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Changes in various secondary metabolites by crossing modern rose cultivars Cover

Changes in various secondary metabolites by crossing modern rose cultivars

Folia Horticulturae
Volume 36 (2024): Issue 1 (June 2024)
By: Nina Kunc,  Metka Hudina,  Gregor Osterc and  Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek  
Open Access
|Jun 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Rose hips of cultivar ‘Single Cherry’.
Rose hips of cultivar ‘Single Cherry’.

Figure 2.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. pendulina and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. pendulina and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.

Figure 3.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. spinosissima and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. spinosissima and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.

Figure 4.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. gallica and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between analysed genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. gallica and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between analysed genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.

Figure 5.

Hierarchical cluster analysis of the content of total phenolic compounds in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right) for all 12 analysed rose hips.
Hierarchical cluster analysis of the content of total phenolic compounds in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right) for all 12 analysed rose hips.

Figure 6.

Hierarchical cluster analysis for the total content of cyanidin-3-glucoside in flesh with skin for all 12 analysed rose hips.
Hierarchical cluster analysis for the total content of cyanidin-3-glucoside in flesh with skin for all 12 analysed rose hips.

Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R_ spinosissima and its cultivars ‘Poppins’_ ‘Single Cherry’, ‘Frühlingsmorgen and ‘Frühlingsduft’_

