Physico-chemical properties revealed huge diversity in 50 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genotypes

Genotype code	Genotype name	Collection site
1	Akhrot	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
2	Angoor	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
3	Aseel	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
4	Baidhar	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
5	Begum Jangi	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
6	Burhami	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
7	Champa Kali	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
8	Chohara	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
9	Danda	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
10	Dedhi	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
11	Deglet Noor	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
12	Dhakki	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
13	Eedel Shah	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
14	Fasli	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
15	Gajar	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
16	Gokhna	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
17	Haleeni	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
18	Halmain	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
19	Hamin Wali	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
20	Hilawi-1	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
21	Hilawi-2	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
22	Jaman	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
23	Jan Sahr	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
24	Kantar	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
25	Karbalaen	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
26	Khudrawi-1	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
27	Khudrawi-2	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
28	Kohraba	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
29	Koznabad	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
30	Kupra	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
31	Kur	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
32	Makhi	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
33	Makran	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
34	Neelum	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
35	Pathri	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
36	Peela Dhora	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
37	Peeli Sundar	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
38	Rachna	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
39	Seib	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
40	Shado	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
41	Shakri	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
42	Shamran-1	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
43	Shamran-2	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
44	Sufaida	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
45	Sundari	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
46	Tarmali	Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur
47	Wahn Wali	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
48	Zahidi	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
49	Zardo	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang
50	Zarin	Date palm Research Sub-Station, Jhang

Temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind speed of samples collected areas during both years.

Original fruit images of date palm genotypes for image analysis.

Segmented fruit images of date palm genotypes for image analysis.

Original stones images of date palm genotypes after image analysis.

Segmented stones images of date palm genotypes after image analysis.

Table 2.

Variation in fruit attributes of 50 date palm genotypes.

