The effects of organic and conventional fertilization on oregano (Origanum onites L.) yield and quality factors

Asri, Filiz Öktüren

doi:10.2478/fhort-2023-0016

Figures & Tables

EO, essential oil quantity. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (**p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

EOY, essential oil yield. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

TPC (total phenolic content) of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (ns: p > 0.05). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

TFC (total flavonoid content) of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (**p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

IC50 values of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (ns: p > 0.05). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK, FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

Meteorological data of the experiment years_

Months	Total precipitation (mm)				Mean temperature (°C)
Months	LYA*	2019	2020	2021	LYA*	2019	2020	2021
January	234.6	300.0	142.0	317.0	10.0	9.6	10.1	11.2
February	152.1	127.0	97.0	26.0	10.7	11.4	11.1	12.3
March	94.0	72.0	22.0	35.0	12.9	13.4	13.6	12.6
April	49.4	149.0	27.0	4.0	16.4	15.8	16.6	16.8
May	32.1	7.0	53.0	5.0	20.6	21.3	21.5	22.3
June	11.0	13.0	1.0	18.0	25.3	25.8	23.8	25.0
July	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	28.5	28.6	28.6	29.7
August	4.5	0.0	1.0	1.0	28.4	28.7	28.4	28.3
September	16.6	77.0	0.0	24.0	25.2	25.2	27.0	24.7
October	67.9	19.0	26.0	14.0	20.6	22.5	22.0	20.6
November	132.1	71.0	33.0	382.0	15.5	16.1	15.9	17.6
December	261.2	262.0	440.0	236.0	11.6	11.8	13.3	13.3
Total	1 060.0	1 097.0	842.0	1 062.0	−	−	−	−
Mean	−	−	−	−	18.8	19.2	19.3	19.5

The properties of organic fertilizers_

Parameters	FYM	SMC	CM	VC
pH	8.8	7.4	8.2	9.1
EC (dS · m⁻¹)	1.11	5.11	5.98	2.65
Moisture (%)	58	39	20	50
Dry matter (%)	42	61	80	50
Organic matter (%)	66	51	51	58
Ash (%)	34	49	49	42
Total N (%)	1.70	1.8	3.5	2.3
C (%)	38	30	28.5	33.7
C/N	22	17	8.14	14.6
Total P (%)	0.36	0.40	2.03	0.65
Total K (%)	1.45	2.30	3.45	2.60
Total Ca (%)	7.0	7.7	12.55	3.97
Total Mg (%)	0.98	1.51	1.03	1.05
Total Fe (mg · kg⁻¹)	2 380	5 075	1 625	7 500
Total Mn (mg · kg⁻¹)	288	393	394	350
Total Zn (mg · kg⁻¹)	90	185	414	140
Total Cu (mg · kg⁻¹)	29	53	62.5	40
Total Cd (mg · kg⁻¹)	2.9	2.4	2.0	2.85
Total Co (mg · kg⁻¹)	6.3	7.3	2.5	7.5
Total Cr (mg · kg⁻¹)	10.0	39.4	10.0	20.0
Total Ni (mg · kg⁻¹)	19.4	60.0	10.0	27.5
Total Pb (mg · kg⁻¹)	8.5	1.6	3.75	7.5

Effects of applications on macroelement concentration of oregano

Treatments	N (%)		P (%)		K (%)		Ca (%)		Mg (%)
Treatments	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year
C	1.85 b	1.96 c	0.18 c	0.20 b	1.92 c	2.12 c	1.21 c	1.23 b	0.20	0.22
F	1.92 a	2.08 ab	0.19 bc	0.22 a	1.96 c	2.27 ab	1.33 ab	1.30 ab	0.22	0.25
FM	1.92 a	2.06 ab	0.21 ab	0.23 a	2.06 b	2.22 ab	1.30 b	1.28 b	0.21	0.23
SMC	1.95 a	2.00 bc	0.22 a	0.22 a	2.06 b	2.21 b	1.26 bc	1.24 b	0.22	0.23
CM	1.93 a	2.00 bc	0.22 a	0.22 a	2.04 b	2.20 bc	1.26 bc	1.27 b	0.20	0.23
VC	1.97 a	2.11 a	0.22 a	0.22 a	2.13 a	2.29 a	1.34 a	1.38 a	0.22	0.24
F-values	3.28*	3.48*	5.84**	3.61*	6.99**	4.38**	5.21**	3.71*	1.51^ns	1.26^ns
LSD	0.03	0.04	0.007	0.009	0.026	0.04	0.03	0.039	−	−

Effects of applications on micro element concentration of oregano

Treatments	Fe (mg · kg⁻¹)		Zn (mg · kg⁻¹)		Mn (mg · kg⁻¹)		Cu (mg · kg⁻¹)
Treatments	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year
C	256.25	287.77 d	17.07 c	16.16 c	19.88	36.15	9.07	12.94
F	257.75	328.52 ab	17.37 c	18.01 b	22.12	44.31	9.74	13.09
FYM	271.25	343.67 a	18.45 bc	18.78 ab	20.38	36.55	9.60	13.13
SMC	272.50	320.80 abc	21.00 a	19.76 a	25.71	37.90	10.04	13.04
CM	260.27	297.02 bcd	20.17 ab	17.62 b	21.28	39.06	10.68	13.06
VC	280.27	292.32 cd	18.50 bc	18.22 b	21.32	39.85	9.57	13.13
F-values	0.49^ns	4.30**	5.09**	6.46**	1.54^ns	1.48^ns	0.79^ns	0.20^ns
LSD	−	15.40	0.97	0.67	−	−	−	−

