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Basal defoliation, salicylic acid and cyanocobalamin to ameliorate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of flood-irrigated ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate Cover

Basal defoliation, salicylic acid and cyanocobalamin to ameliorate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of flood-irrigated ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate

Folia Horticulturae
Volume 35 (2023): Issue 2 (December 2023)
By:
Open Access
|Dec 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

The quadrilateral cordon training system of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines.
The quadrilateral cordon training system of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines.

Figure 2.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on shoot length (A) and leaf area (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = distilled water (control), T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at probability (p) ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on shoot length (A) and leaf area (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = distilled water (control), T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at probability (p) ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 3.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on total chlorophyll (A) and carbohydrate (B) contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on total chlorophyll (A) and carbohydrate (B) contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 4.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry set (A) and total yield (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry set (A) and total yield (B) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 5.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on cluster weight (A), length (B) and compactness (C) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on cluster weight (A), length (B) and compactness (C) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 6.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry weight (A), length (B), diameter (C) and firmness (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry weight (A), length (B), diameter (C) and firmness (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 7.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry colour (red [A], pink [B], green [C]), hue angle (D), lightness (E), and anthocyanin contents (F) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry colour (red [A], pink [B], green [C]), hue angle (D), lightness (E), and anthocyanin contents (F) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 8.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry SSC (A), TA (B), SSC/TA ratio (C) and total sugars (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation; SSC, soluble solid contents; TA, titratable acidity.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry SSC (A), TA (B), SSC/TA ratio (C) and total sugars (D) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation; SSC, soluble solid contents; TA, titratable acidity.

Figure 9.

Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry total phenol contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on berry total phenol contents of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Values are the means of three replicates (n = 9) ± SD. Means with the same letters in each season are insignificantly different at p ≤ 0.05 using Tukey’s HSD test. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 10.

PCA showing the score plots (A, B) of the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA (n = 9), and their associated loading plots (C, D) of various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, respectively. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; PCA, principal component analysis; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
PCA showing the score plots (A, B) of the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA (n = 9), and their associated loading plots (C, D) of various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, respectively. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; PCA, principal component analysis; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 11.

Two-way HCA and heat map showing the effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 (A) and 2021 (B) seasons. Rows represent the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Columns represent the plant and fruit characteristics. Higher peak areas are coloured red, and lower peak areas are coloured green. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.
Two-way HCA and heat map showing the effect of BD alone or combined with FS of either SA or CCA on various ‘Crimson Seedless’ plant and fruit characteristics during the 2020 (A) and 2021 (B) seasons. Rows represent the treatments: T1 = control, T2 = BDPB, T3 = BDPB + 200 mg · L–1 SA, T4 = BDPB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA, T5 = BDFB, T6 = BDFB + 200 mg · L–1 SA and T7 = BDFB + 20 mg · L–1 CCA. Columns represent the plant and fruit characteristics. Higher peak areas are coloured red, and lower peak areas are coloured green. BD, basal defoliation; BDFB, basal defoliation at full bloom; BDPB, basal defoliation at pre-bloom; CCA, cyanocobalamin; FS, foliar spray; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HSD, honestly significant difference; SA, salicylic acid; SD, standard deviation.

Weather data of Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt from November 2019 to October 2021_

SeasonTemperature (°C)Humidity (%)Rainfall (mm · month–1)Wind speed (km · h–1)Cloud (%)Sun (h · month–1)UV index
November201924570.011.293586
202022639.710.4283396
December2019186212.213.2233605
202019624.710.3203504
January202014709.614.0323494
202117643.713.1203655
February202016699.612.3323084
202118668.912.6282984
March2020196320.614.7243457
202120600.614.3153685
April202023600.913.4163567
202124520.015.4103608
May202028510.614.3113677
202130460.013.443728
June202030560.113.683608
202131520.013.023609
July202033630.012.693728
202134540.013.333729
August202033640.012.953728
202135550.011.923728
September202032650.012.263597
202130600.013.363587
October2020286114.111.1113696
202126611.311.9123695

Soil and water analysis of the experimental site at Al-Baramon, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt_

Soil depth (cm)0–3030–6060–90Water
Clay (%)49.2550.5551.15Transparency (cm)132.5
Silt (%)27.6926.7226.11Permeability index (%)55.64
Sand (%)23.0622.6621.55Water quality index21.54
TextureClayClayClaypH8.27
Field capacity (%)15.315.715.8Total dissolved salts (mg · L–1)204.9
Permanent wilting point (%)7.47.67.7EC (μmhos · cm–1)558.8
pH (1:2.5 extract)7.77.117.11O2 (%)95.8
Organic material (%)2.30.550.35CaCO3 (mg · L–1)100.6
EC (dS · m–1) [1:5 extract]0.610.610.61HCO3– (mg · L–1)159.5
CaCO3 (%)1.831.411.88CO32– (mg · L–1)7.0
HCO3– (meq · 100 g–1)0.300.370.40SO42- (mg · L–1)15.13
CO32– (meq · 100 g–1)0.00.00.0SiO2 (mg · L–1)1.21
SO42– (meq · 100 g–1)3.174.044.13Cl– (mg · L–1)32.4
Cl- (meq · 100 g–1)0.960.981.08Na+ (mg · L–1)29.2
Na+ (meq · 100 g–1)0.480.661.42Ca2+ (mg · L–1)27.8
Ca2+ (meq · 100 g–1)0.800.201.25Mg2+ (mg · L–1)14.7
Mg2+ (meq · 100 g–1)0.330.971.16N (mg · L–1)1.56
N (mg · kg–1)322418P (mg · L–1)0.094
P (mg · kg–1)132213K (mg · L–1)8.81
K (mg · kg–1)271240230Fe (mg · L–1)0.23
Fe (mg · kg–1)2.482.212.11Mn (mg · L–1)0.005
Mn (mg · kg–1)4.103.503.21Zn (mg · L–1)0.60
Zn (mg · kg–1)1.180.610.51Cu (mg · L–1)0.018
Cu (mg · kg–1)4.242.100.75Co (mg · L–1)1.56
Pb (mg · L–1)0.77
B (mg · L–1)0.03
Mo (mg · L–1)0.009
Al (mg · L–1)0.03
Ni (mg · L–1)0.014
Se (mg · L–1)0.021
As (mg · L–1)0.044
V (mg · L–1)0.014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0023 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 307 - 332
Submitted on: Nov 29, 2022
Accepted on: Jul 26, 2023
Published on: Dec 31, 2023
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 times per year
Keywords:
anthocyanins,
colour,
firmness,
irrigation,
phenols,
photosynthesis
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Zoology,
Ecology,
Life sciences, other

© 2023 Ahmed F. Abd El-Khalek, Mosaad A. El-Kenawy, Bassam E. Belal, Islam F. Hassan, Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti, Shamel M. Alam-Eldein, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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