Phenolic groupCompound R. spinosissima‘Poppins’‘Single Cherry’‘Frühlingsmorgen’‘Frühlingsduft’
FlavanolsProcyanidin dimer 1FS624.11 ± 198.54 ab298.81 ± 181.73 a555.59 ± 299.72 ab464.99 ± 133.42 ab783.54 ± 259.96 b
S227.30 ± 24.41 a81.38 ± 29.51 a255.06 ± 95.24 a80.01 ± 32.60 a55.44 ± 11.35 a
Procyanidin dimer 2FS3.51 ± 1.03 a12.43 ± 3.87 a22.89 ± 13.01 a28.63 ± 15.16 a63.69 ± 19.93 b
S8.42 ± 2.19 a13.44 ± 6.16 ab23.68 ± 3.25 b18.36 ± 3.65 ab17.15 ± 2.19 ab
Procyanidin dimer 3FS48.05 ± 19.78 a140.32 ± 47.71 a168.86 ± 91.75 a480.38 ± 152.04 b1050.27 ± 352.29 c
S6.68 ± 1.41 a11.14 ± 5.69 a41.10 ± 18.87 b2.34 ± 0.71 a0.02 ± 0.01 a
Procyanidin dimer 4FS763.20 ± 258.03 a915.33 ± 224.39 a2263.83 ± 938.62 b2798.91 ± 798.77 b898.13 ± 244.72 a
S0.10 ± 0.08 a0.56 ± 0.08 a2.05 ± 0.63a1.39 ± 0.92 a0.25 ± 0.03 a
Procyanidin dimer 5FS358.04 ± 102.45 a205.18 ± 107.08 a37604.18 ± 1,103.86 b1054.83 ± 552.07 a1314.54 ± 365.47 a
S58.22 ± 13.54 ab228.32 ± 81.51 be276.98 ± 63.31 c45.48 ± 28.73 ab37.76 ± 11.24 a
Procyanidin trimer 1FS22.79 ± 6.98 a42.67 ± 17.42 a75.56 ± 23.37 ab174.64 ± 69.58 be197.24 ± 47.38 c
S2.76 ± 1.85 a4.23 ± 1.27 a11.61 ± 4.62 a4.01 ± 0.55 a39.18 ± 12.05 a
Procyanidin trimer 2FS556.081 ± 176.26 a679.47 ± 209.38 a742.12 ± 208.39 a1055.67 ± 506.25 ab2052.13 ± 554.44 b
S2.86 ± 0.37 a1.79 ± 0.39 a3.24 ± 0.34 a2.65 ± 0.39 a1.84 ± 0.74 a
Procyanidin trimer 3FS-----
S0.18 ± 0.08 a1.12 ± 0.55 b1.95 ± 0.45 c0.20 ± 0.13 a0.59 ± 0.35 ab
Procyanidin trimer 4FS-----
S2.02 ± 1.06 a2.19 ± 0.74 a18.94 ± 8.71 a0.39 ± 0.13 a0.20 ± 0.05 a
Procyanidin trimer 5FS-----
S48.91 ± 22.31 a81.68 ± 37.21 a385.93 ± 145.92 b158.45 ± 54.04 ab262.84 ± 107.92 ab
Procyanidin trimer 6FS-----
S229.27 ± 53.28 a14.59 ± 6.35 a412.32 ± 201.98 a160.1 ± 29.86 a223.18 ± 54.41 a
Procyanidin trimer 7FS-----
S33.15 ± 16.38 a10.23 ± 4.68 a221.00 ± 39.87 b367.28 ± 141.91 c24.47 ± 11.54 a
CatechinFS291.77 ± 198.25 a741.39 ± 129.03 ab1312.92 ± 232.34 b2061.68 ± 538.86 c2661.29 ± 1,092.08 c
S0.99 ± 0.16 a0.19 ± 0.11 a13.85 ± 6.13 a0.36 ± 0.06 a8.62 ± 2.38 a
EpicatechinFS22.50 ± 9.45 a72.69 ± 22.79 a133.85 ± 56.90 a147.96 ± 43.96 a572.56 ± 141.82 b
S68.71 ± 24.04 a125.08 ± 69.71 a357.15 ± 150.65 a63.36 ± 28.62 a243.87 ± 91.14 a
PA dimer diglycosideFS70.35 ± 25.89 a416.42 ± 152.89 ab936.35 ± 233.66 c288.22 ± 97.93 ab711.98 ± 275.98b c
S-----
Dimer PA monogallate 1FS93.11 ± 26.05 a90.20 ± 20.35 a275.26 ± 91.79 a1249.47 ± 375.94 c695.19 ± 197.06 b
S50.32 ± 19.32 ab251.82 ± 45.83 ab609.44 ± 375.15 b18.59 ± 9.07 a24.86 ± 5.28 a
Dimer PA monogallate 2FS17.49 ± 5.07 a45.06 ± 10.09 a259.42 ± 152.15 b702.67 ± 241.54 c282.55 ± 96.08 b
S108.72 ± 71.27 b212.20 ± 120.85 c31.19 ± 7.92 a54.03 ± 21.29 ab59.21 ± 17.11 ab
PA dimer monoglycoside 1FS76.49 ± 17.98 a229.59 ± 95.48 a1112.50 ± 237.81 b1073.39 ± 240.35 b1076.45 ± 370.16 b
S32.05 ± 19.62 a54.09 ± 19.43 ac90.34 ± 25.06 c44.93 ± 18.06 ab74.17 ± 24.03 be
PA dimer monoglycoside 2FS7.53 ± 2.94 a21.48 ± 6.29 ab38.04 ± 14.92 b46.66 ± 19.84 b94.82 ± 34.82 c
S-----
TotalFS2955.02 ± 1,048.70 a3911.04 ± 1,168.50 a45501.37 ± 3,698.29 a11628.10 ± 3,767.71 a12409.38 ± 4,052.19 a
S880.66 ± 271.37 a1094.05 ± 430.07 a2753.88 ± 1,148.10 a1021.98 ± 370.72 a1073.65 ± 351.82 a
FlavanolsQuercetin galloyl hexoside 1FS1.30 ± 0.31 a1.83 ± 0.32 a4.64 ± 1.91 a11.58 ± 2.91 ab19.59 ± 3.49 b
S-----
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2FS0.47 ± 0.16 a1.15 ± 0.11 a1.28 ± 0.25 a11.29 ± 3.31 b18.16 ± 5.36 c
S-----
Quercetin-3-rutinosideFS3.00 ± 0.82 a5.90 ± 2.58 a6.59 ± 3.28 a54.20 ± 20.12 b55.04 ± 23.59 b
S41.41 ± 27.05 a7.48 ± 3.17 a25.32 ± 7.31 a1.71 ± 0.73 a3.10 ± 0.32 a
Quercetin-3-galactosideFS4.01 ± 1.45 a24.63 ± 2.67 b17.86 ± 3.02 ab42.85 ± 25.98 c18.08 ± 3.66 ab
S27.95 ± 13.64 a18.84 ± 2.38 a27.20 ± 10.97 a20.98 ± 10.47 a42.11 ± 27.04 a
Quercetin-3-glucosideFS3.77 ± 0.36 a23.19 ± 2.46 a10.26 ± 1.39 a215.75 ± 124.74 b16.66 ± 7.22 a
S-----
Kaempferol hexoside 1FS0.25 ± 0.02 a1.47 ± 0.16 a0.65 ± 0.09 a16.05 ± 8.16 b5.11 ± 3.51 a
S3.06 ± 0.87 a2.38 ± 0.65 a2.08 ± 0.71 a3.16 ± 1.25 a1.53 ± 0.56 a
Kaempferol hexoside 2FS-----
S0.68 ± 0.32 a0.28 ± 0.09 a0.27 ± 0.11 a0.31 ± 0.15 a0.51 ± 0.14 a
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1FS4.27 ± 2.49 a14.55 ± 6.21 a98.34 ± 9.59 ab28.39 ± 9.92 a163.59 ± 30.02 b
S-----
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 2FS16.96 ± 2.45 a17.04 ± 1.28 a69.32 ± 13.22 a322.74 ± 104.80 b265.37 ± 145.39 b
S-----
Quercetin-3-glucuronideFS5.68 ± 2.02 a13.77 ± 1.21 a93.04 ± 12.50 be28.43 ± 14.36 ab140.96 ± 60.34 c
S21.26 ± 12.89 a3.12 ± 0.57 b22.71 ± 10.52 a0.29 ± 0.12 c0.32 ± 0.14 c
Quercetin-3-arabinopyranosideFS0.003 ± 0.001 a0.01 ± 0.001 a0.06 ± 0.01 ab0.02 ± 0.01 a0.13 ± 0.04 b
S0.77 ± 0.09 a0.13 ± 0.02 a0.94 ± 0.45 a0.01 ± 0.004 a0.003 ± 0.001 a
Quercetin-3-arabinofuranosideFS0.57 ± 0.25 a0.97 ± 0.23 a0.75 ± 0.16 a4.91 ± 0.96 b2.36 ± 0.69 ab
S1.54 ± 0.31 b0.96 ± 0.17 ab0.84 ± 0.41 ab0.76 ± 0.48 ab0.27 ± 0.09 a
Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosideFS0.31 ± 1.20 a0.79 ± 0.06 b0.29 ± 0.05 a0.31 ± 0.04 a0.72 ± 0.19 ab
S1.26 ± 0.20 ac1.58 ± 0.14b c0.62 ± 0.29 a1.85 ± 0.29 c0.71 ± 0.17 ab
Isorhanmetin-3-hexosideFS0.52 ± 0.12 a1.25 ± 0.11 ab1.20a ± 0.12 b2.61 ± 0.36 b4.44 ± 1.54 c
S0.21 ± 0.03 a0.32 ± 0.03 a0.13 ± 0.06 a0.32 ± 0.06 a0.25 ± 0.06 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 1FS4.28 ± 1.20 a6.15 ± 1.45 a4.78 ± 1.03 a244.12 ± 120.95 a34.07 ± 16.96 a
S7.58 ± 1.19 a5.88 ± 2.00 a8.41 ± 5.20 a4.59 ± 2.41 a2.26 ± 0.31 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 2FS3.98 ± 1.21 a10.80 ± 0.87 ab3.94 ± 0.69 a4.99 ± 0.89 a22.64 ± 7.04 b
S0.19 ± 0.03 a0.07 ± 0.01 a0.25 ± 0.14 a0.07 ± 0.02 a0.24 ± 0.02 a
Quercetin-3-rhamnosideFS7.36 ± 1.23 a15.89 ± 1.38 a15.31 ± 1.52 a25.60 ± 6.10 ab47.39 ± 12.41 b
S-----
Quercetin-acetylhexosideFS0.36 ± 0.06 ab0.78 ± 0.06 b0.29 ± 0.05 a0.32 ± 0.03 a0.46 ± 0.18 ab
S0.05 ± 0.009 a0.10 ± 0.05 a0.11 ± 0.06 a0.02 ± 0.006 a0.19 ± 0.07 a
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 1FS0.28 ± 0.06 a0.52 ± 0.04 a0.19 ± 0.03 a0.62 ± 0.33 a0.39 ± 0.08a
S-----
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 2FS0.29 ± 0.09 a0.48 ± 0.03 a1.43 ± 0.64 a1.07 ± 0.25 a4.22 ± 0.84 b
S-----
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 3FS0.01 ± 0.006 a0.51 ± 0.09 ab1.02 ± 0.79 ab2.29 ± 0.52 b1.91 ± 0.25 ab
S-----
Quercetin-3-xylosideFS8.28 ± 3.96 a8.11 ± 2.96 a32.97 ± 4.56 a165.21 ± 16.67 b144.23 ± 28.71 b
S3.28 ± 0.57 a1.51 ± 0.11 a2.47 ± 0.39 a3.52 ± 0.95 a13.95 ± 0.79 a
TotalFS65.95 ± 19.47 a149.79 ± 24.28 a364.21 ± 54.90 ab1210.35 ± 461.41 b947.52 ± 351.51 ab
S109.24 ± 57.02 a42.65 ± 9.39 a91.35 ± 36.51 a37.59 ± 16.94 a65.20 ± 29.71 a
FlavonesApigenin derivative 1FS0.56 ± 0.07 a3.57 ± 1.52 a4.87 ± 2.36 a38.19 ± 18.17 a29.6 ± 3.47 a
S2.21 ± 0.24 a1.17 ± 0.09 a1.69 ± 0.66 a1.29 ± 0.62 a2.57 ± 0.48 a
Apigenin derivative 2FS0.003 ± 0 a0.001 ± 0.0001 a0.002 ± 0.001 a0.02 ± 0.016 a0.01 ± 0.003 a
S-----
TotalFS0.56 ± 0.07 a3.57 ± 1.52 ab4.87 ± 2.36 ab38.21 ± 18.12 b29.61 ± 3.47 ab
S2.21 ± 0.24 a1.17 ± 0.09 a1.69 ± 0.66 a1.29 ± 0.62 a2.57 ± 0.48 a
DihydrochalconePhloridzinFS117.31 ± 29.81 a140.04 ± 9.59 a414.87 ± 186.71 a261.26 ± 52.16 a964.13 ± 33.32 b
S-----

The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R_ pendulina and its cultivars ‘Bourgogne’, ‘Harstad’ and ‘Mount Everest’_

