A comparative study of morphological characteristics in diploid and tetraploid (auto and allotetraploids) Citrullus genotypes

Genotype	Genotype code	Plants used in colchicine application (number)
Calhoun Gray (Citrullus lanatus)	C	180
W1482 (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides)	N3	210
W1832 (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides)	N5	210
W2001 (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides)	N7	180
CxW1482	CxN3	210
CxW1832	CxN5	180
CxW2001	CxN7	210
Total		1,380

Table 2.

List of genotypes used in hydroponic culture.

Genotype code	Ploidy level	Genotype code	Ploidy level
M₁Calhon Gray	Tetraploid	M₁CXN5-1	Tetraploid
M1N3	Tetraploid	M₁CXN7-1	Tetraploid
M₁N5-1	Tetraploid	M₁CXN7-2	Tetraploid
M₁N5-2	Tetraploid	M₁CXN7-3	Tetraploid
M₁N5-3	Tetraploid	M₁CXN7-4	Tetraploid
M₁N5-4	Tetraploid	M₁CXN7-5	Tetraploid
M₁N5-5	Tetraploid	Calhoun Gray	Diploid
M₁N5-6	Tetraploid	CXN3	Diploid
M₁N7-1	Tetraploid	CXN5	Diploid
M₁N7-2	Tetraploid	CXN7	Diploid
M₁N7-3	Tetraploid	N3	Diploid
M₁N7-4	Tetraploid	N5	Diploid
M₁CXN3-1	Tetraploid	N7	Diploid
M₁CXN3-2	Tetraploid	Crimson Tide	Diploid
M₁CXN3-3	Tetraploid	RS841	Diploid
M₁CXN3-4	Tetraploid	Argentario	Diploid

Table 3.

Number of plants applied, the number of surviving plants and their ratio (%).

Genotype	Plants applied (number)	Surviving plants (number)	Surviving plants (%)
C	180	120	66.67
N3	210	119	56.67
N5	210	110	52.38
N7	180	158	87.78
CXN3	210	116	55.24
CXN5	180	119	66.11
CXN7	210	116	55.24
Total/mean	1,380	858	62.17

Stomal diameter and length in diploid (A) and tetraploid (B) plant leaves (magnified 400×).

Table 4.

Mean stomatal diameter, stomatal length, stomatal density and chloroplast number in presumed polyploid and diploid plants.

	Stomatal diameter (μm)		Stomatal length (μm)		Stomatal density (number · mm^-2)		Chloroplast number (number)
Ploidy level	Diploid	Tetraploid	Diploid	Tetraploid	Diploid	Tetraploid	Diploid	Tetraploid
Maximum	16.09	20.56	23.30	31.42	627.30	341.75	10.18	16.41
Minimum	18.90	23.87	26.04	34.01	927.77	470.34	12.03	19.37
Mean	17.50	22.22	24.67	32.72	777.54	406.05	11.11	17.89

Table 5.

The number and percentage of tetraploid plants obtained as a result of microscope and flow cytometry analyses.

Genotype	Number of tetraploid plants		Flow cytometry analysis percentage of tetraploid plants (%)
Genotype	Stomatal examinations (number)	Flow cytometry analysis	Flow cytometry analysis percentage of tetraploid plants (%)
C	8	1	12.50
N3	15	1	6.67
N5	11	6	54.55
N7	12	4	33.33
CXN3	14	4	28.57
CXN5	11	1	9.09
CXN7	13	5	38.46
Total/mean	84	22	26.19

Ploidy level of diploid (A) and tetraploid watermelon (B).

Seedling of diploid (A) CXN5 and tetraploid (B) M₁CXN5-1 genotypes, leaf of diploid (C) CXN5 and tetraploid (D) M₁CXN5-1 genotypes, male flower of diploid (E) N5 and tetraploid (F) M₁N5-1 genotypes and seeds of diploid (G) CXN3 and tetraploid (H) M₁CXN3-1 genotypes.

Table 6.

