ± 191.70 b
	diHHDP hexoside 1	S	40.77 ± 16.33 a	337.86 ± 120.95 b	485.41 ± 247.12 c	32.91 ± 15.96 a	241.32 ± 90.27 b
	diHHDP hexoside 2	FS	42.46 ± 14.76 a	55.25 ± 19.97 a	136.65 ± 40.17 b	179.10 ± 85.64 b	54.21 ± 16.94 a
	diHHDP hexoside 2	S	38.71 ± 16.98 a	97.55 ± 28.32 ab	605.36 ± 379.67 c	38.69 ± 14.04 a	273.86 ± 169.35 b
	Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3	FS	35.79 ± 19.31 a	37.15 ± 12.54 a	53.01 ± 19.05 ab	46.18 ± 13.54 a	78.35 ± 23.05 b
	Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3	S	6.39 ± 2.41 a	9.21 ± 3.46 ab	16.48 ± 5.03 b	1.84 ± 0.95 a	1.03 ± 0.72 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1	FS	7.33 ± 2.44 a	33.27 ± 13.59 a	71.58 ± 27.10 a	71.87 ± 20.03 a	321.05 ± 170.33 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2	FS	11.23 ± 4.57 a	27.74 ± 18.95 a	154.36 ± 69.02 b	378.43 ± 142.98 c	193.66 ± 77.44 b
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3	FS	118.09 ± 65.51 a	75.95 ± 26.21 a	439.26 ± 180.54 b	372.92 ± 126.87 b	499.12 ± 30.39 b
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1	FS	4.72 ± 1.21 a	11.29 ± 3.79 a	13.59 ± 6.11 a	39.93 ± 12.63 b	84.93 ± 27.16 c
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2	FS	8.72 ± 2.96 a	11.31 ± 4.67 a	36.79 ± 11.32 a	273.38 ± 93.95 b	465.07 ± 138.81 c
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 1	FS	6.27 ± 1.49 a	17.90 ± 3.12 a	31.70 ± 15.61 ab	50.35 ± 18.36 be	74.96 ± 26.59 c
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 1	S	200.52 ± 94.90 ab	289.23 ± 104.96 b	1261.13 ± 427.95 c	30.93 ± 13.67 ab	1.07 ± 0.09 a
	Total	FS	268.27 ± 125.54 a	458.75 ± 193.33 a	1783.16 ± 622.25 ab	1847.51 ± 673.26 ab	2406.01 ± 672.02 b
	Total	S	286.39 ± 130.62 a	733.85 ± 257.69 ab	2368.38 ± 1,059.77 b	104.37 ± 44.62 a	517.28 ± 260.43 ab

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).

1 Note: (-) compound was not detected.

1 HBA, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives; HCA, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives; SE, standard error.

Table 7.

Contents ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R. spinosissima and its cultivars ‘Poppins’. ‘Single Cherry’, ‘Frühlingsmorgen and ‘Frühlingsduft’.