Effects of applications on oregano EO components_

Components	C		F		FYM		SMC		CM		VC		F-values	F-values
Components	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year
α-Pinene	0.48 c	0.54	0.57 ab	0.56	0.61 a	0.57	0.53 bc	0.40	0.52 bc	0.38	0.58 ab	0.44	3.15*	1.78^ns
α-Thujene	1.21 b	0.87 b	1.37 ab	1.29 a	1.47 a	0.98 b	1.39 a	0.88 b	1.31 ab	0.83 b	1.47 a	0.80 b	2.91*	4.32*
Camphene	0.25	0.35 bc	0.26	0.38 bc	0.30	0.54 ab	0.29	0.60 a	0.31	0.37 bc	0.33	0.23 c	1.30^ns	3.74*
Myrcene	1.45 b	1.22 b	1.58 b	1.37 a	1.90 a	1.32 ab	1.67 ab	1.18 b	1.57 b	1.19 b	1.65 ab	1.27 ab	2.98*	3.15*
α-Phellandrene	0.26 ab	0.23	0.23 b	0.32	0.32 a	0.23	0.21 b	0.18	0.22 b	0.17	0.20 b	0.17	4.29*	2.53^ns
β-Phellandrene	tr	0.28 b	tr	0.48 a	tr	0.30 ab	tr	0.18 b	tr	0.16 b	tr	0.23 b	−	3.49*
α-Terpinene	1.73	1.16	1.67	1.24	1.94	1.18	1.81	1.18	1.72	1.39	1.88	1.28	0.61^ns	0.55^ns
Ɣ-Terpinene	7.79	3.90	7.65	4.32	10.54	4.35	7.85	4.40	7.28	4.91	9.29	4.79	1.76^ns	0.76^ns
Limonene	tr	0.40 b	tr	0.37 bc	tr	0.55 a	tr	0.24 d	tr	0.22 d	tr	0.30 cd	−	15.2***
1-Octen-3-ol	tr	0.37	tr	0.53	tr	0.56	tr	0.41	tr	0.40	tr	0.37	−	4.16*
p-Cymene	7.97	4.19 b	4.65	4.22 b	5.85	4.20 b	5.45	4.71 ab	4.88	5.21 a	4.92	4.54 b	2.76^ns	3.64*
trans-Sabinene hydrate	0.50	0.55	0.23	0.65	0.35	0.63	0.38	0.52	0.39	0.61	0.47	0.44	1.40^ns	1.68^ns
Linalool	0.31	0.17 c	0.37	0.23 c	0.56	0.68 b	0.64	1.44 a	0.24	0.25 bc	0.32	1.17 a	2.53^ns	13.14***
β-Caryophyllene	3.83 a	1.49	1.03 c	1.97	2.26 b	1.99	1.05 c	1.86	0.86 c	1.83	0.98 c	1.83	36.7***	1.62^ns
α-Terpineol	0.29	0.18	0.23	0.34	0.23	0.19	0.26	0.21	0.24	0.31	0.16	0.22	1.47^ns	2.36^ns
Terpinen-4-ol	0.31 e	1.78	1.28 c	1.90	0.94 d	1.45	2.19 a	1.70	1.62 b	2.10	1.13 cd	1.78	32.4***	2.38^ns
Borneol	1.29	0.67 c	1.41	0.78 ab	1.61	0.62 c	1.57	0.82 a	1.17	0.66 c	1.51	0.69 bc	1.27^ns	6.06**
β-Bisabolene	0.98	2.72	0.75	3.48	0.82	2.71	0.81	3.03	0.98	3.12	0.95	2.92	0.86^ns	0.99^ns
Germacrene D	0.26	0.48 b	0.32	0.49 b	0.26	0.59 b	0.34	0.57 b	0.27	1.25 a	0.27	0.55 b	1.35^ns	34.3***
T-Cadinol	0.40	0.87 bc	0.21	1.20 a	0.30	1.01 ab	0.30	0.88 bc	0.41	0.97abc	0.24	0.68 c	1.78^ns	2.95*
Thymol	13.87 ab	19.27	7.35 bc	12.20	6.77 c	11.91	12.86 bc	13.98	19.95 a	16.51	12.43 bc	16.04	4.77**	1.62^ns
Carvacrol	55.49	56.82	68.40	61.02	62.63	63.33	59.88	60.34	55.81	57.03	60.91	59.10	1.88^ns	0.95^ns

The effects of applications on fresh and dry herb yield of oregano_

Treatments	Fresh herb yield (kg · ha⁻¹)		Dry herb yield (kg · ha⁻¹)
Treatments	1st year	2nd year	1st year	2nd year
C	20 800 b	24 060 c	10 400	10 100
NPK	25 320 a	28 630 a	12 910	11 660
FYM	23 180 ab	26 720 ab	11 180	10 500
SMC	21 980 b	27 330 ab	10 630	11 540
CM	21 500 b	25 410 bc	10 890	10 480
VC	21 660 b	26 890 ab	11 090	11 440
F-values	3.31*	3.54*	3.09^ns	2.63^ns
LSD	1 263	1 191	−	−

The effects of organic and conventional fertilization on oregano (Origanum onites L.) yield and quality factors

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Meteorological data of the experiment years_

The properties of organic fertilizers_

Effects of applications on macroelement concentration of oregano

Effects of applications on micro element concentration of oregano

Effects of applications on oregano EO components_

The effects of applications on fresh and dry herb yield of oregano_

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