Phenolic groupCompound R. pendulina‘Bourgogne’‘Harstad’‘Mount Everest’
HBAGallic acidFS41.39 ± 1.86 b8.69 ± 3.02 a42.32 ± 11.85 b14.91 ± 5.58 ab
S5.35 ± 2.05 b0.95 ± 0.14 a5.22 ± 2.54 b2.12 ± 0.97 ab
Galloylquinic acidFS1546.56 ± 295.70 b536.17 ± 97.03 a1276.72 ± 237.38 ab520.65 ± 177.1 a
S965.58 ± 399.87 b224.65 ± 90.54 a926.54 ± 416.02 b254.54 ± 88.98 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 1FS0.74 ± 0.28 a0.53 ± 0.11 a0.95 ± 0.44 a1.19 ± 0.44 a
S2.36 ± 1.65 a2.75 ± 1.03 a2.98 ± 0.98 a3.41 ± 1.54 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 2FS2.78 ± 1.13 a0.84 ± 0.28 a0.71 ± 0.08 a1.38 ± 0.58 a
S3.21 ± 1.19 a1.03 ± 0.58 a0.78 ± 0.33 a1.95 ± 0.65 a
Taxifolin pentoside 1FS0.64 ± 0.31 a2.37 ± 1.00 a1.07 ± 0.46 a4.43 ± 1.52 a
S----
Taxifolin pentoside 2FS0.18 ± 0.09 a0.01 ± 0.005 a0.11 ± 0.04 a0.05 ± 0.03 a
S----
Taxifolin pentoside 3FS0.81 ± 0.56 a0.003 ± 0.002 a0.22 ± 0.12 a0.07 ± 0.06 a
S----
TotalFS1593.10 ± 299.93 b548.61 ± 101.45 a1322.1 ± 250.37 ab542.68 ± 185.32 a
S976.50 ± 404.76 b229.38 ± 92.29 a935.52 ± 419.87 b262.02 ± 92.14 a
HCAp-coumaric acid hexoside 1FS0.39 ± 0.30 a0.47 ± 0.36 a0.93 ± 1.31 b0.54 ± 0.21 a
S----
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2FS3.83 ± 0.01 a1.83 ± 0.12 a3.94 ± 0.07 a1.34 ± 0.05 a
S0.92 ± 0.54 a0.41 ± 0.12 a0.87 ± 0.25 a0.35 ± 0.18 a
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1FS19.98 ± 3.94 a23.43 ± 8.31 a77.49 ± 12.16 b21.73 ± 2.93 a
S----
Sinapic acid hexoside 1FS5.87 ± 1.19 a16.08 ± 6.43 a13.89 ± 1.77 a3.21 ± 0.78a
S----
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2FS385.29 ± 9.49 a544.57 ± 210.33 a1530.40 ± 153.76 b345.58 ± 62.90 a
S60.54 ± 22.54 a71.02 ± 24.48 ab96.21 ± 30.54 b59.68 ± 19.88 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1FS11.28 ± 0.89 a5.39 ± 2.39 a11.60 ± 3.86 a3.96 ± 0.61 a
S2.41 ± 1.09 a1.02 ± 0.35 a2.39 ± 1.06 a0.87 ± 0.25 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2FS134.72 ± 64.05 a51.39 ± 27.75 a170.22 ± 20.47 a155.41 ± 28.42 a
S----
3-p-coumaroylquinic acidFS0.62 ± 0.01 a0.87 ± 0.21 a2.15 ± 0.48 b0.59 ± 0.07 a
S0.22 ± 0.04 a0.13 ± 0.03 a0.24 ± 0.09 a0.21 ± 0.07 a
TotalFS561.98 ± 79.88 a644.03 ± 255.90 a1810.62 ± 193.82 b532.36 ± 95.97 a
S64.39 ± 24.21 a72.58 ± 24.98 a99.71 ± 31.94 b61.11 ± 20.38 a
GallotanninsDigalloyl hexoside 1FS1.83 ± 0.62 a0.55 ± 0.13 a1.81 ± 0.53 a0.83 ± 0.29 a
S5.21 ± 1.09 b1.32 ± 0.98 a5.42 ± 1.09 b2.06 ± 0.98 a
Digalloyl hexoside 2FS39.45 ± 25.48 a32.33 ± 12.25 a33.23 ± 14.51 a14.57 ± 5.92 a
S0.19 ± 0.02 a0.21 ± 0.07 a0.17 ± 0.04 a0.09 ± 0.01 a
Methyl gallate hexosideFS182.98 ± 62.35 a55.22 ± 12.75 a181.00 ± 53.07 a82.73 ± 29.64 a
S22.35 ± 11.45 a12.47 ± 2.54 a21.98 ± 9.87 a18.54 ± 9.42 a
Digalloylquinic acid 1FS121.06 ± 4.10 a179.34 ± 42.58a353.12 ± 53.33 b153.17 ± 18.24 a
S9.21 ± 4.87 a9.05 ± 2.01 a13.41 ± 5.87 a8.96 ± 3.06 a
TotalFS345.32 ± 36.55 a267.44 ± 67.71 a569.16 ± 121.44 b251.30 ± 82.80 a
S36.96 ± 17.43 a23.05 ± 5.6 a40.98 ± 16.87 a29.65 ± 13.47 a
EllagitanninsdiHHDP hexoside 1FS164.32 ± 102.03 a145.59 ± 72.46 a198.98 ± 60.19 a165.69 ± 36.38 a
S32.21 ± 13.36 a32.01 ± 18.54 a31.85 ± 16.36 a30.58 ± 18.25 a
diHHDP hexoside 2FS----
S2.15 ± 1.03 a2.32 ± 0.98 a2.06 ± 0.95 a1.98 ± 0.78 a
Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3FS----
S0.75 ± 0.19 a0.59 ± 0.14 a0.71 ± 0.26 a0.69 ± 0.24 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1FS311.37 ± 24.49 a149.01 ± 66.03 a320.38 ± 106.58 a109.35 ± 16.93 a
S2.21 ± 0.95 a1.15 ± 0.98 a2.34 ± 1.09 a0.98 ± 0.36 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2FS19.68 ± 0.48 a27.82 ± 10.74 a78.17 ± 7.85 b17.65 ± 3.21 a
S3.54 ± 1.09 a3.88 ± 1.06 a5.98 ± 2.44 a3.65 ± 1.98 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3FS----
S0.39 ± 0.11 a0.52 ± 0.12 a0.63 ± 0.26 a0.38 ± 0.14 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1FS1.69 ± 0.13 a0.81 ± 0.36 a1.74 ± 0.58 a0.59 ± 0.09 a
S0.44 ± 0.19 b0.24 ± 0.09 a0.46 ± 0.12 b0.12 ± 0.06 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2FS117.63 ± 28.61 b54.69 ± 13.75 ab110.83 ± 1.39 ab43.22 ± 7.39 a
S15.36 ± 5.56 a12.06 ± 3.65 a15.88 ± 4.87 a11.98 ± 3.54 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 3FS16.90 ± 4.55 a16.86 ± 5.05 a13.86 ± 3.90 a7.84 ± 3.92 a
S----
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1FS22.34 ± 0.49 a31.51 ± 7.65 a77.76 ± 17.33 b21.48 ± 2.47 a
S----
TotalFS653.93 ± 160.78 a426.29 ± 176.04 a731.72 ± 197.82 a365.82 ± 70.39 a
S57.05 ± 22.48 a52.77 ± 25.56 a59.91 ± 25.40 a50.36 ± 25.35 a