Phenolic group	Compound		R. spinosissima	‘Poppins’	‘Single Cherry’	‘Frühlingsmorgen’	‘Frühlingsduft’
Flavanols	Procyanidin dimer 1	FS	624.11 ± 198.54 ab	298.81 ± 181.73 a	555.59 ± 299.72 ab	464.99 ± 133.42 ab	783.54 ± 259.96 b
	Procyanidin dimer 1	S	227.30 ± 24.41 a	81.38 ± 29.51 a	255.06 ± 95.24 a	80.01 ± 32.60 a	55.44 ± 11.35 a
	Procyanidin dimer 2	FS	3.51 ± 1.03 a	12.43 ± 3.87 a	22.89 ± 13.01 a	28.63 ± 15.16 a	63.69 ± 19.93 b
	Procyanidin dimer 2	S	8.42 ± 2.19 a	13.44 ± 6.16 ab	23.68 ± 3.25 b	18.36 ± 3.65 ab	17.15 ± 2.19 ab
	Procyanidin dimer 3	FS	48.05 ± 19.78 a	140.32 ± 47.71 a	168.86 ± 91.75 a	480.38 ± 152.04 b	1050.27 ± 352.29 c
	Procyanidin dimer 3	S	6.68 ± 1.41 a	11.14 ± 5.69 a	41.10 ± 18.87 b	2.34 ± 0.71 a	0.02 ± 0.01 a
	Procyanidin dimer 4	FS	763.20 ± 258.03 a	915.33 ± 224.39 a	2263.83 ± 938.62 b	2798.91 ± 798.77 b	898.13 ± 244.72 a
	Procyanidin dimer 4	S	0.10 ± 0.08 a	0.56 ± 0.08 a	2.05 ± 0.63a	1.39 ± 0.92 a	0.25 ± 0.03 a
	Procyanidin dimer 5	FS	358.04 ± 102.45 a	205.18 ± 107.08 a	37604.18 ± 1,103.86 b	1054.83 ± 552.07 a	1314.54 ± 365.47 a
	Procyanidin dimer 5	S	58.22 ± 13.54 ab	228.32 ± 81.51 be	276.98 ± 63.31 c	45.48 ± 28.73 ab	37.76 ± 11.24 a
	Procyanidin trimer 1	FS	22.79 ± 6.98 a	42.67 ± 17.42 a	75.56 ± 23.37 ab	174.64 ± 69.58 be	197.24 ± 47.38 c
	Procyanidin trimer 1	S	2.76 ± 1.85 a	4.23 ± 1.27 a	11.61 ± 4.62 a	4.01 ± 0.55 a	39.18 ± 12.05 a
	Procyanidin trimer 2	FS	556.081 ± 176.26 a	679.47 ± 209.38 a	742.12 ± 208.39 a	1055.67 ± 506.25 ab	2052.13 ± 554.44 b
	Procyanidin trimer 2	S	2.86 ± 0.37 a	1.79 ± 0.39 a	3.24 ± 0.34 a	2.65 ± 0.39 a	1.84 ± 0.74 a
	Procyanidin trimer 3	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Procyanidin trimer 3	S	0.18 ± 0.08 a	1.12 ± 0.55 b	1.95 ± 0.45 c	0.20 ± 0.13 a	0.59 ± 0.35 ab
	Procyanidin trimer 4	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Procyanidin trimer 4	S	2.02 ± 1.06 a	2.19 ± 0.74 a	18.94 ± 8.71 a	0.39 ± 0.13 a	0.20 ± 0.05 a
	Procyanidin trimer 5	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Procyanidin trimer 5	S	48.91 ± 22.31 a	81.68 ± 37.21 a	385.93 ± 145.92 b	158.45 ± 54.04 ab	262.84 ± 107.92 ab
	Procyanidin trimer 6	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Procyanidin trimer 6	S	229.27 ± 53.28 a	14.59 ± 6.35 a	412.32 ± 201.98 a	160.1 ± 29.86 a	223.18 ± 54.41 a
	Procyanidin trimer 7	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Procyanidin trimer 7	S	33.15 ± 16.38 a	10.23 ± 4.68 a	221.00 ± 39.87 b	367.28 ± 141.91 c	24.47 ± 11.54 a
	Catechin	FS	291.77 ± 198.25 a	741.39 ± 129.03 ab	1312.92 ± 232.34 b	2061.68 ± 538.86 c	2661.29 ± 1,092.08 c
	Catechin	S	0.99 ± 0.16 a	0.19 ± 0.11 a	13.85 ± 6.13 a	0.36 ± 0.06 a	8.62 ± 2.38 a
	Epicatechin	FS	22.50 ± 9.45 a	72.69 ± 22.79 a	133.85 ± 56.90 a	147.96 ± 43.96 a	572.56 ± 141.82 b
	Epicatechin	S	68.71 ± 24.04 a	125.08 ± 69.71 a	357.15 ± 150.65 a	63.36 ± 28.62 a	243.87 ± 91.14 a
	PA dimer diglycoside	FS	70.35 ± 25.89 a	416.42 ± 152.89 ab	936.35 ± 233.66 c	288.22 ± 97.93 ab	711.98 ± 275.98b c
	PA dimer diglycoside	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Dimer PA monogallate 1	FS	93.11 ± 26.05 a	90.20 ± 20.35 a	275.26 ± 91.79 a	1249.47 ± 375.94 c	695.19 ± 197.06 b