Genotype name	FW (g)	PW (g)	FL (cm)	FD (cm)	FT (cm)	FP (cm)	FA (cm²)	FV (cm³)
Akhrot	13.89 ef	12.85 de	3.56 m–s	3.21 e–g	3.25 d–h	10.81 h–k	9.56 c–e	155.53 gh
Angoor	9.85 lm	8.73 l–o	4.06 h–n	2.31 p–v	2.30 m–r	10.03 l–p	7.68 ij	89.91 n–t
Aseel	9.01 m–o	7.97 o–r	4.46 f–i	2.55 k–r	3.04 d–j	11.57 ef	8.82 g	144.62 hi
Baidhar	11.09 h–j	10.10 gh	3.55 n–s	2.24 r–w	3.01 e–k	10.24 j–o	5.94 no	101.07 m–r
Begum Jangi	8.37 n–q	7.42 r–u	3.75 k–r	1.73 zA	1.80 qr	13.34 a	5.12 q–s	54.34 wx
Burhami	6.73 t–v	5.52 x–z	4.48 f–i	3.58 cd	3.12 d–i	7.61 v	5.49 o–q	208.82 ef
Champa Kali	12.89 g	11.58 f	3.73 l–r	2.49 l–s	2.70 g–o	11.44 e–h	6.97 k	105.22 l–p
Chohara	10.33 j–l	9.03 j–m	3.82 j–r	2.31 p–v	3.61 b–e	9.78 n–q	9.45 c–f	133.3 4 h–l
Danda	4.41 y	3.72 B	2.36 v	1.91 x–A	1.86 qr	6.56 wx	3.85 v–x	34.86 x
Dedhi	13.22 fg	11.52 f	4.34 f–j	2.94 g–j	2.40 k–q	12.31 cd	9.67 cd	128.75 h–m
Deglet Noor	8.02 p–r	6.72 t–v	3.75 k–r	2.36 o–u	3.32 c–h	10.38 i–n	6.72 kl	119.03 i–n
Dhakki	20.93 a	19.62 a	6.62 b	5.23 a	4.22 b	10.72 i–k	9.64 cd	611.99 a
Eedel Shah	13.87 ef	12.95 de	3.70 l–s	2.53 k–r	9.59 a	10.69 i–l	7.64 ij	375.27 b
Fasli	14.08 ef	12.65 e	4.11 g–l	2.46 m–s	2.29 m–r	9.02 r–u	5.32 p–r	96.99 n–s
Gajar	11.85 h	10.43 g	4.52 f–h	2.79 h–l	2.28 n–r	11.66 d–f	8.63 gh	119.63 i–n
Gokhna	9.89 lm	8.52 l–p	3.46 o–t	2.82 h–k	2.67 h–p	9.24 q–s	5.65 n–q	109.13 j–o
Haleeni	7.72 p–s	6.66 t–v	3.37 q–u	2.39 n–u	2.97 e–m	8.55 tu	4.81 r–t	99.90 m–r
Halmain	9.85 lm	8.89 k–n	4.27 f–k	2.64 j–o	2.22 n–r	10.38 i–n	8.68 g	104.80 l–q
Hamin Wali	10.72 i–l	9.40 h–l	3.58 m–s	2.67 j–o	2.13 n–r	8.97 s–u	5.17 q–s	85.56 o–v
Hilawi-1	10.67 i–l	7.13 r–v	5.76 cd	4.99 a	3.04 d–j	10.44 i–n	9.08 d–g	364.33 bc
Hilawi-2	8.57 n–p	7.66 p–s	3.68 l–s	3.00 f–i	2.97 e–m	11.51 e–g	9.92 c	137.07 h–k
Jaman	9.10 mn	7.99 n–r	9.30 a	2.93 g–j	2.01 p–r	6.25 x	2.32 y	231.02 de
Jan Sahr	14.25 de	12.72 de	4.48 f–i	3.50 c–e	3.33 c–h	9.79 n–q	8.95 e–g	219.83 de
Kantar	9.93 sk–m	8.80 k–o	5.21 e	4.53 b	3.70 b–d	9.15 q–t	7.71 ij	365.30 bc
Karbalaen	11.21 h–j	10.25 gh	3.35 r–u	2.57 k–q	2.75 f–n	11.97 de	7.15 jk	99.61 m–r
Khudrawi-1	10.80 i–k	9.65 g–k	3.48 o–s	2.03 v–z	2.35 k–q	9.65 o–r	5.71 n–q	69.30 s–w