The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R_ spinosissima and its cultivars ‘Poppins’_ ‘Single Cherry’, ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ and ‘Frühlingsduft’_

Phenolic groupCompound R. spinosissima‘Poppins’‘Single Cherry’‘Frühlingsmorgen’‘Frühlingsduft’
HBAGallic acidFS-----
S45.63 ± 7.62 ab116.41 ± 10.69 be190.84 ± 37.33 c40.16 ± 22.95 ab2.41 ± 0.73 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 1FS4.64 ± 1.33 a11.31 ± 3.54 ab12.64 ± 5.45 ab101.02 ± 38.43 be165.95 ± 99.92 c
S13.30 ± 3.25 a4.13 ± 0.84 a7.62 ± 3.95 a3.51 ± 1.94 a12.27 ± 2.39 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 2FS1.58 ± 0.36 a2.66 ± 0.96 a6.50 ± 3.41 ab16.23 ± 5.95 be22.61 ± 9.62 c
S1.63 ± 0.46 ab0.67 ± 0.28 ab2.27 ± 0.66 b0.17 ± 0.06 a0.24 ± 0.05 a
Taxifolin pentoside 1FS0.76 ± 0.08 a2.09 ± 0.65 a2.34 ± 0.51 a19.89 ± 7.26 a180.48 ± 90.26 a
S-----
Taxifolin pentoside 2FS23.98 ± 6.29 a9.46 ± 3.45 a38.48 ± 9.32 a189.33 ± 94.49 b157.66 ± 99.92 b
S-----
Taxifolin pentoside 3FS0.23 ± 0.02 a0.27 ± 0.21 a0.68 ± 0.45 ab1.64 ± 0.32 be2.21 ± 0.65 c
S-----
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1FS-----
S0.05 ± 0.01 a0.09 ± 0.01 ab0.04 ± 0.02 a0.16 ± 0.07 b0.04 ± 0.01 a
TotalFS31.19 ± 8.08 a25.79 ± 8.81 a60.64 ± 19.14 a328.11 ± 146.45 a528.91 ± 300.37 a
S60.61 ± 11.34 ab121.30 ± 11.82 be200.77 ± 41.96 c44.00 ± 25.02 ab14.96 ± 3.18 a
HCAp-coumaric acid hexoside 1FS2.69 ± 0.48 a9.50 ± 1.02 a20.45 ± 2.03 ab35.85 ± 8.12 b20.27 ± 4.16 ab
S45.21 ± 14.87 ab319.09 ± 101.19 c534.79 ± 178.29 d30.0 ± 4.68 a214.55 ± 89.81 be
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2FS0.22 ± 0.06 a0.59 ± 0.19 a0.71 ± 0.06 a2.03 ± 0.29 b4.44 ± 0.52 c
S-----
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1FS16.55 ± 2.48 a74.29 ± 22.89 ab81.14 ± 22.79 ab148.15 ± 26.08 be231.59 ± 96.91 c
S141.85 ± 52.09 a159.43 ± 93.72 a286.42 ± 109.12 a20.0 ± 8.11 b10.56 ± 2.59 b
Sinapic acid hexoside 1FS94.42 ± 22.52 a137.39 ± 36.89 a527.15 ± 32.37 a1415.02 ± 285.19 b1430.98 ± 290.65 b
S-----
Sinapic acid hexoside 2FS35.26 ± 16.18 a55.63 ± 21.07 a100.11 ± 25.38 a298.62 ± 133.19 b461.51 ± 151.52 c
S-----
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2FS15.82 ± 2.89 a9.86 ± 3.63 a57.05 ± 26.31 a216.59 ± 105.21 a618.79 ± 194.21 b
S-----
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1FS24.76 ± 9.76 a30.35 ± 11.49 a54.61 ± 18.39 a173.58 ± 99.06 b289.17 ± 138.59 c
S2.26 ± 1.80 a12.64 ± 1.81 ab32.73 ± 11.94 b21.62 ± 7.45 ab6.68 ± 1.93 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2FS3.39 ± 1.10 a9.98 ± 3.35 a12.01 ± 2.98 a32.45 ± 13.98 b74.78 ± 16.39 c
S49.72 ± 16.29 a44.78 ± 13.98 a111.23 ± 39.27 b130.25 ± 62.57 b48.42 ± 18.95 a
3-p-coumaroylquinic acidFS3.00 ± 1.34 a7.16 ± 1.25 a12.66 ± 3.36 b23.65 ± 9.12 b30.33 ± 12.68 b
S112.68 ± 38.42 a26.31 ± 14.39 a12.68 ± 2.24 a46.3 ± 11.55 a30.06 ± 9.74 a
3-feruloyquinic acidFS0.06 ± 0.04 a0.06 ± 0.01 a0.10 ± 0.02 a0.26 ± 0.19 a0.26 ± 0.19 a
S12.59 ± 4.73 a41.99 ± 15.55 bc103.78 ± 46.65 d21.59 ± 9.86 ab50.12 ± 16.04 c
Trigalloylquinic acidFS-----
S16.54 ± 5.01 a6.01 ± 1.03 a19.32 ± 4.05 a44.68 ± 14.06 a12.33 ± 3.62 a
TotalFS196.17 ± 56.85 a334.81 ± 101.79 a866.01 ± 132.57 ab2346.20 ± 680.43 ab3162.12 ± 905.82 b
S380.85 ± 133.21 a610.25 ± 241.67 a1100.93 ± 392.68 a314.64 ± 118.28 a372.72 ± 142.68 a
GallotanninsDigalloyl hexoside 1FS98.41 ± 30.47 a384.84 ± 154.38 a1347.62 ± 299.99 b261.97 ± 135.72 a237.37 ± 101.92 a
S48.89 ± 12.89 b30.90 ± 9.53 ab38.68 ± 10.39 ab93.14 ± 27.56 c0.24 ± 0.07 a
Digalloyl hexoside 2FS9.67 ± 2.49 a38.53 ± 14.59 b114.79 ± 83.03 d64.93 ± 26.12 c21.23 ± 3.29 ab
S0.19 ± 0.03 b0.14 ± 0.02 ab0.26 ± 0.05 b0.02 ± 0.01 a0.28 ± 0.05 b
Methyl gallate hexosideFS83.89 ± 27.43 a321.06 ± 138.24 b956.62 ± 225.24 d623.78 ± 243.91 c262.05 ± 151.99 b
S80.35 ± 33.89 ab68.56 ± 17.90 ab138.70 ± 38.62 b32.05 ± 13.72 a103.40 ± 40.76 ab
Digalloylquinic acid 1FS118.35 ± 35.32 a229.59 ± 60.72 a541.28 ± 139.90 be478.17 ± 162.57 b757.77 ± 158.17 c
S16.02 ± 6.33 be13.65 ± 2.42 ac24.72 ± 10.94 c2.77 ± 0.46a b0.36 ± 0.06 a
Trigalloyl hexoside 1FS-----
S9.04 ± 6.24 a46.33 ± 16.64 ab102.28 ± 29.55 b32.31 ± 10.23 ab37.44 ± 13.93 ab
Methyl gallate rutinosideFS24.54 ± 11.54 a12.87 ± 4.14 ab25.54 ± 19.81 ab35.62 ± 15.57 ab47.63 ± 28.92 b
S-----
Methyl gallate acetyl dihexosideFS-----
S0.78 ± 0.06 a1.44 ± 0.77 a1.57 ± 0.88 a0.43 ± 0.09 a1.80 ± 0.18 a
TotalFS310.56 ± 107.25 a986.89 ± 372.07 ab2985.85 ± 767.97 b1464.47 ± 583.89 ab1326.05 ± 444.29 ab
S155.27 ± 59.44 a161.02 ± 47.28 a306.21 ± 90.43 b160.72 ± 52.07 a143.52 ± 55.05 a
EllagitanninsdiHHDP hexoside 1FS33.66 ± 13.29 a188.89 ± 90.49 a846.22 ± 253.33 b435.35 ± 159.26 ab634.66 ± 191.70 b
S40.77 ± 16.33 a337.86 ± 120.95 b485.41 ± 247.12 c32.91 ± 15.96 a241.32 ± 90.27 b
diHHDP hexoside 2FS42.46 ± 14.76 a55.25 ± 19.97 a136.65 ± 40.17 b179.10 ± 85.64 b54.21 ± 16.94 a
S38.71 ± 16.98 a97.55 ± 28.32 ab605.36 ± 379.67 c38.69 ± 14.04 a273.86 ± 169.35 b
Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3FS35.79 ± 19.31 a37.15 ± 12.54 a53.01 ± 19.05 ab46.18 ± 13.54 a78.35 ± 23.05 b
S6.39 ± 2.41 a9.21 ± 3.46 ab16.48 ± 5.03 b1.84 ± 0.95 a1.03 ± 0.72 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1FS7.33 ± 2.44 a33.27 ± 13.59 a71.58 ± 27.10 a71.87 ± 20.03 a321.05 ± 170.33 a
S-----
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2FS11.23 ± 4.57 a27.74 ± 18.95 a154.36 ± 69.02 b378.43 ± 142.98 c193.66 ± 77.44 b
S-----
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3FS118.09 ± 65.51 a75.95 ± 26.21 a439.26 ± 180.54 b372.92 ± 126.87 b499.12 ± 30.39 b
S-----
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1FS4.72 ± 1.21 a11.29 ± 3.79 a13.59 ± 6.11 a39.93 ± 12.63 b84.93 ± 27.16 c
S-----
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2FS8.72 ± 2.96 a11.31 ± 4.67 a36.79 ± 11.32 a273.38 ± 93.95 b465.07 ± 138.81 c
S-----
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1FS6.27 ± 1.49 a17.90 ± 3.12 a31.70 ± 15.61 ab50.35 ± 18.36 be74.96 ± 26.59 c
S200.52 ± 94.90 ab289.23 ± 104.96 b1261.13 ± 427.95 c30.93 ± 13.67 ab1.07 ± 0.09 a
TotalFS268.27 ± 125.54 a458.75 ± 193.33 a1783.16 ± 622.25 ab1847.51 ± 673.26 ab2406.01 ± 672.02 b
S286.39 ± 130.62 a733.85 ± 257.69 ab2368.38 ± 1,059.77 b104.37 ± 44.62 a517.28 ± 260.43 ab