Thousand seed weights, germination rate, cotyledon width, cotyledon length, stem diameter and % change in genome size and 1,000 seed weights.

	Ploidy level		% Change
	Tetraploid	Diploid	% Change
1,000 seed weight (g)	162.67	144.12	11.40
Germination rate (%)	65.8	94.8	-30.59
Cotyledon width (mm)	27.92	25.89	7.76
Cotyledon length (mm)	39.99	35.53	12.58
Hypocotyl diameter (mm)	3.14	2.57	20.62

Diploid N7 (A) and tetraploid M₁N7-1 (B) genotypes and diploid CXN3 (C) and tetraploid M₁-CXN3-1 (D) genotype plants grown in hydroponic culture for 21 days after transplanting.

Table 7.

PSD, plant height, SFW and SDW of the plants grown in hydroponic culture.

Genotype code	Ploidy level	PSD (mm)	PL (cm)	SFW (g · plant^-1)	SDW (g · plant^-1)
M₁Calhon Gray	Tetraploid	5.82 b–d	30.83 mn	12.58 no	1.42 op
M1N3	Tetraploid	5.61 b–d	35.53 k–m	21.37 k–m	2.30 l–n
M₁N5-1	Tetraploid	5.53 b–d	67.40 c–f	49.14 de	4.96 d–f
M₁N5-2	Tetraploid	5.57 b–d	67.67 c–f	37.50 f–i	3.92 g–j
M₁N5-3	Tetraploid	5.17 b–d	73.67 cd	39.17 f–h	4.08 g–i
M₁N5-4	Tetraploid	5.23 b–d	70.33 cd	39.17 f–h	3.97 g–j
M₁N5-5	Tetraploid	5.26 b–d	54.00 e–j	30.33 h–j	3.21 i–k
M₁N5-6	Tetraploid	4.94 b–d	51.12 f–k	30.83 h–j	3.16 jl
M₁N7-1	Tetraploid	5.32 b–d	49.70 g–l	23.33 j–m	2.45 k–n
M₁N7-2	Tetraploid	4.88 cd	65.05 c–g	25.00 j–m	2.68 k–m
M₁N7-3	Tetraploid	5.19 b–d	64.25 c–h	40.83 e–g	4.21 f–h
M₁N7-4	Tetraploid	5.38 b–d	75.65 c	43.33 e–g	4.51 e–h
M₁CXN3-1	Tetraploid	6.05 b–d	46.67 i–m	30.83 h–j	3.19 jk
M₁CXN3-2	Tetraploid	5.90 b–d	48.18 h–l	58.33 c	5.93 c
M₁CXN3-3	Tetraploid	5.77 b–d	67.67 c–f	45.00 e–g	4.68 e–h
M₁CXN3-4	Tetraploid	6.13 b–d	52.02 f–k	25.83 j–l	2.69 k–m
M₁CXN5-1	Tetraploid	6.48 b–d	45.47 j–m	46.33 ef	4.75 e–g
M₁CXN7-1	Tetraploid	6.12 b–d	64.00 c–h	44.67 e–g	4.62 e–h
M₁CXN7-2	Tetraploid	5.93 b–d	34.55 l–n	40.17 fg	4.07 g–i
M₁CXN7-3	Tetraploid	5.82 b–d	27.67 no	36.35 g–i	3.81 h–j
M₁CXN7-4	Tetraploid	6.05 b–d	60.62 c–j	55.00 cd	5.65 cd
M₁CXN7-5	Tetraploid	6.53 b–d	62.17 c–i	49.33 de	5.10 d–f
Calhoun Gray	Diploid	6.07 b–d	17.83 o–r	5.08 op	0.67 pr
CXN3	Diploid	3.86 d	15.55 o–r	3.60 p	0.41 r
CXN5	Diploid	5.48 b–d	44.67 j–m	30.83 h–j	3.25 i–k
CXN7	Diploid	5.07 b–d	58.52 d–j	29.67 k	3.13 jl
N3	Diploid	4.76 d	26.22 n–p	16.52 mn	1.70 no
N5	Diploid	4.96 b-d	37.23 k–n	20.82 mn	2.26 mn
N7	Diploid	4.11 d	30.83 mn	17.33 l–n	1.81 no
C. tide	Citrullus lanatus	2.79 d	11.00 p–r	2.72 p	0.39 r
RS841	C.maxima × C. moschata	9.73 a	95.83 b	84.00 a	8.58 a
Argentario	Lagenaria siceraria	9.62 ab	115.83 a	73.33 b	7.43 b