	Dimer PA monogallate 1	S	50.32 ± 19.32 ab	251.82 ± 45.83 ab	609.44 ± 375.15 b	18.59 ± 9.07 a	24.86 ± 5.28 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 2	FS	17.49 ± 5.07 a	45.06 ± 10.09 a	259.42 ± 152.15 b	702.67 ± 241.54 c	282.55 ± 96.08 b
	Dimer PA monogallate 2	S	108.72 ± 71.27 b	212.20 ± 120.85 c	31.19 ± 7.92 a	54.03 ± 21.29 ab	59.21 ± 17.11 ab
	PA dimer monoglycoside 1	FS	76.49 ± 17.98 a	229.59 ± 95.48 a	1112.50 ± 237.81 b	1073.39 ± 240.35 b	1076.45 ± 370.16 b
	PA dimer monoglycoside 1	S	32.05 ± 19.62 a	54.09 ± 19.43 ac	90.34 ± 25.06 c	44.93 ± 18.06 ab	74.17 ± 24.03 be
	PA dimer monoglycoside 2	FS	7.53 ± 2.94 a	21.48 ± 6.29 ab	38.04 ± 14.92 b	46.66 ± 19.84 b	94.82 ± 34.82 c
	PA dimer monoglycoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Total	FS	2955.02 ± 1,048.70 a	3911.04 ± 1,168.50 a	45501.37 ± 3,698.29 a	11628.10 ± 3,767.71 a	12409.38 ± 4,052.19 a
	Total	S	880.66 ± 271.37 a	1094.05 ± 430.07 a	2753.88 ± 1,148.10 a	1021.98 ± 370.72 a	1073.65 ± 351.82 a
Flavanols	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1	FS	1.30 ± 0.31 a	1.83 ± 0.32 a	4.64 ± 1.91 a	11.58 ± 2.91 ab	19.59 ± 3.49 b
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2	FS	0.47 ± 0.16 a	1.15 ± 0.11 a	1.28 ± 0.25 a	11.29 ± 3.31 b	18.16 ± 5.36 c
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin-3-rutinoside	FS	3.00 ± 0.82 a	5.90 ± 2.58 a	6.59 ± 3.28 a	54.20 ± 20.12 b	55.04 ± 23.59 b
	Quercetin-3-rutinoside	S	41.41 ± 27.05 a	7.48 ± 3.17 a	25.32 ± 7.31 a	1.71 ± 0.73 a	3.10 ± 0.32 a
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	FS	4.01 ± 1.45 a	24.63 ± 2.67 b	17.86 ± 3.02 ab	42.85 ± 25.98 c	18.08 ± 3.66 ab
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	S	27.95 ± 13.64 a	18.84 ± 2.38 a	27.20 ± 10.97 a	20.98 ± 10.47 a	42.11 ± 27.04 a
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	FS	3.77 ± 0.36 a	23.19 ± 2.46 a	10.26 ± 1.39 a	215.75 ± 124.74 b	16.66 ± 7.22 a
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Kaempferol hexoside 1	FS	0.25 ± 0.02 a	1.47 ± 0.16 a	0.65 ± 0.09 a	16.05 ± 8.16 b	5.11 ± 3.51 a
	Kaempferol hexoside 1	S	3.06 ± 0.87 a	2.38 ± 0.65 a	2.08 ± 0.71 a	3.16 ± 1.25 a	1.53 ± 0.56 a
	Kaempferol hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-	-	-
	Kaempferol hexoside 2	S	0.68 ± 0.32 a	0.28 ± 0.09 a	0.27 ± 0.11 a	0.31 ± 0.15 a	0.51 ± 0.14 a
	Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1	FS	4.27 ± 2.49 a	14.55 ± 6.21 a	98.34 ± 9.59 ab	28.39 ± 9.92 a	163.59 ± 30.02 b
	Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 2	FS	16.96 ± 2.45 a	17.04 ± 1.28 a	69.32 ± 13.22 a	322.74 ± 104.80 b	265.37 ± 145.39 b
	Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin-3-glucuronide	FS	5.68 ± 2.02 a	13.77 ± 1.21 a	93.04 ± 12.50 be	28.43 ± 14.36 ab	140.96 ± 60.34 c
	Quercetin-3-glucuronide	S	21.26 ± 12.89 a	3.12 ± 0.57 b	22.71 ± 10.52 a	0.29 ± 0.12 c	0.32 ± 0.14 c
	Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside	FS	0.003 ± 0.001 a	0.01 ± 0.001 a	0.06 ± 0.01 ab	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.13 ± 0.04 b
	Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside	S	0.77 ± 0.09 a	0.13 ± 0.02 a	0.94 ± 0.45 a	0.01 ± 0.004 a	0.003 ± 0.001 a
	Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside	FS	0.57 ± 0.25 a	0.97 ± 0.23 a	0.75 ± 0.16 a	4.91 ± 0.96 b	2.36 ± 0.69 ab
	Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside	S	1.54 ± 0.31 b	0.96 ± 0.17 ab	0.84 ± 0.41 ab	0.76 ± 0.48 ab	0.27 ± 0.09 a
	Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnoside	FS	0.31 ± 1.20 a	0.79 ± 0.06 b	0.29 ± 0.05 a	0.31 ± 0.04 a	0.72 ± 0.19 ab
	Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnoside	S	1.26 ± 0.20 ac	1.58 ± 0.14b c	0.62 ± 0.29 a	1.85 ± 0.29 c	0.71 ± 0.17 ab
	Isorhanmetin-3-hexoside	FS	0.52 ± 0.12 a	1.25 ± 0.11 ab	1.20a ± 0.12 b	2.61 ± 0.36 b	4.44 ± 1.54 c
	Isorhanmetin-3-hexoside	S	0.21 ± 0.03 a	0.32 ± 0.03 a	0.13 ± 0.06 a	0.32 ± 0.06 a	0.25 ± 0.06 a
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 1	FS	4.28 ± 1.20 a	6.15 ± 1.45 a	4.78 ± 1.03 a	244.12 ± 120.95 a	34.07 ± 16.96 a
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 1	S	7.58 ± 1.19 a	5.88 ± 2.00 a	8.41 ± 5.20 a	4.59 ± 2.41 a	2.26 ± 0.31 a
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 2	FS	3.98 ± 1.21 a	10.80 ± 0.87 ab	3.94 ± 0.69 a	4.99 ± 0.89 a	22.64 ± 7.04 b
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 2	S	0.19 ± 0.03 a	0.07 ± 0.01 a	0.25 ± 0.14 a	0.07 ± 0.02 a	0.24 ± 0.02 a
	Quercetin-3-rhamnoside	FS	7.36 ± 1.23 a	15.89 ± 1.38 a	15.31 ± 1.52 a	25.60 ± 6.10 ab	47.39 ± 12.41 b
	Quercetin-3-rhamnoside	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin-acetylhexoside	FS	0.36 ± 0.06 ab	0.78 ± 0.06 b	0.29 ± 0.05 a	0.32 ± 0.03 a	0.46 ± 0.18 ab
	Quercetin-acetylhexoside	S	0.05 ± 0.009 a	0.10 ± 0.05 a	0.11 ± 0.06 a	0.02 ± 0.006 a	0.19 ± 0.07 a
	Quercetin galloyl pentoside 1	FS	0.28 ± 0.06 a	0.52 ± 0.04 a	0.19 ± 0.03 a	0.62 ± 0.33 a	0.39 ± 0.08a
	Quercetin galloyl pentoside 1	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin galloyl pentoside 2	FS	0.29 ± 0.09 a	0.48 ± 0.03 a	1.43 ± 0.64 a	1.07 ± 0.25 a	4.22 ± 0.84 b
	Quercetin galloyl pentoside 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin galloyl pentoside 3	FS	0.01 ± 0.006 a	0.51 ± 0.09 ab	1.02 ± 0.79 ab	2.29 ± 0.52 b	1.91 ± 0.25 ab
	Quercetin galloyl pentoside 3	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Quercetin-3-xyloside	FS	8.28 ± 3.96 a	8.11 ± 2.96 a	32.97 ± 4.56 a	165.21 ± 16.67 b	144.23 ± 28.71 b
	Quercetin-3-xyloside	S	3.28 ± 0.57 a	1.51 ± 0.11 a	2.47 ± 0.39 a	3.52 ± 0.95 a	13.95 ± 0.79 a
	Total	FS	65.95 ± 19.47 a	149.79 ± 24.28 a	364.21 ± 54.90 ab	1210.35 ± 461.41 b	947.52 ± 351.51 ab
	Total	S	109.24 ± 57.02 a	42.65 ± 9.39 a	91.35 ± 36.51 a	37.59 ± 16.94 a	65.20 ± 29.71 a
Flavones	Apigenin derivative 1	FS	0.56 ± 0.07 a	3.57 ± 1.52 a	4.87 ± 2.36 a	38.19 ± 18.17 a	29.6 ± 3.47 a
	Apigenin derivative 1	S	2.21 ± 0.24 a	1.17 ± 0.09 a	1.69 ± 0.66 a	1.29 ± 0.62 a	2.57 ± 0.48 a
	Apigenin derivative 2	FS	0.003 ± 0 a	0.001 ± 0.0001 a	0.002 ± 0.001 a	0.02 ± 0.016 a	0.01 ± 0.003 a
	Apigenin derivative 2	S	-	-	-	-	-
	Total	FS	0.56 ± 0.07 a	3.57 ± 1.52 ab	4.87 ± 2.36 ab	38.21 ± 18.12 b	29.61 ± 3.47 ab
	Total	S	2.21 ± 0.24 a	1.17 ± 0.09 a	1.69 ± 0.66 a	1.29 ± 0.62 a	2.57 ± 0.48 a
Dihydrochalcone	Phloridzin	FS	117.31 ± 29.81 a	140.04 ± 9.59 a	414.87 ± 186.71 a	261.26 ± 52.16 a	964.13 ± 33.32 b
Dihydrochalcone	Phloridzin	S	-	-	-	-	-