Origin data for cultivars used in this study_

CultivarSpecies of the originBreeding companyYear of origin
‘Violacea’R. gallicaUnknown (The Netherlands)1795
‘Splendens’R. gallicaUnknown1583
‘Poppius’R. spinosissimaStenberg (Sweden)1872
‘Fruhlingsduft’R. spinosissimaKordes (Germany)1941
‘Fruhlingsmorgen’R. spinosissimaKordes (Germany)1941
‘Single Cherry’R. spinosissimaUnknown1962
‘Harstad’R. pendulinaUnknownUnknown (old variety)
‘Mount Everest’R. pendulinaInterplant (The Netherlands)1956
‘Bourgogne’R. pendulinaInterplant (The Netherlands)1983

Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R_ pendulina and its cultivars ‘Bourgogne’, ‘Harstad’ and ‘Mount Everest’_

Phenolic groupCompound R. pendulina‘Bourgogne’‘Harstad’‘Mount Everest’
FlavanolsProcyanidin dimer 1FS310.01 ± 75.40 b144.13 ± 36.23 ab292.10 ± 3.69 ab113.91 ± 19.50 a
S37.36 ± 19.35 b23.57 ± 6.37 a36.98 ± 10.32 b25.87 ± 8.97 a
Procyanidin dimer 2FS464.64 ± 16.49 a541.56 ± 140.95 a1092.39 ± 80.22 b637.15 ± 60.55 a
S85.25 ± 21.74 a85.99 ± 25.41 a94.65 ± 25.74 a91.54 ± 19.74 a
Procyanidin dimer 3FS86.26 ± 17.60 a236.45 ± 94.54 a204.15 ± 26.07 a47.26 ± 11.52 a
S6.98 ± 2.14 a19.87 ± 7.04 b18.47 ± 8.32 b4.87 ± 1.09 a
Procyanidin dimer 4FS515.49 ± 11.38 a759.49 ± 190.75 a2225.28 ± 465.77 b467.26 ± 75.16 a
S57.05 ± 31.98 a57.98 ± 24.78 a90.25 ± 38.76 b56.98 ± 27.89 a
Procyanidin trimer 1FS78.07 ± 1.73 a110.11 ± 26.71 a271.74 ± 60.57 b75.05 ± 8.63 a
S22.54 ± 7.63 a45.77 ± 19.87 ab97.87 ± 31.08 b21.98 ± 9.51 a
Procyanidin trimer 2FS275.79 ± 54.37 a323.43 ± 114.76 a1069.74 ± 167.93 b299.96 ± 40.41 a
S11.98 ± 3.15 a12.15 ± 3.98 a22.54 ± 12.45 a12.04 ± 5.78 a
Procyanidin trimer 3FS16.18 ± 0.36 a23.84 ± 5.99 a69.85 ± 14.62 b14.67 ± 2.36 a
S87.54 ± 39.87 a85.66 ± 34.65 a103.21 ± 45.21 a88.54 ± 30.01 a
EpicatechinFS65.13 ± 6.45 a78.48 ± 24.84 a218.32 ± 18.33 b48.84 ± 8.85 a
S25.77 ± 11.54 a22.54 ± 9.78 a44.74 ± 15.87 a22.87 ± 9.87 a
CatechinFS698.19 ± 1.55 a98.47 ± 23.89 a243.02 ± 54.16 b67.11 ± 7.72 a
S23.45 ± 9.36 b4.87 ± 1.06 a12.54 ± 3.25 b2.54 ± 1.21 a
PA dimer diglycosideFS217.12 ± 50.35 a139.65 ± 48.92 a232.51 ± 143.72 a92.21 ± 16.37 a
S27.54 ± 12.41 b19.87 ± 9.24 b26.98 ± 12.75 b12.54 ± 6.87 a
Dimer PA monogallate 1FS20.62 ± 0.46 a30.38 ± 7.63 a89.01 ± 18.63 b18.69 ± 3.01 a
S3.05 ± 1.39 a5.98 ± 1.03 a12.87 ± 3.19 b1.89 ± 0.97 a
Dimer PA monogallate 2FS22.55 ± 1.77 a10.79 ± 4.78 a23.21 ± 7.72 a7.92 ± 1.23 a
S0.45 ± 0.10 b0.36 ± 0.08 b0.57 ± 0.14 b0.19 ± 0.04 a
TotalFS2770.05 ± 237.90 a2496.78 ± 719.99 a6031.32 ± 1,061.43 b1890.03 ± 255.31 a
S388.87 ± 160.68 a384.61 ± 143.29 a561.67 ± 207.08 b341.85 ± 121.95 a
FlavonolsQuercetin galloyl hexoside 1FS0.29 ± 0.11 a0.20 ± 0.04 a0.37 ± 0.17 a0.46 ± 0.17 a
S0.78 ± 0.35 a0.82 ± 0.24 a0.98 ± 0.37 a1.25 ± 0.94 a
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2FS2.65 ± 1.07 a0.80 ± 0.27 a0.68 ± 0.08 a1.31 ± 0.55 a
S5.98 ± 2.14 b1.59 ± 0.75 a1.63 ± 0.64 a3.88 ± 1.07 b
Quercetin-3-rutinosideFS2.49 ± 1.01 a0.75 ± 0.25 a0.64 ± 0.07 a1.24 ± 0.52 a
S0.51 ± 0.16 b0.14 ± 0.04 a0.12 ± 0.05 a0.23 ± 0.09 ab
Quercetin-3-galactosideFS10.97 ± 3.37 ab0.65 ± 0.22 a19.30 ± 3.44 b8.09 ± 6.40 ab
S3.54 ± 1.04 a2.15 ± 0.97 a3.28 ± 1.01 a1.05 ± 0.07 a
Quercetin-3-glucosideFS27.26 ± 13.45 a1.83 ± 0.70 a15.70 ± 5.36 a7.22 ± 4.53 a
S7.19 ± 2.14 b1.02 ± 0.21 a5.84 ± 1.54 b3.45 ± 1.96 a
TotalFS43.66 ± 24.99 b4.23 ± 1.48 a36.69 ± 9.12 ab18.32 ± 12.17 ab
S18.00 ± 5.83 a5.72 ± 2.21 a11.85 ± 3.61 a9.86 ± 4.13 a
FlavonolsApigenin derivative 1FS1.54 ± 0.51 a0.99 ± 0.30 a2.15 ± 0.27 a2.49 ± 0.84 a
S0.31 ± 0.09 a0.12 ± 0.04 a0.67 ± 0.03 b0.72 ± 0.16 b
Apigenin derivative 2FS0.35 ± 0.13 a0.25 ± 0.05 a0.45 ± 0.21 a0.57 ± 0.21 a
S1.36 ± 0.57 a1.02 ± 0.45 a1.41 ± 0.49 a1.45 ± 0.87 a
TotalFS1.89 ± 0.64 a1.24 ± 0.35 a2.60 ± 0.48 a3.06 ± 1.05 a
S1.67 ± 0.66 a1.14 ± 0.49 a2.08 ± 0.52 a2.17 ± 1.03 a