Khudrawi-2	5.42 x	4.35 AB	3.56 m–s	1.98 w–A	1.87 qr	9.39 p–s	5.09 q–s	56.19 v–x
Kohraba	8.17 o–r	6.99 s–v	3.45 p–t	2.61 k–p	2.03 o–r	5.21 y	4.68 s–u	77.30 p–w
Koznabad	7.47 q–t	6.39 v–x	3.97 i–p	2.26 q–w	2.31 l–r	10.60 i–m	6.94 k	86.58 o–u
Kupra	15.76 c	14.70 c	4.61 fg	3.27 d–f	3.37 c–g	11.64 ef	10.56 b	214.42 e
Kur	11.30 hi	9.94 g–i	3.98 i–o	2.69 i–n	2.98 e–l	10.90 g–j	8.01 hi	134.04 h–l
Makhi	6.99 s–u	6.24 v–x	2.88 u	1.71 A	1.78 qr	7.10 vw	3.35 x	37.80 x
Makran	17.55 b	15.94 b	6.25 bc	3.27 d–f	4.00 bc	13.03 ab	12.30 a	342.77 c
Neelum	10.47 i–l	9.07 i–m	4.67 f	3.61 c	3.51 c–e	9.70 o–q	9.81 c	247.63 d
Pathri	6.45 u–w	5.74 w–y	2.95 tu	2.35 o–v	1.96 qr	8.87 r–u	4.46 t–v	57.12 u–x
Peela Dhora	7.87 p–s	6.74 s–v	4.62 fg	1.86 y–A	3.95 bc	12.64 bc	5.70 n–q	138.43 h–j
Peeli Sundar	11.04 h–j	10.13 gh	3.55 n–s	2.13 t–y	2.37 j–q	10.23 k–o	6.69 k–m	70.96 r–w
Rachna	15.03 cd	13.59 d	3.45 p–t	2.73 h–m	2.33 k–q	8.87 s–u	5.29 p–s	95.26 n–s
Seib	5.42 x	4.36 AB	3.56 m–s	1.98 w–A	1.87 qr	9.39 p–s	5.09 q–s	56.19 v–x
Shado	3.50 z	2.49 C	3.66 l–s	2.80 h–l	1.64 r	8.91 s–u	3.23 x	71.31 r–w
Shakri	9.88 lm	8.39 m–q	3.89 j–q	2.37 n–u	2.46 i–q	9.71 o–q	6.09 m–o	95.07 n–s
Shamran-1	5.55 wx	4.56 AB	3.69 l–s	2.20 s–x	1.81 qr	8.92 s–u	4.17 u–w	64.75 t–x
Shamran-2	9.85 lm	8.93 k–m	4.08 h–m	3.01 f–h	3.42 c–f	10.99 f–i	7.99 i	179.38 fg
Sufaida	8.32 n–q	7.49 q–t	4.45 f–i	2.44 m–t	2.34 k–q	10.02 m–p	6.15 l–n	108.62 j–o
Sundari	7.41 r–t	6.55 u–w	3.67 l–s	2.38 n–u	2.75 f–n	9.79 n–q	6.07 no	100.13 m–r
Tarmali	5.89 v–x	5.06 y–A	4.43 f–i	2.56 k–q	2.25 n–r	11.96 de	8.87 fg	106.86 k–p
Wahn Wali	5.55 wx	4.61 z–B	3.61 l–s	2.12 u–y	1.85 qr	8.46 u	3.60 wx	61.06 t–x
Zahidi	11.10 h–j	9.87 g–j	5.43 de	4.56 b	3.32 c–h	8.84 s–u	7.3 1 jk	346.34 bc
Zardo	5.42 x	4.35 AB	3.56 m–s	1.98 w–A	1.87 qr	9.39 p–s	5.09 q–s	56.19 v–x
Zarin	7.93 p–r	7.10 r–v	3.19 s–u	2.29 q–w	2.43 j–q	10.50 i–m	5.86 n–p	74.55 q–w
SE	0.46	0.47	0.26	0.16	0.35	0.34	0.31	15.82
SD	3.57	3.44	1.11	0.77	1.19	1.87	2.23	112.50
CV	36.77	40.09	27.13	28.43	42.54	18.95	33.06	77.70
LSD 5%	0.91	0.93	0.52	0.31	0.68	0.67	0.62	31.20
F-value	117.48**	108.41**	33.53**	45.77**	23.37**	47.62**	103.17**	100.88**