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S). Note’. (-) compound was not detected.

1 SE, standard error.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of *R. gallica* and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between analysed genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.

Table 8.

The content ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R. gallica and its cultivars ‘Violacea’ and ‘Splendens’.

Phenolic group	Compound		R. gallica	‘Violacea’	‘Splendens’
HBA	Gallic acid	FS	72.13 ± 11.03 ab	54.78 ± 18.81 a	127.40 ± 17.48 b
	Gallic acid	S	-	-	-
	Ellagic acid pentoside 1	FS	9.45 ± 3.44 a	5.67 ± 2.29 a	5.03 ± 2.69 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 1	S	5.43 ± 2.03 a	11.64 ± 5.39 a	4.15 ± 0.18 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 2	FS	1.23 ± 0.37 a	2.91 ± 1.37 a	1.53 ± 0.24 a
	Ellagic acid pentoside 2	S	1.32 ± 0.44 a	0.84 ± 0.31 a	0.82 ± 0.32 a
	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1	FS	-	-	-
	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1	S	1.22 ± 0.35 a	1.22 ± 0.41 a	0.58 ± 0.12 a
	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 2	S	1.26 ± 0.36 a	0.78 ± 0.49 a	0.47 ± 0.39 a
	Total	FS	82.80 ± 14.84 a	63.36 ± 22.47 a	134.54 ± 20.41 a
	Total	S	9.23 ± 3.18 a	14.48 ± 6.30 a	5.44 ± 1.01 a
HCA	p-coumaric acid hexoside 1	FS	636.74 ± 119.49 a	1111.94 ± 697.73 a	1314.25 ± 263.63 a
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 1	S	1.45 ± 0.35 a	1.57 ± 0.43 a	2.15 ± 0.53 a
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	p-coumaric acid hexoside 2	S	4.66 ± 1.41 b	1.28 ± 0.38 ab	1.01 ± 0.35 a
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 1	FS	6.55 ± 3.36 a	53.36 ± 25.88 a	23.34 ± 4.74 b
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 1	S	1.02 ± 0.25 a	1.26 ± 0.43 a	0.80 ± 0.45 a
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 2	FS	52.81 ± 12.72 a	2.17 ± 1.04 a	61.24 ± 26.61 a
	5-caffeoylquinic acid 2	S	6.85 ± 2.03 a	7.02 ± 1.51 a	6.09 ± 3.18 a
	Sinapic acid hexoside 1	FS	256.49 ± 55.18 a	320.10 ± 103.97 a	557.87 ± 116.94 a
	Sinapic acid hexoside 1	S	0.18 ± 0.05 a	0.22 ± 0.08 a	0.14 ± 0.07 a
	Sinapic acid hexoside 2	FS	0.48 ± 0.11 a	1.69 ± 0.71 a	2.16 ± 0.45 a
	Sinapic acid hexoside 2	S	-	-	-
	3-caffeoylquinic acid 1	FS	326.12 ± 191.43 a	235.82 ± 157.48 a	395.29 ± 136.67 a
	3-caffeoylquinic acid 1	S	-	-	-
	3-caffeoylquinic acid 2	FS	38.56 ± 19.27 a	137.03 ± 80.39 a	174.68 ± 73.67 a
	3-caffeoylquinic acid 2	S	-	-	-
	4-caffeoylquinic acid	FS	0.07 ± 0.02 a	0.25 ± 0.10 a	0.32 ± 0.07 a
	4-caffeoylquinic acid	S	-	-	-
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1	FS	83.77 ± 32.76 a	61.37 ± 26.12 a	92.80 ± 44.70 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1	S	14.54 ± 4.33 a	12.41 ± 5.61 a	16.99 ± 2.61 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2	FS	334.81 ± 162.66 a	179.39 ± 93.52 a	219.31 ± 143.98 a
	5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2	S	3.51 ± 2.18 a	1.99 ± 0.71 a	2.81 ± 0.37 a
	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid	FS	10.34 ± 1.94 a	18.06 ± 7.13 a	21.34 ± 9.28 a
	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid	S	0.02 ± 0.008 a	0.014 ± 0.006 a	0.04 ± 0.001 a