Rose hips colour parameters of analysed rose hips_

Species and cultivarsL*a*b*C*h°
R. pendulina36.70 ± 1.64 a40.98 ± 1.22 c29.66 ± 1.91 b50.58 ± 2.04 c35.75 ± 1.17 a
‘Harstad’34.66 ± 0.69 a34.08 ± 1.08 b25.18 ± 0.87 b42.36 ± 1.35 b36.42 ± 0.37 a
‘Bourgogne’32.96 ± 2.76 a29.34 ± 1.15 ab21.38 ± 2.31 c37.00 ± 2.53 bc37.16 ± 3.62 b
‘Mount Everest’29.66 ± 1.51 a27.36 ± 1.49 a17.20 ± 2.36 a32.42 ± 2.54 a31.58 ± 1.97 a
R. spinosissima27.89 ± 2.56 b23.33 ± 1.92 b14.59 ± 1.59 b22.08 ± 3.11 b22.14 ± 0.99 a
‘Poppius’29.38 ± 2.11 b25.26 ± 2.21 b16.26 ± 3.09 b27.76 ± 4.03 b26.04 ± 1.99 ab
‘Frühlingsduft’25.08 ± 1.66 ab21.18 ± 1.14 ab15.01 ± 1.63 ab23.84 ± 1.41 ab33.46 ± 1.59 bc
‘Single Cherry’20.28 ± 0.72 a2.28 ± 1.01 a3.78 ± 0.09 a4.42 ± 0.09 a59.18 ± 2.45 c
‘Frühlingsmorgen’28.28 ± 0.74 b24.36 ± 1.60 b14.28 ± 0.42 b28.02 ± 1.51 b31.46 ± 1.13 ab
R. gallica43.38 ± 1.77 b31.9 ± 1.65 a36.84 ± 1.27 b48.13 ± 0.73 b49.18 ± 1.79 b
‘Violacea’31.96 ± 1.66 a32.08 ± 1.28 a21.76 ± 2.53 a38.94 ± 2.23 a33.68 ± 2.54 a
‘Splendens’33.78 ± 1.13 a29.59 ± 1.47 a24.20 ± 1.29 a33.33 ± 1.29 a32.90 ± 1.99 a

Average contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of cyanidin-3-glucoside in all analysed rose hips_

Species and cultivarsCyanidin-3-glucoside
R. gallica2.19 ± 0.42 a
‘Violacea’11.51 ± 3.02 b
‘Splendens’0.85 ± 0.13 a
R. spinosissima20.97 ± 3.31 a
‘Poppius’20.97 ± 3.39 a
‘Frühlingsduft’77.91 ± 10.14 a
‘Single Cherry’3090.36 ± 309.12 b
‘Frühlingsmorgen’134.31 ± 18.61 a
R. pendulina5.09 ± 0.65 a
‘Harstad’1.59 ± 0.22 a
‘Bourgogne’3.16 ± 1.60 a
‘Mount Everest’56.61 ± 17.38 b

Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R_ gallica and its cultivars ‘Violacea’ and ‘Splendens’