1 Values denoted by different letters are significantly different between genotypes within columns at p < 0.05.

2 PL, plant length; PSD, plant stem diameter; SDW, shoot dry weight; SFW, shoot fresh weight.

Table 8.

RFW, RDW, RL, RV and RD of the plants grown in hydroponic culture for 21 days after transplanting.

Genotype code	Ploidy level	RFW (g · plant^-1)	RDW (g · plant^-1)	RL (cm)	RV (cm³ · plant^-1)	RD (mm)
M₁Calhon Gray	Tetraploid	9.81 mn	1.15 pr	1,319.16 m	3.31 l–n	0.40 g
M1N3	Tetraploid	10.50 l–n	1.22 o–r	1,702.86 m	1.82 o	0.37 i
M₁N5-1	Tetraploid	22.13 fg	2.26 h–k	4,818.78 ef	3.52 k–m	0.44 f
M₁N5-2	Tetraploid	22.94 d–f	2.46 f–i	3,570.95 g–k	3.85 kl	0.38 i
M₁N5-3	Tetraploid	23.61 d–f	2.53 e–h	5,175.32 de	5.92 gh	0.53 c
M₁N5-4	Tetraploid	26.78 c–e	2.73 d–g	3,470.66 h–l	5.25 h–j	0.44 f
M₁N5-5	Tetraploid	20.26 f–h	2.20 h–k	3,514.55 h–k	4.32 l	0.40 g
M₁N5-6	Tetraploid	23.48 d–f	2.43 f–i	3,660.05 g–j	4.48 i–k	0.58 a
M₁N7-1	Tetraploid	13.97 k–m	1.52 n–p	4,046.80 f–i	4.44 i–k	0.37 i
M₁N7-2	Tetraploid	14.51 j–l	1.63 m–o	2,764.20 kl	3.95 kl	0.55 b
M₁N7-3	Tetraploid	20.65 f–h	2.19 h–k	3,722.38 g–j	5.38 h–j	0.44 f
M₁N7-4	Tetraploid	21.48 fg	2.33 g–j	6,083.45 c	2.81 mn	0.37 i
M₁CXN3-1	Tetraploid	15.73 i–k	1.68 l–n	2,658.33 l	4.35 j–l	0.46 e
M₁CXN3-2	Tetraploid	28.37 c	2.93 de	4,223.48 f–h	6.53 fg	0.46 e
M₁CXN3-3	Tetraploid	22.50 fg	2.43 f–i	3,333.78 i–l	6.67 fg	0.51 d
M₁CXN3-4	Tetraploid	18.24 g–j	1.93 j–n	2,905.59 j–l	3.79 k–m	0.40 g
M₁CXN5-1	Tetraploid	33.02 b	3.41 bc	7,678.59 b	11.09 b	0.44 f
M₁CXN7-1	Tetraploid	27.09 cd	2.86 d–f	6,001.24 c	7.40 d–f	0.40 g
M₁CXN7-2	Tetraploid	19.91 f–i	2.05 i–m	4,416.07 e–g	4.50 i–k	0.35 j
M₁CXN7-3	Tetraploid	20.60 f–h	2.23 h–k	3,658.58 g–j	7.28 ef	0.51 d
M₁CXN7-4	Tetraploid	28.94 c	3.04 c–e	4,104.75 f–i	8.21 de	0.51 d
M₁CXN7-5	Tetraploid	22.82 d–f	2.45 f–i	5,825.66 cd	8.29 d	0.44 f
Calhoun Gray	Diploid	3.16 o	0.48 s	344.85 n	0.78 p	0.44 f
CXN3	Diploid	1.70 o	0.22 s	173.10 n	0.27 p	0.46 e
CXN5	Diploid	19.29 f–i	2.09 h–l	3,645.02 g–j	4.22 l	0.40 g
CXN7	Diploid	16.70 h–k	1.83 k–n	4,428.47 e–g	5.51 hi	0.40 g
N3	Diploid	8.37 n	0.89 r	1,454.43 m	1.82 o	0.40 g
N5	Diploid	13.90 k–n	1.57 n–p	3,591.94 g–k	4.31 l	0.40 g
N7	Diploid	10.77 n	1.16 pr	1,719.21 m	2.44 no	0.44 f
C. tide	Citrullus lanatus	1.19 o	0.24 s	148.66 n	0.32 p	0.37 i
RS841	C. maxima × C. moschata	38.17 a	4.00 a	11,098.84 a	13.04 a	0.39 h
Argentario	Lagenaria siceraria	34.00 b	3.50 b	11,000.44 a	9.70 c	0.34 k