	4-p-coumaroylquinic acid	FS	26.56 ± 16.39 a	36.30 ± 19.93 a	30.80 ± 18.35 a
	4-p-coumaroylquinic acid	S	-	-	-
	Total	FS	1773.30 ± 615.33 a	2227.48 ± 1,214.00 a	2893.40 ± 839.27 a
	Total	S	32.23 ± 10.61 a	25.89 ± 9.16 a	30.03 ± 7.56 a
Gallotannins	Digalloyl hexoside 1	FS	67.04 ± 22.74 a	87.20 ± 36.43 a	205.58 ± 146.16 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 1	S	75.01 ± 25.98 a	53.02 ± 26.18 a	69.88 ± 31.97 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 2	FS	144.73 ± 40.24 a	153.85 ± 70.31 a	289.52 ± 144.26 a
	Digalloyl hexoside 2	S	97.57 ± 29.68 a	44.31 ± 26.99 a	97.01 ± 41.48 a
	Methyl gallate hexoside	FS	268.34 ± 153.01 a	114.97 ± 86.74 a	859.74 ± 353.67 b
	Methyl gallate hexoside	S	166.63 ± 47.99 a	61.23 ± 28.79 a	167.63 ± 75.79 a
	Digalloylquinic acid 1	FS	196.67 ± 92.76 a	157.35 ± 63.74 a	375.45 ± 169.14 a
	Digalloylquinic acid 1	S	-	-	-
	Trigalloyl hexoside 1	FS	-	-	-
	Trigalloyl hexoside 1	S	171.25 ± 51.67 a	133.92 ± 37.81 a	137.53 ± 37.69 a
	Trigalloyl hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	Trigalloyl hexoside 2	S	4.78 ± 1.21 a	5.84 ± 2.51 a	6.22 ± 2.14 a
	Methyl gallate rutinoside	FS	3.41 ± 0.15 a	4.72 ± 1.95 a	6.95 ± 1.49 a
	Methyl gallate rutinoside	S	0.0004 ± 0.0 a	0.0002 ± 0.0 a	0.0001 ± 0.00 a
	Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside	FS	-	-	-
	Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside	S	0.82 ± 0.19 a	0.81 ± 0.67 a	0.39 ± 0.04 a
	Total	FS	680.19 ± 308.90 a	518.09 ± 259.17 a	1737.24 ± 814.72 a
	Total	S	516.06 ± 156.72 a	299.13 ± 122.95 a	478.66 ± 189.11 a
Ellagitannins	diHHDP hexoside 1	FS	-	-	-
	diHHDP hexoside 1	S	299.13 ± 102.62 a	60.85 ± 25.35 a	102.65 ± 54.16 a
	diHHDP hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	diHHDP hexoside 2	S	5.21 ± 1.35 a	8.14 ± 3.76 ab	16.48 ± 6.14 b
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1	FS	24.89 ± 15.08 a	32.24 ± 12.85 ab	69.63 ± 31.19 b
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1	S	25.34 ± 6.08 a	27.36 ± 7.42 a	37.45 ± 10.34 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2	FS	311.24 ± 116.63 a	403.00 ± 210.69 ab	870.41 ± 321.98 b
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2	S	12.71 ± 3.16 a	15.60 ± 5.32 a	9.97 ± 5.65 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3	FS	30.16 ± 18.36 a	15.66 ± 7.79 a	48.84 ± 28.06 a
	HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3	S	-	-	-
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1	FS	18.63 ± 4.75 a	30.29 ± 16.74 a	46.32 ± 13.75 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1	S	0.87 ± 0.42 a	0.42 ± 0.25 a	0.39 ± 0.21 a
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2	S	0.23 ± 0.14 b	0.06 ± 0.01 ab	0.05 ± 0.03 a
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 1	FS	16.53 ± 6.97 a	17.38 ± 4.47 a	11.64 ± 4.18 a
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 1	S	26.97 ± 8.14 a	21.09 ± 5.96 a	21.66 ± 5.93 a
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	HHDP galloyl hexoside 2	S	0.05 ± 0.02 a	0.04 ± 0.02 a	0.11 ± 0.02 a
	Total	FS	401.45 ± 161.79 a	498.57 ± 252.54 a	1046.84 ± 399.19 a
	Total	S	370.51 ± 122.20 a	72.71 ± 48.09 a	188.76 ± 82.48 a