1 Mean values with different letters (s) in a column are statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test). Means are initially symbolled by small letters and afterwards by capital letters due to great variation in means.

1** Significant at p ≤ 0.01.

1 CV, coefficient of variation; FA, fruit area; FD, fruit width; FL, fruit length; FP, fruit perimeter; FT, fruit thickness; FV, fruit volume; FW, fruit weight; LSD, least significant difference; PW, pulp weight; SD, stone width; SE, standard error.

Table 3.

Variation in stone attributes of 50 date palm genotypes.

Genotype name	SW (g)	SL (cm)	SD (cm)	ST (cm)	SP (cm)	SA (cm²)	SV (cm³)	P:S
Akhrot	1.04 l–r	1.68 p–r	0.84 f–k	0.70 j–n	5.05 o–t	0.81 tu	4.15 q–w	12.42 b–e
Angoor	1.12 i–o	1.06 vw	0.59 p–s	0.69 j–n	3.95 t–v	0.35 x	1.80 xy	7.78 d–i
Aseel	1.10 j–p	2.02 i–n	0.57 p–s	2.13 b–d	5.95 j–p	1.02 m–t	10.23 g–i	7.28 e–i
Baidhar	1.00 m–r	1.57 q–s	0.82 g–l	0.60 k–o	4.35 s–v	0.89 q–u	3.23 s–x	10.89 b–f
Begum Jangi	0.95 n–s	1.66 p–r	0.50 s	0.79 jk	7.48 d–h	1.15 k–p	2.92 u–y	7.82 d–i
Burhami	1.22 f–l	2.01 i–n	0.58 p–s	0.71 j–n	4.61 q–u	0.93 p–u	3.43 r–x	4.53 g–i
Champa Kali	1.32 c–i	1.25 t–v	0.69 l–p	0.76 j–l	3.90 t–v	0.48 wx	2.81 u–y	8.71 c–i
Chohara	1.31 d–j	2.42 b–e	0.84 e–k	2.31 b	5.72 k–q	1.42 g–i	19.62 b	6.93 e–i
Danda	0.70 u	0.91 w	0.80 g–l	2.13 b–d	7.90 c–f	1.22 i–m	6.46 k–p	5.29 f–i
Dedhi	1.70 a	2.59 a–c	0.92 c–g	2.88 a	7.23 d–i	1.68 d–f	29.08 a	6.83 e–i
Deglet Noor	1.30 d–j	2.19 e–k	0.91 c–h	1.38 h	7.71 d–g	1.42 g–i	11.52 f–h	5.14 f–i
Dhakki	1.28 d–k	2.51 a–d	0.74 k–o	1.81 fg	7.08 d–j	1.49 f–h	14.00 c–e	15.49 b
Eedel Shah	0.92 o–u	2.68 ab	0.87 d–j	0.72 j–m	8.13 b–d	1.76 c–e	7.01 k–n	14.26 bc
Fasli	1.44 b–e	1.93 j–p	0.84 e–k	1.67 g	5.30 n–s	1.03 m–s	11.75 e–g	8.77 c–i
Gajar	1.43 b–f	1.77 n–r	0.64 o–r	0.50 no	6.40 h–n	0.51 wx	2.41 v–y	7.68 d–i
Gokhna	1.38 c–g	1.17 vw	0.76 j–o	0.73 j–m	6.84 f–k	1.58 e–g	2.86 u–y	6.17 f–i
Haleeni	1.07 k–q	2.32 c–h	0.95 b–f	0.78 j–l	7.94 c–f	1.83 b–d	7.23 j–m	6.19 e–i
Halmain	0.97 n–s	2.70 a	1.02 bc	0.76 j–m	9.03 a–c	2.01 b	8.73 i–k	9.16 c–h
Hamin Wali	1.33 c–i	1.92 k–p	0.65 m–q	0.43 o	5.33 m–s	0.58 vw	2.34 v–y	7.10 e–i
Hilawi-1	0.89 p–u	2.23 d–i	0.99 b–d	0.72 j–m	9.29 ab	2.39 a	6.81 k–o	8.52 c–i
Hilawi-2	0.92 o–u	1.89 l–p	0.86 e–k	0.63 j–o	9.41 a	0.97 n–u	4.40 p–w	8.31 c–i
Jaman	1.12 i–o	2.34 c–g	0.97 b–e	0.81 i–k	8.05 c–e	1.42 g–i	7.58 j–l	7.14 e–i