Phenolic groupCompound R. gallica‘Violacea’‘Splendens’
FlavanolsProcyanidin dimer 1FS3126.14 ± 752.27 a1361.77 ± 338.39 a3401.99 ± 1562.04 a
S1.27 ± 0.41 a0.53 ± 0.24 a0.32 ± 0.21 a
Procyanidin dimer 2FS896.30 ± 162.67 a704.06 ± 186.69 a776.21 ± 140.02 a
S359.41 ± 193.31 a562.13 ± 259.37 ab1137.43 ± 413.09 b
Procyanidin dimer 3FS0.003 ± 0.001 a0.004 ± 0.001 a0.005 ± 0.001 a
S0.07 ± 0.02 a0.08 ± 0.02 a0.11 ± 0.02 a
Procyanidin dimer 4FS321.68 ± 168.16 a157.21 ± 48.47 a268.21 ± 161.94 a
S13.65 ± 3.46 a16.69 ± 7.12 a17.76 ± 9.08 a
Procyanidin dimer 5FS0.25 ± 0.09 a0.39 ± 0.18 a0.33 ± 0.18 a
S---
EpicatechinFS7.70 ± 1.86 a10.52 ± 2.56 a8.93 ± 3.42 a
S---
CatechinFS195.79 ± 39.76 a276.17 ± 30.62 a631.35 ± 256.12 b
S---
Catechin hexosideFS---
S236.22 ± 57.93 a193.09 ± 64.69 a146.45 ± 74.25 a
Procyanidin trimer 1FS0.04 ± 0.02 a0.06 ± 0.02 a0.13 ± 0.09 b
S17.87 ± 5.39 a13.97 ± 3.95 a14.35 ± 3.93 a
Procyanidin trimer 2FS706.44 ± 262.14 a414.42 ± 168.13 a1985.02 ± 696.19 b
S1.06 ± 0.45 a0.83 ± 0.36 a2.19 ± 0.84 a
Procyanidin trimer 3FS14.28 ± 6.25 a18.49 ± 9.24 ab39.93 ± 23.06 b
S3.36 ± 0.84 a4.13 ± 1.41a2.64 ± 0.15 a
Procyanidin trimer 4FS621.06 ± 216.47 a652.65 ± 209.54 a437.19 ± 185.76 a
S3.94 ± 1.22 a3.43 ± 1.52 a3.92 ± 0.39 a
Procyanidin trimer 5FS1391.21 ± 487.65 a1247.21 ± 442.01 a2709.28 ± 730.14 b
S---
Procyanidin trimer 6FS22.16 ± 9.16 a31.78 ± 18.45 a50.99 ± 24.07 a
S---
Procyanidin tetramer 1FS0.88 ± 0.16 a1.53 ± 0.96 a1.81 ± 0.36 a
S---
Procyanidin tetramer 2FS0.06 ± 0.02 a0.08 ± 0.01 a0.19 ± 0.02 b
S---
Procyanidin tetramer 3FS6.99 ± 1.48 a3.42 ± 1.05 a5.84 ± 1.35 a
S---
Procyanidin tetramer 5FS242.38 ± 106.21 a221.99 ± 99.87 a312.46 ± 162.14 a
S---
Dimer PA monogallate 1FS77.65 ± 17.67 a111.36 ± 43.94 a178.68 ± 37.95 a
S65.98 ± 10.92 a65.69 ± 8.46 a63.32 ± 18.36 a
Dimer PA monogallate 2FS0.15 ± 0.05 a0.24 ± 0.11 a0.19 ± 0.05 a
S39.43 ± 15.71 a19.32 ± 15.06 a17.60 ± 4.30 a
Dimer PA monogallate 3FS---
S1.17 ± 0.51 a0.66 ± 0.34 a0.92 ± 0.49 a
PA dimer monoglycoside 1FS7874.00 ± 1,699.11 a12317.33 ± 4,413.33 a49035.33 ± 9560.51 b
S7.81 ± 2.46 a12.22 ± 5.08 ab24.72 ± 11.36 b
PA dimer monoglycoside 2FS1834.54 ± 368.39 ab842.22 ± 395.60 a3003.20 ± 627.29 b
S---
TotalFS17340.065 ± 4,299.589 a18372.908 ± 6,409.199 a62848.269 ± 14172.699 a
S750.79 ± 292.635 a892.87 ± 367.62 a1431.73 ± 536.47 a
FlavanonesNaringenin hexoside 1FS0.46 ± 0.12 a0.26 ± 0.01 b-
S0.46 ± 0.14 a0.21 ± 0.01 a0.15 ± 0.04 a
Naringenin hexoside 2FS0.30 ± 0.28 a0.44 ± 0.18 a0.33 ± 0.32 a
S0.02 ± 0.01 a0.02 ± 0.01 a0.03 ± 0.01 a
Naringenin hexoside 3FS0.005 ± 0.001 ab0.002 ± 0.001 a0.001 ± 0.001 b
S0.02 ± 0.005 a0.02 ± 0.01 a0.03 ± 0.02 a
Naringenin hexoside 4FS2.64 ± 0.06 a5.48 ± 1.15 a0.86 ± 0.03 a
S0.67 ± 0.55 a0.32 ± 0.09 a0.46 ± 0.08 a
Naringenin hexoside 5FS0.59 ± 0.18 a0.37 ± 0.13 a0.03 ± 0.01 a
S---
TotalFS3.995 ± 0.641 b6.552 ± 1.441 c1.221 ± 0.361 a
S1.17 ± 0.705 a0.47 ± 0.12 a0.67 ± 0.15 a
FlavonolesQuercetin galloyl hexoside 1FS2.09 ± 0.70 b4.44 ± 1.27 a-
S0.18 ± 0.15 a0.17 ± 0.07 a0.26 ± 0.13 a
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2FS0.59 ± 0.13 ab0.27 ± 0.14 a1.28 ± 0.34 b
S0.34 ± 0.04 a0.22 ± 0.01 a0.21 ± 0.19 a
Quercetin-3-rutinosideFS0.0006 ± 0.0002 b0.001 ± 0.0004 a-
S1.02 ± 0.44 a0.65 ± 0.19 a0.63 ± 0.38 a
Quercetin-3-galactosideFS4.48 ± 1.04 a6.40 ± 3.08 a4.75 ± 0.54 a
S0.79 ± 0.29 a2.15 ± 0.34 a2.31 ± 0.85 a
Quercetin-3-glucosideFS24.44 ± 15.15 a1.80 ± 0.29 a3.93 ± 0.49 a
S1.74 ± 0.13 b1.32 ± 0.13 ab0.77 ± 0.31 a
Kaempferol hexoside 1FS1.08 ± 0.34 a0.08 ± 0.02 a0.17 ± 0.06 a
S0.34 ± 0.15 a0.22 ± 0.07 a0.21 ± 0.13 a
Kaempferol hexoside 2FS1.01 ± 0.07 a2.22 ± 0.91 a0.35 ± 0.02 a
S9.48 ± 5.02 a22.73 ± 7.87 a9.98 ± 0.24 a
Kaempferol derivateFS0.96 ± 0.38 a0.98 ± 0.39 a0.71 ± 0.27 a
S---
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1FS1.04 ± 0.42 a0.22 ± 0.14 a0.41 ± 0.08 a
S---
Quercetin-3-glucuronideFS3.35 ± 1.35 a0.69 ± 0.46 a1.31 ± 0.25 a
S0.02 ± 0.01 a0.05 ± 0.02 a0.02 ± 0.0006 a
Quercetin-3-arabinopyranosideFS13.09 ± 2.89 a18.98 ± 9.19 a16.96 ± 4.22 a
S6.02 ± 3.79 a4.89 ± 1.95 a1.31 ± 0.56 a
Quercetin-3-arabinofuranosideFS10.85 ± 7.98 a23.99 ± 4.45 a3.82 ± 3.78 a
S1.04 ± 0.55 a2.49 ± 0.86 a1.09 ± 0.03 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 1FS0.07 ± 0.05 a0.16 ± 0.03 a0.03 ± 0.02 a
S6.31 ± 3.98 a5.12 ± 2.04 a1.38 ± 0.59 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 2FS---
S0.21 ± 0.05 a0.28 ± 0.23 a0.05 ± 0.008 a
Quercetin-3-rhamnosideFS4.71 ± 1.01 a6.85 ± 2.29 a5.22 ± 0.51 a
S0.69 ± 0.42 a1.25 ± 0.27 a0.35 ± 0.06 a
Quercetin-3-xylosideFS14.87 ± 6.19 a23.83 ± 4.19 a11.09 ± 2.69 a
S5.01 ± 1.92 a0.66 ± 0.18 a1.58 ± 0.45 a
TotalFS82.63 ± 37.70 a90.91 ± 26.71 a50.03 ± 13.27 a
S33.19 ± 16.94 a42.20 ± 14.23 a20.15 ± 3.93 a
Flavones derivative 1ApigeninFS0.05 ± 0.01 ab0.02 ± 0.01 a0.12 ± 0.03 b
S---
TotalFS0.05 ± 0.01 ab0.02 ± 0.01 a0.12 ± 0.03 b
S---
DihydrochalconePhloridzinFS78.52 ± 13.88 a97.56 ± 31.62 a78.73 ± 10.33 a

