Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
The physical property determination methods_
| Physical properties | Calculation formula |
|---|---|
| Weight capacity (g · cm–3) | (W2–W1)/V |
| Total porosity (%) | (W3–W2)/V × 100% |
| Ventilation porosity (%) | (W3–W4)/V × 100% |
| Water-holding porosity (%) | (W4–W2)/V × 100% |
| Air-to-water ratio | Ventilation porosity (%)/Water-holding porosity (%) |
The physicochemical substrate properties used to optimise the mushroom waste percentage_
| Physicochemical properties | F1 | F2 | F3 | CK1 | CK2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical properties | Bulk weights (g · cm−3 | 0.27 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.02 b | 0.13 ± 0.02 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.28 ± 0.03 a |
| Total porosity (%) | 68.27 ± 0.48 b | 69.09 ± 2.07 b | 69.42 ± 0.02 ab | 55.76 ± 1.34 c | 74.45 ± 2.23 a | |
| Aeration porosity (%) | 21.30 ± 0.00 d | 22.94 ± 0.53 c | 24.58 ±0.00 b | 26.54 ± 0.61 a | 15.81 ± 0.36 e | |
| Water-holding porosity (%) | 56.75 ± 9.26 a | 46.15 ± 1.15 ab | 55.56 ± 10.74 a | 29.22 ± 0.56 b | 58.64 ± 1.47 a | |
| Air-water ratio | 0.39 ± 0.07 bc | 0.50 ± 0.01 b | 0.46 ± 0.09 b | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 0.27 ± 0.00 c | |
| Chemical properties | OM (%) | 37.62 ± 1.71 b | 35.19 ± 1.09 b | 26.86 ± 1.22 c | 55.76 ± 0.32 a | 26.66 ± 2.15 c |
| TN (g · kg−1) | 5.20 ± 0.70 a | 6.19 ± 0.19 a | 6.15 ± 0.08 a | 3.74 ± 0.04 b | 3.18 ± 0.14 b | |
| TP (g · kg−1) | 4.00 ± 0.00 a | 4.56 ± 0.04 a | 6.28 ± 1.55 a | 1.23 ± 0.01 b | 0.59 ± 0.07 b | |
| TK (g · kg−1) | 16.47 ± 0.72 c | 26.78 ± 1.60 a | 23.70 ± 0.47 b | 9.79 ± 0.02 d | 9.06 ± 0.24 d | |
| pH | 6.88 ± 0.16 a | 6.85 ± 0.00 a | 6.83 ± 0.09 a | 4.50 ± 0.01 b | 7.08 ± 0.03 a | |
| EC (mS · cm–1) | 0.120 ± 0.001 b | 0.110 ± 0.002 bc | 0.099 ± 0.002 c | 0.072 ± 0.002 d | 0.171 ± 0.010 a | |
The explanatory variables obtained via RFF analysis_
| The explanatory degree of model variables var% (% var explained). | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types | Plant height (mm) | Stem thickness (mm) | Root length (mm) | Seedling vigour index | Root-to-crown ratio |
| Cabbage | 27.57 | 4.25 | −72.22 | −43.45 | −45.83 |
| Pakchoi | 14.20 | 21.75 | −17.84 | 4.56 | −2.12 |
| Cucumber | −27.13 | −76.81 | 10.27 | −36.96 | 7.31 |
| Pumpkin | −43.86 | 0.56 | 7.22 | 16.97 | −10.69 |
The 13 substrate formulations_
| Group | Treatment | Substrate formulations | Formulation ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | CK1 | Coconut coir:peat | 2:1 |
| CK2 | Peat:perlite | 2:1 | |
| CK3 | Peat:perlite: vermiculite | 3:1:1 | |
| Basic | T1 | Mushroom waste: sawdust | 4:1 |
| T3 | Mushroom waste: chicken manure: sawdust | 5:1:1 | |
| T5 | Mushroom waste: chicken manure: sawdust | 3:1:1 | |
| T7 | Mushroom waste: chicken manure: sawdust | 2:1:1 | |
| T9 | Mushroom waste: urea:sawdust | 4:1:1 | |
| Advanced | T2 | T1:perlite: vermiculite | 2:1:1 |
| T4 | T3:perlite: vermiculite | 2:1:1 | |
| T6 | T5:perlite: vermiculite | 2:1:1 | |
| T8 | T7:perlite: vermiculite | 2:1:1 | |
| T10 | T9:perlite: vermiculite | 2:1:1 |
Optimisation of the mushroom waste percentage in the composite substrate formulation_
| Treatment | Substrate formulations | Formulations ratio |
|---|---|---|
| F1 | T1:perlite:vermiculite | 3:1:1 |
| F2 (T2) | T1:perlite:vermiculite | 2:1:1 |
| F3 | T1:perlite:vermiculite | 1:1:1 |
| CK1 | Coconut coir:peat | 2:1 |
| CK2 | Peat:perlite | 2:1 |