Jan Sahr	1.53 a–c	1.93 k–p	0.90 c–i	0.75 j–m	5.17 o–s	0.89 q–u	5.52 l–r	8.31 c–i
Kantar	1.13 i–o	2.14 e–l	0.78 h–m	2.19 bc	7.84 d–f	1.07 l–r	15.54 cd	7.80 d–i
Karbalaen	0.97 n–s	2.02 i–n	0.95 b–f	0.70 j–n	6.95 e–j	1.39 g–j	5.69 l–r	10.50 b–g
Khudrawi-1	1.16 h–n	1.29 s–v	0.55 q–s	0.79 jk	6.48 h–m	0.58 vw	2.62 v–y	8.53 c–i
Khudrawi-2	1.07 k–q	1.68 p–r	0.77 i–n	0.67 j–n	6.46 h–n	0.83 s–u	3.63 r–x	4.11 hi
Kohraba	1.19 g–m	2.06 h–m	0.90 c–h	0.67 j–n	4.74 q–u	0.82 s–u	5.24 m–t	5.84 f–i
Koznabad	1.09 j–p	0.54 x	0.54 q–s	0.70 j–n	3.43 v	0.43 wx	0.93 y	5.88 f–i
Kupra	1.07 k–q	1.91 l–p	0.80 g–l	0.68 j–n	5.39 m–s	0.95 o–u	4.37 p–w	13.80 b–d
Kur	1.37 c–h	1.98 i–o	0.74 k–o	0.69 j–n	5.13 o–s	0.93 p–u	4.30 p–w	7.31 e–i
Makhi	0.76 s–u	1.82 m–q	1.08 ab	0.73 j–m	9.72 a	2.36 a	6.08 l–q	8.24 c–i
Makran	1.62 ab	1.83 m–q	0.64 n–r	0.84 ij	4.81 p–u	0.51 wx	4.21 p–w	9.92 b–h
Neelum	1.41 b–g	0.89 w	0.63 o–r	1.91 ef	5.99 j–o	1.23 i–m	4.60 o–v	6.46 e–i
Pathri	0.73 tu	2.01 i–n	0.90 c–j	2.13 b–d	5.56 l–r	1.17 j–o	15.96 c	8.33 c–i
Peela Dhora	1.14 i–o	1.71 o–r	0.63 o–r	0.76 j–m	4.73 q–u	0.44 wx	3.43 r–x	6.07 f–i
Peeli Sundar	0.92 o–u	1.93 k–p	0.50 s	0.57 l–o	9.84 a	0.84 s–u	2.23 w–y	11.15 b–f
Rachna	1.45 b–e	1.72 o–r	0.95 b–f	0.71 j–n	6.63 g–l	0.93 q–u	5.04 m–u	10.84 b–f
Seib	1.07 k–q	1.68 p–r	0.77 i–n	0.67 j–n	6.46 h–n	0.83 s–u	3.63 r–x	4.11 hi
Shado	1.02 l–r	2.07 g–m	0.83 f–k	0.69 j–n	7.95 c–f	1.19 j–n	4.92 n–u	2.55 i
Shakri	1.49 a–d	1.49 r–u	0.60 p–s	0.63 j–o	7.39 d–h	0.85 r–u	2.47 v–y	5.61 f–i
Shamran-1	0.99 m–r	1.52 r–t	0.65 n–q	0.68 j–n	4.34 s–v	0.39 wx	3.02 t–y	4.59 g–i
Shamran-2	0.93 o–t	1.69 p–r	0.87 d–k	2.17 b–d	6.08 i–o	1.10 l–q	13.41 d–f	26.97 a
Sufaida	0.84 r–u	2.13 f–l	0.73 k–o	0.64 j–o	4.56 r–v	0.78 uv	4.26 p–w	9.01 c–h
Sundari	0.87 q–u	2.21 e–j	1.18 a	1.02 i	7.30 d–h	1.74 c–e	10.91 g–i	7.59 d–i
Tarmali	0.83 r–u	1.94 j–p	0.91 c–h	2.08 c–e	5.66 l–r	1.28 h–l	15.30 cd	6.10 f–i
Wahn Wali	0.94 n–t	2.55 a–c	0.92 c–g	0.54 m–o	7.93 c–f	1.92 bc	5.36 l–s	4.95 f–i
Zahidi	1.24 e–l	2.40 b–f	0.51 rs	0.83 ij	3.89 uv	0.85 s–u	4.23 p–w	8.16 c–i
Zardo	1.07 k–q	1.68 p–r	0.77 i–n	0.67 j–n	6.46 h–n	0.83 s–u	3.63 r–x	4.11 hi
Zarin	0.84 r–u	1.22 uv	0.92 c–g	1.98 d–f	5.94 j–p	1.36 g–k	9.40 h–j	8.42 c–i
SE	0.11	0.14	0.07	0.10	0.58	0.11	1.15	3.17
SD	0.24	0.47	0.90	0.63	1.65	0.50	5.579	0.24
CV	21.18	25.35	95.41	59.98	26.06	44.97	77.85	21.18
LSD 5%	0.22	0.28	0.13	0.21	1.16	0.22	2.27	6.24
F-value	9.37**	22.22**	11.30**	15.78**	15.78**	37.81**	43.12**	2.96**