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S). Note: (-) compound was not detected.

1 HBA, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives; HCA, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives; SE, standard error.

Table 9.

Contents ± SE (mg · kg⁻¹ f.w.) of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R. gallica and its cultivars ‘Violacea’ and ‘Splendens’

Phenolic group	Compound		R. gallica	‘Violacea’	‘Splendens’
Flavanols	Procyanidin dimer 1	FS	3126.14 ± 752.27 a	1361.77 ± 338.39 a	3401.99 ± 1562.04 a
	Procyanidin dimer 1	S	1.27 ± 0.41 a	0.53 ± 0.24 a	0.32 ± 0.21 a
	Procyanidin dimer 2	FS	896.30 ± 162.67 a	704.06 ± 186.69 a	776.21 ± 140.02 a
	Procyanidin dimer 2	S	359.41 ± 193.31 a	562.13 ± 259.37 ab	1137.43 ± 413.09 b
	Procyanidin dimer 3	FS	0.003 ± 0.001 a	0.004 ± 0.001 a	0.005 ± 0.001 a
	Procyanidin dimer 3	S	0.07 ± 0.02 a	0.08 ± 0.02 a	0.11 ± 0.02 a
	Procyanidin dimer 4	FS	321.68 ± 168.16 a	157.21 ± 48.47 a	268.21 ± 161.94 a
	Procyanidin dimer 4	S	13.65 ± 3.46 a	16.69 ± 7.12 a	17.76 ± 9.08 a
	Procyanidin dimer 5	FS	0.25 ± 0.09 a	0.39 ± 0.18 a	0.33 ± 0.18 a
	Procyanidin dimer 5	S	-	-	-
	Epicatechin	FS	7.70 ± 1.86 a	10.52 ± 2.56 a	8.93 ± 3.42 a
	Epicatechin	S	-	-	-
	Catechin	FS	195.79 ± 39.76 a	276.17 ± 30.62 a	631.35 ± 256.12 b
	Catechin	S	-	-	-
	Catechin hexoside	FS	-	-	-
	Catechin hexoside	S	236.22 ± 57.93 a	193.09 ± 64.69 a	146.45 ± 74.25 a
	Procyanidin trimer 1	FS	0.04 ± 0.02 a	0.06 ± 0.02 a	0.13 ± 0.09 b
	Procyanidin trimer 1	S	17.87 ± 5.39 a	13.97 ± 3.95 a	14.35 ± 3.93 a
	Procyanidin trimer 2	FS	706.44 ± 262.14 a	414.42 ± 168.13 a	1985.02 ± 696.19 b
	Procyanidin trimer 2	S	1.06 ± 0.45 a	0.83 ± 0.36 a	2.19 ± 0.84 a
	Procyanidin trimer 3	FS	14.28 ± 6.25 a	18.49 ± 9.24 ab	39.93 ± 23.06 b
	Procyanidin trimer 3	S	3.36 ± 0.84 a	4.13 ± 1.41a	2.64 ± 0.15 a
	Procyanidin trimer 4	FS	621.06 ± 216.47 a	652.65 ± 209.54 a	437.19 ± 185.76 a
	Procyanidin trimer 4	S	3.94 ± 1.22 a	3.43 ± 1.52 a	3.92 ± 0.39 a
	Procyanidin trimer 5	FS	1391.21 ± 487.65 a	1247.21 ± 442.01 a	2709.28 ± 730.14 b
	Procyanidin trimer 5	S	-	-	-
	Procyanidin trimer 6	FS	22.16 ± 9.16 a	31.78 ± 18.45 a	50.99 ± 24.07 a
	Procyanidin trimer 6	S	-	-	-
	Procyanidin tetramer 1	FS	0.88 ± 0.16 a	1.53 ± 0.96 a	1.81 ± 0.36 a
	Procyanidin tetramer 1	S	-	-	-
	Procyanidin tetramer 2	FS	0.06 ± 0.02 a	0.08 ± 0.01 a	0.19 ± 0.02 b
	Procyanidin tetramer 2	S	-	-	-
	Procyanidin tetramer 3	FS	6.99 ± 1.48 a	3.42 ± 1.05 a	5.84 ± 1.35 a
	Procyanidin tetramer 3	S	-	-	-
	Procyanidin tetramer 5	FS	242.38 ± 106.21 a	221.99 ± 99.87 a	312.46 ± 162.14 a
	Procyanidin tetramer 5	S	-	-	-
	Dimer PA monogallate 1	FS	77.65 ± 17.67 a	111.36 ± 43.94 a	178.68 ± 37.95 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 1	S	65.98 ± 10.92 a	65.69 ± 8.46 a	63.32 ± 18.36 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 2	FS	0.15 ± 0.05 a	0.24 ± 0.11 a	0.19 ± 0.05 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 2	S	39.43 ± 15.71 a	19.32 ± 15.06 a	17.60 ± 4.30 a
	Dimer PA monogallate 3	FS	-	-	-
	Dimer PA monogallate 3	S	1.17 ± 0.51 a	0.66 ± 0.34 a	0.92 ± 0.49 a
	PA dimer monoglycoside 1	FS	7874.00 ± 1,699.11 a	12317.33 ± 4,413.33 a	49035.33 ± 9560.51 b
	PA dimer monoglycoside 1	S	7.81 ± 2.46 a	12.22 ± 5.08 ab	24.72 ± 11.36 b
	PA dimer monoglycoside 2	FS	1834.54 ± 368.39 ab	842.22 ± 395.60 a	3003.20 ± 627.29 b
	PA dimer monoglycoside 2	S	-	-	-
	Total	FS	17340.065 ± 4,299.589 a	18372.908 ± 6,409.199 a	62848.269 ± 14172.699 a
	Total	S	750.79 ± 292.635 a	892.87 ± 367.62 a	1431.73 ± 536.47 a
Flavanones	Naringenin hexoside 1	FS	0.46 ± 0.12 a	0.26 ± 0.01 b	-
	Naringenin hexoside 1	S	0.46 ± 0.14 a	0.21 ± 0.01 a	0.15 ± 0.04 a
	Naringenin hexoside 2	FS	0.30 ± 0.28 a	0.44 ± 0.18 a	0.33 ± 0.32 a
	Naringenin hexoside 2	S	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.03 ± 0.01 a
	Naringenin hexoside 3	FS	0.005 ± 0.001 ab	0.002 ± 0.001 a	0.001 ± 0.001 b
	Naringenin hexoside 3	S	0.02 ± 0.005 a	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.03 ± 0.02 a
	Naringenin hexoside 4	FS	2.64 ± 0.06 a	5.48 ± 1.15 a	0.86 ± 0.03 a
	Naringenin hexoside 4	S	0.67 ± 0.55 a	0.32 ± 0.09 a	0.46 ± 0.08 a
	Naringenin hexoside 5	FS	0.59 ± 0.18 a	0.37 ± 0.13 a	0.03 ± 0.01 a
	Naringenin hexoside 5	S	-	-	-
	Total	FS	3.995 ± 0.641 b	6.552 ± 1.441 c	1.221 ± 0.361 a
	Total	S	1.17 ± 0.705 a	0.47 ± 0.12 a	0.67 ± 0.15 a