The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f_w_) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R_ gallica and its cultivars ‘Violacea’ and ‘Splendens’_

Phenolic groupCompound R. gallica‘Violacea’‘Splendens’
HBAGallic acidFS72.13 ± 11.03 ab54.78 ± 18.81 a127.40 ± 17.48 b
S---
Ellagic acid pentoside 1FS9.45 ± 3.44 a5.67 ± 2.29 a5.03 ± 2.69 a
S5.43 ± 2.03 a11.64 ± 5.39 a4.15 ± 0.18 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 2FS1.23 ± 0.37 a2.91 ± 1.37 a1.53 ± 0.24 a
S1.32 ± 0.44 a0.84 ± 0.31 a0.82 ± 0.32 a
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1FS---
S1.22 ± 0.35 a1.22 ± 0.41 a0.58 ± 0.12 a
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 2FS---
S1.26 ± 0.36 a0.78 ± 0.49 a0.47 ± 0.39 a
TotalFS82.80 ± 14.84 a63.36 ± 22.47 a134.54 ± 20.41 a
S9.23 ± 3.18 a14.48 ± 6.30 a5.44 ± 1.01 a
HCAp-coumaric acid hexoside 1FS636.74 ± 119.49 a1111.94 ± 697.73 a1314.25 ± 263.63 a
S1.45 ± 0.35 a1.57 ± 0.43 a2.15 ± 0.53 a
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2FS---
S4.66 ± 1.41 b1.28 ± 0.38 ab1.01 ± 0.35 a
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1FS6.55 ± 3.36 a53.36 ± 25.88 a23.34 ± 4.74 b
S1.02 ± 0.25 a1.26 ± 0.43 a0.80 ± 0.45 a
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2FS52.81 ± 12.72 a2.17 ± 1.04 a61.24 ± 26.61 a
S6.85 ± 2.03 a7.02 ± 1.51 a6.09 ± 3.18 a
Sinapic acid hexoside 1FS256.49 ± 55.18 a320.10 ± 103.97 a557.87 ± 116.94 a
S0.18 ± 0.05 a0.22 ± 0.08 a0.14 ± 0.07 a
Sinapic acid hexoside 2FS0.48 ± 0.11 a1.69 ± 0.71 a2.16 ± 0.45 a
S---
3-caffeoylquinic acid 1FS326.12 ± 191.43 a235.82 ± 157.48 a395.29 ± 136.67 a
S---
3-caffeoylquinic acid 2FS38.56 ± 19.27 a137.03 ± 80.39 a174.68 ± 73.67 a
S---
4-caffeoylquinic acidFS0.07 ± 0.02 a0.25 ± 0.10 a0.32 ± 0.07 a
S---
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1FS83.77 ± 32.76 a61.37 ± 26.12 a92.80 ± 44.70 a
S14.54 ± 4.33 a12.41 ± 5.61 a16.99 ± 2.61 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2FS334.81 ± 162.66 a179.39 ± 93.52 a219.31 ± 143.98 a
S3.51 ± 2.18 a1.99 ± 0.71 a2.81 ± 0.37 a
3-p-coumaroylquinic acidFS10.34 ± 1.94 a18.06 ± 7.13 a21.34 ± 9.28 a
S0.02 ± 0.008 a0.014 ± 0.006 a0.04 ± 0.001 a
4-p-coumaroylquinic acidFS26.56 ± 16.39 a36.30 ± 19.93 a30.80 ± 18.35 a
S---
TotalFS1773.30 ± 615.33 a2227.48 ± 1,214.00 a2893.40 ± 839.27 a
S32.23 ± 10.61 a25.89 ± 9.16 a30.03 ± 7.56 a
GallotanninsDigalloyl hexoside 1FS67.04 ± 22.74 a87.20 ± 36.43 a205.58 ± 146.16 a
S75.01 ± 25.98 a53.02 ± 26.18 a69.88 ± 31.97 a
Digalloyl hexoside 2FS144.73 ± 40.24 a153.85 ± 70.31 a289.52 ± 144.26 a
S97.57 ± 29.68 a44.31 ± 26.99 a97.01 ± 41.48 a
Methyl gallate hexosideFS268.34 ± 153.01 a114.97 ± 86.74 a859.74 ± 353.67 b
S166.63 ± 47.99 a61.23 ± 28.79 a167.63 ± 75.79 a
Digalloylquinic acid 1FS196.67 ± 92.76 a157.35 ± 63.74 a375.45 ± 169.14 a
S---
Trigalloyl hexoside 1FS---
S171.25 ± 51.67 a133.92 ± 37.81 a137.53 ± 37.69 a
Trigalloyl hexoside 2FS---
S4.78 ± 1.21 a5.84 ± 2.51 a6.22 ± 2.14 a
Methyl gallate rutinosideFS3.41 ± 0.15 a4.72 ± 1.95 a6.95 ± 1.49 a
S0.0004 ± 0.0 a0.0002 ± 0.0 a0.0001 ± 0.00 a
Methyl gallate acetyl dihexosideFS---
S0.82 ± 0.19 a0.81 ± 0.67 a0.39 ± 0.04 a
TotalFS680.19 ± 308.90 a518.09 ± 259.17 a1737.24 ± 814.72 a
S516.06 ± 156.72 a299.13 ± 122.95 a478.66 ± 189.11 a
EllagitanninsdiHHDP hexoside 1FS---
S299.13 ± 102.62 a60.85 ± 25.35 a102.65 ± 54.16 a
diHHDP hexoside 2FS---
S5.21 ± 1.35 a8.14 ± 3.76 ab16.48 ± 6.14 b
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1FS24.89 ± 15.08 a32.24 ± 12.85 ab69.63 ± 31.19 b
S25.34 ± 6.08 a27.36 ± 7.42 a37.45 ± 10.34 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2FS311.24 ± 116.63 a403.00 ± 210.69 ab870.41 ± 321.98 b
S12.71 ± 3.16 a15.60 ± 5.32 a9.97 ± 5.65 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3FS30.16 ± 18.36 a15.66 ± 7.79 a48.84 ± 28.06 a
S---
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1FS18.63 ± 4.75 a30.29 ± 16.74 a46.32 ± 13.75 a
S0.87 ± 0.42 a0.42 ± 0.25 a0.39 ± 0.21 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2FS---
S0.23 ± 0.14 b0.06 ± 0.01 ab0.05 ± 0.03 a
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1FS16.53 ± 6.97 a17.38 ± 4.47 a11.64 ± 4.18 a
S26.97 ± 8.14 a21.09 ± 5.96 a21.66 ± 5.93 a
HHDP galloyl hexoside 2FS---
S0.05 ± 0.02 a0.04 ± 0.02 a0.11 ± 0.02 a
TotalFS401.45 ± 161.79 a498.57 ± 252.54 a1046.84 ± 399.19 a
S370.51 ± 122.20 a72.71 ± 48.09 a188.76 ± 82.48 a
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2024-0010 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
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Language: English
Page range: 161 - 185
Submitted on: Feb 16, 2024
Accepted on: Apr 18, 2024
Published on: Jun 4, 2024
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
extraction,
HPLC,
hybrids,
phenolic compounds
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Zoology,
Ecology,
Life sciences, other

© 2024 Nina Kunc, Metka Hudina, Gregor Osterc, Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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