1 Mean values with different letters (s) in a column are statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test).

1** Significant at p ≤ 0.01.

1 CV, coefficient of variation; LSD, least significant difference; P:S, pulp-to- stone ratio; SA, stone area; SD, stone width; SE, standard error; SL, stone length; SP, stone perimeter; ST, stone thickness; SV, stone volume; SW, stone weight.

Table 4.

Variation in biochemical properties of 50 date palm cultivars.

Genotype name	MO (%)	DM (%)	TSS (°Brix)	Juice pH	RSs (%)	NRSs (%)	Carotenoids (μg · g⁻¹)
Akhrot	61.17 l–p	38.83 g–k	14.57 n–t	6.26 r–t	40.40 l–t	10.99 b–e	0.04 e
Angoor	66.99 h–k	33.01 l–o	15.50 h–o	5.39 wx	38.29 o–u	11.28 b–d	0.03 f
Aseel	62.77 j–o	37.23 h–m	15.07 k–p	7.06 a–e	35.25 s–v	11.50 b	0.04 e
Baidhar	37.41 v	62.59 a	16.50 c–h	6.47 n–r	63.24 a	5.29 k	0.06 c
Begum Jangi	64.77 i–n	35.23 i–n	14.82 l–r	5.55 vw	27.75 x	11.41 bc	0.03 f
Burhami	73.81 d–f	26.19 q–s	14.24 p–u	6.99 b–f	16.30 z	9.48 b–i	0.04 e
Champa Kali	69.36 f–i	30.64 n–q	18.83 a	6.21 st	44.35 i–o	10.38 b–f	0.03 f
Chohara	64.24 i–n	35.76 i–n	17.07 b–d	6.50 l–q	61.81 ab	5.78 jk	0.03 f
Danda	46.73 tu	53.27 bc	13.25 u	5.87 u	27.92 wx	11.41 bc	0.03 f
Dedhi	65.74 h–l	34.26 k–o	16.74 b–f	6.70 h–n	60.26 a–c	7.84 f–k	0.03 f
Deglet Noor	56.89 p–r	43.11 e–g	14.66 m–s	6.65 i–n	29.53 v–x	11.55 b	0.04 e
Dhakki	61.07 l–p	38.93 g–k	16.32 d–i	6.75 g–k	47.22 f–l	9.70 b–i	0.04 e
Eedel Shah	75.54 c–e	24.46 r–t	15.66 g–m	6.51 l–p	46.67 g–m	9.70 b–i	0.03 f
Fasli	57.09 p–r	42.91 e–g	16.00 e–k	6.39 p–t	43.45 j–p	9.70 b–i	0.04 e
Gajar	61.58 k–p	38.42 g–l	16.16 d–j	6.64 i–o	55.93 b–e	6.93 i–k	0.04 e
Gokhna	61.11 l–p	38.89 g–k	15.08 k–p	5.75 uv	29.92 v–x	11.54 b	0.03 f
Haleeni	65.51 h–m	34.49 j–o	14.82 l–r	6.38 p–t	46.13 h–n	9.58 b–i	0.04 e
Halmain	74.11 d–f	25.89 q–s	16.32 d–i	7.22 a	37.66 o–u	11.33 b–d	0.05 d
Hamin Wali	61.00 l–p	39.00 g–k	16.24 d–i	6.48 m–r	25.67 xy	11.32 b–d	0.03 f
Hilawi-1	73.03 d–g	26.97 p–s	15.66 g–m	7.14 a–c	46.56 g–m	9.81 b–h	0.03 f
Hilawi-2	76.69 cd	23.31 st	14.49 o–t	6.94 c–g	35.55 r–v	11.61 b	0.04 e
Jaman	83.34 ab	16.66 uv	13.91 r–u	6.64 i–o	41.99 k–t	10.97 b–e	0.03 f
Jan Sahr	43.22 u	56.78 b	13.58 tu	5.71 uv	57.12 a–d	7.14 h–k	0.05 d
