Figure 1.
Examples of two devices used in agricultural and horticultural research to generate MF: Viofor – patented and used first in human magnetotherapy (above), magnets (below) (Photo X. Xia and R. Hołubowicz). MF, magnetic field.
Figure 2.
Example of an experiment design for the effects of MW irrigation on plants (Figure X. Xia). MW, magnetised water.
Table 1.
A summary of positive and negative doses of MF treatment on selected cultivated crops
| Crop (genus/cultivar) | Method | Selected parameters | Positive dose | Negative dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lentil (Lens culinaris) | Seed MF treatment | Seedling growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity | 20 mT, 20 min.; 20 mT, 25 min. | 50 mT, 30 min. | Harb et al. (2021) |
| Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) FH620 | Seed MF treatment | Final emergence rate and mean germination time | 50 mT, 45 min. | 80 mT, 30 min.; 100 mT, 15 min. | Bukhari et al. (2021) |
| Lathyrus chrysanthus | Seed MF treatment | Seed germination | 125 mT, 24 h; 125 mT, 48 h | 125 mT, 72 h | Bahadir et al. (2018) |
| Soybean (Glycine max) JS-335 | Seed MF treatment | Percentage and speed of germination | 200 mT, 60 min. | 250 mT, 90 min.; 300 mT, 90 min. | Shine et al. (2011) |
| Medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis) | Seed MF treatment | Radicle length | 15 mT, 5 min. | 3 mT, 5 min.; 30 mT, 5 min. | Abdani Nasiri et al. (2018) |
| Radicle dry weight | 15 mT, 5 min.; 30 mT, 5 min. | 3 mT, 5 min. | |||
| Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Armoni | Seed MF treatment | 1000-achene weight (yield of the plants grown from MF treated seeds) | 100 mT, 10 min. | 150 mT, 10 min. | Afzal et al. (2021) |
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Alborz | Seed MW treatment (distilled water) | Seed germination | 400 mT, 30 min.; 600 mT, 30 min. (MF treatment on water sample) | 500 mT, 30 min. (MF treatment on water sample) | Massah et al. (2019) |
| Shoot length, root length and seedling vigour index | 400 mT, 30 min.; 500 mT, 30 min. (MF treatment on water sample) | 600 mT, 30 min. (MF treatment on water sample) | |||
| Mung bean (Vigna radiata) line NM94 | Seed MF treatment | Protein contents in sprouts | 10 Hz, 1500 nT ± 250 nT; 100 Hz, 1500 nT ± 250 nT (all for 5 hr o day-1 for 15 days) | 50 Hz, 1500 nT ± 250 nT (5 hr o day-1 for 15 days) | Nair et al. (2018) |
| Coffee (Coffea arabica) Catuaí Vermelho 144 | Seed MF treatment | enzyme activity - EST | 28 mT, 6 days | 10 mT, 6 days | Júnior et al. (2020) |
| Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) | Seed MF treatment | Growth parameters, protein contents and enzymes activity | 0.75 mT, 30 min o day-1, for 4 days | 1.5 mT, 30 min o day-1, for 4 days | Khaledi et al. (2019) |
| Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Accent | Seed MF treatment | Seed germination capacity | 1000 Gs, 30 min.; 1500 Gs, 30 min.; 2000 Gs, 30 min. | 2500 Gs, 30 min. | Wang et al. (2010) |
| Head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Wanfeng | Seed MF treatment | Seed germination | 1000–3500 Gs, 1–6 min. | Over 3500 Gs, over 6 min. | Cui et al. (2014) |
| Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) Xueling 1 | Seed MF treatment | enzyme activity - POD | 3000 Gs, 8 hr | 3500 Gs, 8 hr; 3500 Gs, 12 hr | Bao and Yun (2010) |
| Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Shandong Mici | Seed MF treatment | Seed germination capacity | 0.5 T (5, 10 min.); 1.0 T (5, 10 min.); 1.5 T (5, 10 min.) | 2.0 T (5, 10 min.) | Yu and Zhang (2010) |