Flavonoles	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1	FS	2.09 ± 0.70 b	4.44 ± 1.27 a	-
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1	S	0.18 ± 0.15 a	0.17 ± 0.07 a	0.26 ± 0.13 a
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2	FS	0.59 ± 0.13 ab	0.27 ± 0.14 a	1.28 ± 0.34 b
	Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2	S	0.34 ± 0.04 a	0.22 ± 0.01 a	0.21 ± 0.19 a
	Quercetin-3-rutinoside	FS	0.0006 ± 0.0002 b	0.001 ± 0.0004 a	-
	Quercetin-3-rutinoside	S	1.02 ± 0.44 a	0.65 ± 0.19 a	0.63 ± 0.38 a
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	FS	4.48 ± 1.04 a	6.40 ± 3.08 a	4.75 ± 0.54 a
	Quercetin-3-galactoside	S	0.79 ± 0.29 a	2.15 ± 0.34 a	2.31 ± 0.85 a
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	FS	24.44 ± 15.15 a	1.80 ± 0.29 a	3.93 ± 0.49 a
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	S	1.74 ± 0.13 b	1.32 ± 0.13 ab	0.77 ± 0.31 a
	Kaempferol hexoside 1	FS	1.08 ± 0.34 a	0.08 ± 0.02 a	0.17 ± 0.06 a
	Kaempferol hexoside 1	S	0.34 ± 0.15 a	0.22 ± 0.07 a	0.21 ± 0.13 a
	Kaempferol hexoside 2	FS	1.01 ± 0.07 a	2.22 ± 0.91 a	0.35 ± 0.02 a
	Kaempferol hexoside 2	S	9.48 ± 5.02 a	22.73 ± 7.87 a	9.98 ± 0.24 a
	Kaempferol derivate	FS	0.96 ± 0.38 a	0.98 ± 0.39 a	0.71 ± 0.27 a
	Kaempferol derivate	S	-	-	-
	Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1	FS	1.04 ± 0.42 a	0.22 ± 0.14 a	0.41 ± 0.08 a
	Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1	S	-	-	-
	Quercetin-3-glucuronide	FS	3.35 ± 1.35 a	0.69 ± 0.46 a	1.31 ± 0.25 a
	Quercetin-3-glucuronide	S	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.05 ± 0.02 a	0.02 ± 0.0006 a
	Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside	FS	13.09 ± 2.89 a	18.98 ± 9.19 a	16.96 ± 4.22 a
	Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside	S	6.02 ± 3.79 a	4.89 ± 1.95 a	1.31 ± 0.56 a
	Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside	FS	10.85 ± 7.98 a	23.99 ± 4.45 a	3.82 ± 3.78 a
	Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside	S	1.04 ± 0.55 a	2.49 ± 0.86 a	1.09 ± 0.03 a
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 1	FS	0.07 ± 0.05 a	0.16 ± 0.03 a	0.03 ± 0.02 a
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 1	S	6.31 ± 3.98 a	5.12 ± 2.04 a	1.38 ± 0.59 a
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 2	FS	-	-	-
	Isorhamnetin pentoside 2	S	0.21 ± 0.05 a	0.28 ± 0.23 a	0.05 ± 0.008 a
	Quercetin-3-rhamnoside	FS	4.71 ± 1.01 a	6.85 ± 2.29 a	5.22 ± 0.51 a
	Quercetin-3-rhamnoside	S	0.69 ± 0.42 a	1.25 ± 0.27 a	0.35 ± 0.06 a
	Quercetin-3-xyloside	FS	14.87 ± 6.19 a	23.83 ± 4.19 a	11.09 ± 2.69 a
	Quercetin-3-xyloside	S	5.01 ± 1.92 a	0.66 ± 0.18 a	1.58 ± 0.45 a
	Total	FS	82.63 ± 37.70 a	90.91 ± 26.71 a	50.03 ± 13.27 a
	Total	S	33.19 ± 16.94 a	42.20 ± 14.23 a	20.15 ± 3.93 a
Flavones derivative 1	Apigenin	FS	0.05 ± 0.01 ab	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.12 ± 0.03 b
	Apigenin	S	-	-	-
	Total	FS	0.05 ± 0.01 ab	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.12 ± 0.03 b
	Total	S	-	-	-
Dihydrochalcone	Phloridzin	FS	78.52 ± 13.88 a	97.56 ± 31.62 a	78.73 ± 10.33 a

1 Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S). Note: (-) compound was not detected.

1 SE, standard error.

Hierarchical cluster analysis of the content of total phenolic compounds in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right) for all 12 analysed rose hips.

Hierarchical cluster analysis for the total content of cyanidin-3-glucoside in flesh with skin for all 12 analysed rose hips.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2024-0010 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 161 - 185

Submitted on: Feb 16, 2024

Accepted on: Apr 18, 2024

Published on: Jun 4, 2024

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

extraction,

HPLC,

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© 2024 Nina Kunc, Metka Hudina, Gregor Osterc, Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 36 (2024): Issue 1 (June 2024)

Changes in various secondary metabolites by crossing modern rose cultivars

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Figure 2.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Figure 3.

Table 6.

Table 7.

Figure 4.

Table 8.

Table 9.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

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