Kantar	70.87 e–h	29.13 o–r	13.9 q–u	6.70 g–m	36.17 q–v	11.45 bc	0.03 f
Karbalaen	47.07 tu	52.93 bc	14.91 l–r	6.41 o–s	38.87 n–u	11.23 b–d	0.03 f
Khudrawi-1	61.47 k–p	38.53 g–l	15.58 g–n	7.1 a–d	38.02 o–u	11.74 b	0.03 f
Khudrawi-2	35.42 v	64.58 a	14.82 l–r	7.18 ab	25.57 xy	11.26 bcd	0.03 f
Kohraba	64.5 i–n	35.49 i–n	14.99 k–q	6.85 e–i	39.55 m–u	11.29 b–d	0.03 f
Koznabad	56.67 p–r	43.33 e–g	14.66 m–s	6.55 k–p	40.83 l–t	11.03 b–e	0.03 f
Kupra	65.94 h–l	34.06 k–o	17.66 b	7.08 a–e	27.45 x	11.38 bc	0.06 c
Kur	62.08 k–p	37.92 g–l	16.58 c–g	6.58 j–p	36.33 p–v	11.44 bc	0.03 f
Makhi	70.53 e–h	29.47 o–r	16.32 d–i	6.91 c–h	54.08 c–f	8.20 e–j	0.09 a
Makran	78.19 b–d	21.81 s–u	14.99 k–q	6.39 p–t	40.56 l–t	11.22 b–d	0.03 f
Neelum	61.50 k–p	38.50 g–l	14.99 k–q	6.34 p–t	53.07 c–h	8.51 d–j	0.04 e
Pathri	66.03 h–l	33.97 k–o	16.91 b–e	6.72 g–l	50.06 d–j	16.85 a	0.06 c
Peela Dhora	66.05 h–l	33.95 k–o	14.75 l–s	6.27 q–t	30.36 v–x	11.59 b	0.03 f
Peeli Sundar	54.63 o–s	45.37 d–f	17.41 bc	6.17 t	26.10 xy	11.29 b–d	0.03 f
Rachna	57.46 o–r	42.54 e–h	15.41 i–o	5.18 xy	43.30 j–q	10.61 b–f	0.05 d
Seib	89.00 a	11.00 v	15.32 i–o	5.11 y	44.70 i–o	10.38 b–f	0.04 e
Shado	87.04 a	12.96 v	15.66 g–m	5.27 xy	32.71 u–x	11.52 b	0.08 b
Shakri	50.81 st	49.19 cd	18.75 a	7.03 a–f	36.07 q–v	11.54 b	0.03 f
Shamran-1	70.58 e–h	29.42 o–r	14.91 l–r	6.69 h–n	51.38 d–i	8.98 b–i	0.03 f
Shamran-2	73.77 d–f	26.23 q–s	15.16 j–p	6.22 st	53.63 c–g	8.62 cj	0.04 e
Sufaida	67.77 g–j	32.23 m–p	15.74 f–l	5.85 u	49.11 e–k	9.32 b–i	0.03 f
Sundari	53.64 rs	46.36 de	17.16 b–d	6.90 d–h	56.70 a–d	7.48 g–k	0.03 f
Tarmali	75.29 c–e	24.71 r–t	15.16 j–p	6.49 l–r	30.17 v–x	11.61 b	0.03 f
Wahn Wali	80.63 bc	19.37 tu	15.00 k–q	6.81 f–j	35.09 t–w	11.58 b	0.03 f
Zahidi	59.47 n–q	40.53 f–i	14.99 k–q	6.90 d–h	42.38 k–s	10.76 b–e	0.03 f
Zardo	59.87 m–q	40.13 f–j	14.74 l–s	6.90 d–h	42.58 k–r	10.72 b–e	0.04 e
Zarin	63.49 j–n	36.51 i–m	13.74 s–u	6.35 p–t	19.47 yz	10.12 b–g	0.03 f
SE	2.11	2.09	0.47	0.10	2.60	1.11	0.02
SD	11.25	11.25	1.20	0.53	11.04	1.87	0.01
CV	17.51	31.48	7.75	8.28	27.16	18.06	25.43
LSD 5%	4.14	4.13	0.93	0.19	5.12	2.18	0.03
F-value	57.60**	58.63**	12.94**	3.96**	36.20**	5.68**	3.90*

