Phytochemicals from Phillyrea latifolia L. leaves and fruit extracted with various solvents: Their identification and quantification by LC-MS and antihyperglycemic effects

Extracts	EE		TPC
Extracts	Leaves	Fruit	Leaves	Fruit
Ethyl acetate	2.05 ± 0.003 x	1.47 ± 0.004 x	1,497 ± 1.04 x	1,004 ± 1.19 x
Methanol	16.98 ± 0.010 y	13.83 ± 0.011 y	1,974 ± 3.90 y	1,492 ± 0.23 y
Water	18.02 ± 0.012 y	19.02 ± 0.010 z	2,531 ± 2.75 z	2,260 ± 3.16 z

1 The values represent the mean ± SD of three replicates.

1 Means that are shared by different letters within each column indicate a Tukey’s test comparison between the extracts at p < 0.05.

1 EE, extraction efficiency; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; SD, standard deviation; TPC, total phenolic content.

Table 2.

Analytical characteristics of aqueous extract of mock privet fruit and leaf and their concentration for various solvents used.

Compound name	Morphological part	Ethyl acetate (μg · g^–1 extract)	Methanol (μg · g^–1 extract)	Aqueous (μg · g^–1 extract)	Precursor ion (m/z)	Production (m/z)	Fragmentor energy (V)	Collision energy (V)	Retention time (min)
Flavonols
Rutin	Leaves	430.84 ±3.18	632.16 ±21.78	822.09 ±4.02	609	301	135	35	12.3
	Fruit	24.90 ± 0.10	254.34 ± 4.09	361.94 ± 1.12	609	301	135	35	12.5
Myricetin	Leaves	98 ± 1.63	136.43 ± 2.06	n.d	479	317	135	25	15.30
	Fruit	64 ± 1.08	91 ± 1.38	n.d	479	317	135	25	15.31
Quercetin-3-O-	Leaves	38 ± 1.03	146.43 ± 2.11	34.26 ± 1.03	477	301	135	35	13.2
glucuronide	Fruit	22 ± 1.08	109 ± 0.38	28 ± 0.08	477	301	135	35	13.2
Quercetin	Leaves	29 ± 0.94	204.08 ± 1.06	31.7 ± 0.04	463	301	135	25	12.5
7-O-glucoside	Fruit	26 ± 1.08	121 ± 0.38	30.01 ± 0.08	463	301	135	25	12.5
Luteolin	Leaves	1,098 ± 1.63	2,136.43 ± 12.06	898.23 ± 6.04	447	285	135	25	13.5
7-O-glucoside	Fruit	854 ± 1.08	1,241 ± 1.38	509 ± 0.78	447	285	135	25	13.5
Kaempferol	Leaves	35.12 ± 1.47	148.75 ± 0.32	108.20 ± 2.94	285.2	151	135	20	17.7
aglycone	Fruit	22 ± 0.03	91 ± 0.82	32 ± 0.08	285.2	151	135	20	17.7
Apigenin	Leaves	12 ± 0.07	116.04 ± 2.01	673.91 ± 4.14	269.2	151	135	20	20.6
aglycone	Fruit	n.d	n.d	n.d	269.2	151	135	20	20.6
Anthocyanidins
Cyanidin	Leaves	95 ± 0.50	377.43 ± 6.0	583.17 ± 9.51	595	449	162	30	9.12
3-O-rutinoside	Fruit	101 ± 3.18	641 ± 7.51	1,009 ± 0.78	595	449	162	30	8.99
Cyanidin	Leaves	46.61 ± 0.07	239.40 ± 1.91	398.23 ± 6.04	449	287	162	23	8.07
3-O-glucoside	Fruit	354 ± 1.08	278 ± 0.26	414 ± 11.43	449	287	162	23	8.07
Hydroxycinnamic acids
Ferulic acid	Leaves	233 ± 1.57	316.12 ± 1.45	38.23 ± 1.32	193	149	135	10	13.16
	Fruit	279 ± 1.89	341 ± 1.38	40.92 ± 0.95	193	149	135	10	13.18
Caffeic acid	Leaves	562.17 ± 1.01	1,596 ± 11.37	1,367.40 ± 4.02	179	135	135	15	9.85
	Fruit	202.75 ± 0.70	1,094.04 ± 15.29	615.33 ± 5.42	179	135	135	15	9.85
Rosmarinic acid	Leaves	47 ± 0.54	77.03 ± 1.06	68.23 ± 0.06	359	161	90	20	11.08
	Fruit	29.75 ± 0.68	43.27 ± 0.57	39.87 ± 0.31
5-caffeoy Iquinic	Leaves	498 ± 11.3	636.23 ± 9.84	1,298.23 ± 15.04	353	191	135	30	9.5
acid	Fruit	106 ± 1.08	364 ± 2.31	609 ± 7.91	353	191	135	30	9.4
Secoiridoids
Oleuropein	Leaves	947.93 ± 10.02	571.19 ± 3.16	123.98 ± 2.49	539	275	165	20	6.3
	Fruit	322.05 ± 0.88	149 ± 1.42	87.49 ± 0.91	539	275	165	20	6.3

1 Based on this study, luteolin-4-O-glucoside was not detected in the leaves and this may be related to the plant cultivars, growing conditions and collecting time of the material. The findings of this study showed that both fruit and leaves of the mock privet contain flavonols more than anthocyanidins, hydroxycinnamic acids and secoiridoids. Also, this is the first study that indicates the oleuropein content of the mock privet fruit.

Table 3.

Antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities (IC50 mg · mL^–1) for mock privet leaf and fruit extracts and acarbose 1 mg · mL^–¹.

Functional properties	DPPH		α-amylase		α-glucosidase
Functional properties	Leaves	Fruit	Leaves	Fruit	Leaves	Fruit
Ethyl acetate	19.3 ± 4.21 x	23.2 ± 1.92 x	2.6 ± 0.07 x	3.1 ± 0.08 x	1.8 ± 0.14 x	2.3 ± 1.02 x
Methanol	12.9 ± 2.13 x	15.1 ± 1.27 x	2.8 ± 1.39 x	4.1 ± 1.59 y	2.4 ± 1.17 y	3.0 ± 1.24 y
Water	8.6 ± 0.94 x	10.3 ± 1.31 x	11.3 ± 0.94 z	13.4 ± 1.41 z	10.9 ± 0.14 z	12.1 ± 3.15 z
Acarbose	–		2.2 ± 0.001		1.3 ± 0.001

1 The values represent the mean ± SD of three replicates.

Means that are shared by different letters within each column indicate a Tukey’s test comparison between the extracts at p < 0.05.

DPPH, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl; IC₅₀, half maximal inhibitory concentration; SD, standard deviation.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 233 - 242

Submitted on: Feb 15, 2023

Accepted on: Jun 12, 2023

Published on: Jun 26, 2023

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

LC-MS,

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© 2023 Ebru Aydin, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 35 (2023): Issue 1 (June 2023)