1 Values denoted by different letters are significantly different between genotypes within columns at p < 0.05.

2 RD, root diameter; RDW, root dry weight; RFW, root fresh weight; RL, root length; RV, root volume.

PCA of diploid (D) and tetraploid (T) watermelon genotypes based on hydroponic culture morphological features. PCA, principal component analysis; PL, plant length; PSD, plant stem diameter; RD, root diameter; RDW, root dry weight; RFW, root fresh weight; RL, root length; RV, root volume; SDW, shoot dry weight; SFW, shoot fresh weight.

Table 9.

Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r values) between plant growth parameters and direct (DNA content) and indirect (stomatal measurement) ploidy determination methods in 22 tetraploid and seven diploid watermelon genotypes.

	PSD	PL	SFW	SDW	RFW	RDW	RL	RV	RD
DNA content	0.33*	0.48*	0.60**	0.60**	0.60**	0.61**	0.45*	0.47*	-0.02^ns
Stomatal diameter	–0.15^ns	–0.49*	–0.56**	–0.56**	-0.58**	-0.58**	-0.53**	-0.44*	0.26^ns
Stomatal length	0.26^ns	0.50**	0.49*	0.49*	0.52*	0.53*	0.38*	0.32*	-0.15^ns
Stomatal density	0.30^ns	0.50**	0.55**	0.55**	0.59**	0.59**	0.43*	0.40*	-0.12^ns
Chloroplast number	–0.19^ns	0.19^ns	–0.10 ^ns	–0.10 ^ns	0.02^ns	0.01^ns	-0.05^ns	-0.24^ns	-0.26^ns

* p ≤ 0.05;

** p ≤ 0.01,

1 respectively; ns, not significant; PL, plant length; PSD, plant stem diameter; RD, root diameter; RDW, root dry weight; RFW, root fresh weight; RL, root length; RV, root volume; SDW, shoot dry weight; SFW, shoot fresh weight.

Table 10.

Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r values) between DNA content and stomatal measurement in 22 tetraploid and 62 diploid watermelon genotypes.

	Stomatal diameter	Stomatal length	Stomatal density	Chloroplast number
DNA content	0.96**	0.90**	-0.79**	0.88**

1 Variable of significance

2** p ≤ 0.01; ns, not significant.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 33 - 48

Submitted on: Jul 28, 2022

Accepted on: Dec 21, 2022

Published on: Jun 26, 2023

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

hydroponic culture,

ploidy levels,

rootstock,

tetraploid and watermelon

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Plant science

© 2023 Alim Aydin, Halit Yetişir, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 35 (2023): Issue 1 (June 2023)

A comparative study of morphological characteristics in diploid and tetraploid (auto and allotetraploids) Citrullus genotypes

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Figure 1.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Table 6.

Figure 4.

Table 7.

Table 8.

Figure 5.

Table 9.

Table 10.

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