1 Mean values with different letters (s) in a column are statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test).

1** Significant at p ≤ 0.01 and *significant at p ≤ 0.05.

1 DM, dry matter; MO, moisture content; pH, potential acidity; RS, reducing sugar; SD, stone width; TSS, total soluble solids.

Dendrogram showing similarity among 50 date palm genotypes based on physico-chemical characteristics.

Table 5.

Variance decomposition for the optimal classification of studied genotypes.

	Absolute	Percentage (%)
Within-cluster	4,136.636	31.52
Between-clusters	8,985.867	68.48
Total	13,122.504	100.00

Table 6.

Pearson correlation matrix among physico-chemical characteristics of 50 date palm genotypes.

Trait	FW	PW	SW	PS	FL	FD	FT	FP	FA	FV	SL	SD	ST	S:P	SA	SV	MO	DM	TSS	PH	RSs	NRSs	CA
FW	1
PW	0.99**	1
SW	0.56**	0.51**	1
PS	0.61**	0.64**	-0.09	1
FL	0.38**	0.37**	0.28*	0.17	1
FD	0.47**	0.46**	0.28	0.29*	0.60**	1
FT	0.46**	0.48**	0.10	0.45**	0.18	0.31*	1
FP	0.37**	0.38**	0.14	0.32*	0.12	0.05	0.28	1
FA	0.63**	0.63**	0.36*	0.43*	0.27	0.51**	0.43**	0.57**	1
FV	0.60**	0.62**	0.24	0.42**	0.68**	0.86**	0.64**	0.18	0.53**	1
SL	0.15	0.15	-0.01	0.11	0.30*	0.29*	0.28	-0.03	0.10	0.35*	1
SD	0.02	0.03	-0.02	0.03	-0.09	-0.13	-0.06	-0.06	-0.09	-0.11	-0.11	1
ST	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.16	0.05	0.16	0.07	0.11	0.25	0.17	0.06	-0.04	1
SP	-0.11	-0.10	-0.29*	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.04	-0.05	-0.11	0.04	0.37*	0.08	0.04	1
SA	-0.08	-0.07	-0.28*	0.09	0.05	0.16	0.14	-0.11	-0.04	0.17	0.50**	-0.04	0.24	0.70**	1
SV	0.13	0.16	0.08	0.16	0.09	0.13	0.08	0.10	0.21	0.15	0.39*	0.35*	0.79**	0.19	0.36*	1
MO	-0.17	-0.16	-0.16	-0.02	0.29*	0.13	0.07	-0.03	-0.04	0.15	0.32*	-0.02	0.01	0.18	0.17	0.10	1
DM	0.17	0.16	0.16	0.02	-0.29*	-0.13	-0.07	0.03	0.04	-0.15	-0.31*	0.02	-0.01	-0.18	-0.17	-0.10	-0.99**	1
TSS	0.29*	0.30*	0.16	0.18	-0.11	-0.09	0.01	0.21	0.15	-0.07	0.14	0.01	-0.07	0.02	0.02	0.09	-0.05	0.05	1
PH	0.01	0.01	-0.05	0.01	0.19	0.20	0.10	-0.04	0.22	0.21	0.29	0.19	0.06	0.13	0.25	0.23	-0.10	0.10	0.18	1
RS	0.23	0.23	0.15	0.24	0.89	0.11	0.14	0.01	0.18	0.15	0.18	0.01	0.17	-0.08	0.15	0.31*	-0.06	0.06	0.27	0.01	1
NR	-0.20	-0.19	-0.23	-0.16	-0.07	-0.08	-0.17	-0.05	-0.19	-0.12	-0.08	0.08	-0.05	0.07	-0.13	-0.09	0.20	0.20	-0.09	0.03	-0.62**	1
CA	-0.05	-0.04	-0.18	0.07	-0.18	-0.05	-0.15	-0.15	-0.17	-0.13	0.08	-0.04	-0.07	0.19	0.24	-0.04	0.10	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.20	-0.08	1

1* Significant at p ≤ 0.05 and **highly significant at p ≤ 0.01.

1 CA, carotenoid; DM, dry matter; FA, fruit area; FD, fruit width; FL, fruit length; FP, fruit perimeter; FT, fruit thickness; FV, fruit volume; FW, fruit weight; MO, moisture content; NRSs, non-reducing sugars; pH, potential acidity; P:S, pulp-to- stone ratio; PW, pulp weight; RSs, reducing sugars; SA, stone area; SD, stone width; SL, stone length; SP, stone perimeter; ST, stone thickness; SV, stone volume; SW, stone weight; TSS, total soluble solids.

Table 7.

PCA of the studied traits.

	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8
Eigen value	5.40	3.18	2.27	1.68	1.50	1.49	1.27	1.06
Variability (%)	23.48	13.84	9.86	7.33	6.54	6.49	5.54	4.62
Cumulative%	23.48	37.32	47.18	54.51	61.05	67.53	73.07	77.69

1 PCA, principal component analysis.

Variable plot (A), scatter plot (B) and biplot (C) analyses of physico-chemical characteristics of 50 date palm genotypes.

References

Authors

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 107 - 122

Submitted on: Jul 19, 2023

Accepted on: Feb 20, 2023

Published on: Jun 26, 2023

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

biochemical attributes,

biodiversity,

date palm germplasm,

digital image analysis

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Plant science

© 2023 Riaz Ahmad, Muhammad Akbar Anjum, Sezai Ercisli, Waqas Malik, Ebru Sakar, Romina Alina Marc, Rohini Karunakaran, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 35 (2023): Issue 1 (June 2023)

Physico-chemical properties revealed huge diversity in 50 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genotypes

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Figure 6.

Table 5.

Table 6.

Table 7.

Figure 7.

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