Basal defoliation, salicylic acid and cyanocobalamin to ameliorate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of flood-irrigated ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate

Ahmed F. Abd El-Khalek; Mosaad A. El-Kenawy; Bassam E. Belal; Islam F. Hassan; Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti; Shamel M. Alam-Eldein

doi:10.2478/fhort-2023-0023

Figures & Tables

The quadrilateral cordon training system of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on shoot length (A) and leaf area (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = distilled water (control), T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at probability (p) ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on total chlorophyll (A) and carbohydrate (B) contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry set (A) and total yield (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on cluster weight (A), length (B) and compactness (C) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry weight (A), length (B), diameter (C) and firmness (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry colour (red [A], pink [B], green [C]), hue angle (D), lightness (E), and anthocyanin contents (F) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry SSC (A), TA (B), SSC/TA ratio (C) and total sugars (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation; SSC, soluble solid contents; TA, titratable acidity.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry total phenol contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

PCA showing the score plots (A, B) of the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA (n = 9), and their associated loading plots (C, D) of various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, respectively. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; PCA, principal component analysis; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Two-way HCA and heat map showing the effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 (A) and 2021 (B) seasons. Rows represent the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Columns represent the plant and fruit characteristics. Higher peak areas are coloured red, and lower peak areas are coloured green. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Weather data of Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt from November 2019 to October 2021_

Season		Temperature (°C)	Humidity (%)	Rainfall (mm · month^–1)	Wind speed (km · h^–1)	Cloud (%)	Sun (h · month^–1)	UV index
November	2019	24	57	0.0	11.2	9	358	6
November	2020	22	63	9.7	10.4	28	339	6
December	2019	18	62	12.2	13.2	23	360	5
December	2020	19	62	4.7	10.3	20	350	4
January	2020	14	70	9.6	14.0	32	349	4
January	2021	17	64	3.7	13.1	20	365	5
February	2020	16	69	9.6	12.3	32	308	4
February	2021	18	66	8.9	12.6	28	298	4
March	2020	19	63	20.6	14.7	24	345	7
March	2021	20	60	0.6	14.3	15	368	5
April	2020	23	60	0.9	13.4	16	356	7
April	2021	24	52	0.0	15.4	10	360	8
May	2020	28	51	0.6	14.3	11	367	7
May	2021	30	46	0.0	13.4	4	372	8
June	2020	30	56	0.1	13.6	8	360	8
June	2021	31	52	0.0	13.0	2	360	9
July	2020	33	63	0.0	12.6	9	372	8
July	2021	34	54	0.0	13.3	3	372	9
August	2020	33	64	0.0	12.9	5	372	8
August	2021	35	55	0.0	11.9	2	372	8
September	2020	32	65	0.0	12.2	6	359	7
September	2021	30	60	0.0	13.3	6	358	7
October	2020	28	61	14.1	11.1	11	369	6
October	2021	26	61	1.3	11.9	12	369	5

Soil and water analysis of the experimental site at Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt_

Soil depth (cm)	0–30	30–60	60–90	Water
Clay (%)	49.25	50.55	51.15	Transparency (cm)	132.5
Silt (%)	27.69	26.72	26.11	Permeability index (%)	55.64
Sand (%)	23.06	22.66	21.55	Water quality index	21.54
Texture	Clay	Clay	Clay	pH	8.27
Field capacity (%)	15.3	15.7	15.8	Total dissolved salts (mg · L^–1)	204.9
Permanent wilting point (%)	7.4	7.6	7.7	EC (μmhos · cm^–1)	558.8
pH (1:2.5 extract)	7.7	7.11	7.11	O₂ (%)	95.8
Organic material (%)	2.3	0.55	0.35	CaCO₃ (mg · L^–1)	100.6
EC (dS · m^–1) [1:5 extract]	0.61	0.61	0.61	HCO₃^– (mg · L^–1)	159.5
CaCO₃ (%)	1.83	1.41	1.88	CO₃^2– (mg · L^–1)	7.0
HCO₃^– (meq · 100 g^–1)	0.30	0.37	0.40	SO4^2- (mg · L^–1)	15.13
CO₃^2– (meq · 100 g^–1)	0.0	0.0	0.0	SiO₂ (mg · L^–1)	1.21
SO₄^2– (meq · 100 g^–1)	3.17	4.04	4.13	Cl^– (mg · L^–1)	32.4
Cl- (meq · 100 g^–1)	0.96	0.98	1.08	Na⁺ (mg · L^–1)	29.2
Na⁺ (meq · 100 g^–1)	0.48	0.66	1.42	Ca²⁺ (mg · L^–1)	27.8
Ca²⁺ (meq · 100 g^–1)	0.80	0.20	1.25	Mg²⁺ (mg · L^–1)	14.7
Mg²⁺ (meq · 100 g^–1)	0.33	0.97	1.16	N (mg · L^–1)	1.56
N (mg · kg^–1)	32	24	18	P (mg · L^–1)	0.094
P (mg · kg^–1)	13	22	13	K (mg · L^–1)	8.81
K (mg · kg^–1)	271	240	230	Fe (mg · L^–1)	0.23
Fe (mg · kg^–1)	2.48	2.21	2.11	Mn (mg · L^–1)	0.005
Mn (mg · kg^–1)	4.10	3.50	3.21	Zn (mg · L^–1)	0.60
Zn (mg · kg^–1)	1.18	0.61	0.51	Cu (mg · L^–1)	0.018
Cu (mg · kg^–1)	4.24	2.10	0.75	Co (mg · L^–1)	1.56
				Pb (mg · L^–1)	0.77
				B (mg · L^–1)	0.03
				Mo (mg · L^–1)	0.009
				Al (mg · L^–1)	0.03
				Ni (mg · L^–1)	0.014
				Se (mg · L^–1)	0.021
				As (mg · L^–1)	0.044
				V (mg · L^–1)	0.014

Basal defoliation, salicylic acid and cyanocobalamin to ameliorate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of flood-irrigated ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate

Figures & Tables

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Weather data of Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt from November 2019 to October 2021_

Soil and water analysis of the experimental site at Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt_

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