Waste apple wood: A safe and economical alternative substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes

Yu, Guorong; Li, Xinxin; Zhao, Shengting; Sun, Shuguang; Yu, Yanru; Chen, Jinzhi; Cheng, Xianhao; Li, Weihuan

doi:10.2478/fhort-2022-0014

Figures & Tables

The global positioning system (GPS) localisation map of the sampling region.

The content of heavy metal elements and other mineral elements in culture material samples (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

Element	Apple sawdust	Oak sawdust	Cottonseed husk	Corn cob	Wheat bran
Pb	ND	0.90 ± 0.19	ND	0.15 ± 0.05	ND
Cd	0.26 ± 0.20	0.23 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.02
Hg	0.021 ± 0.0082	0.014 ± 0.0045	0.0038 ± 0.00035	0.019 ± 0.003	0.0054 ± 0.0016
As	0.43 ± 0.19	0.16 ± 0.025	0.24 ± 0.046	0.27 ± 0.11	0.16 ± 0.037
Cr	2.00 ± 0.71	3.20 ± 0.26	1.89 ± 0.19	1.82 ± 0.12	1.99 ± 1.02
Ni	11.42 ± 1.22	19.02 ± 0.34	3.40 ± 1.30	61.45 ± 10.58	11.27 ± 4.23
Zn	36.56 ± 2.76	12.17 ± 1.50	29.17 ± 1.40	46.34 ± 13.76	95.55 ± 15.54
Fe	469.52 ± 47.26	534.98 ± 46.71	133.18 ± 2.36	707.34 ± 26.48	389.38 ± 117.62
Mn	56.45 ± 10.76	198.80 ± 33.24	43.43 ± 2.88	70.44 ± 6.63	151.94 ± 21.69
Cu	42.37 ± 12.00	30.76 ± 2.18	22.04 ± 2.08	102.79 ± 29.97	30.02 ± 7.20
P	285.89 ± 74.33	421.20 ± 11.30	965.73 ± 194.83	1,892.39 ± 245.57	11,736.02 ± 2,074.40
K	2,976.74 ± 491.72	996.00 ± 63.02	9,184.94 ± 514.20	7,001.17 ± 1,652.27	12,811.04 ± 1,902.13
S	1,011.27 ± 202.44	1,375.46 ± 34.10	1,453.87 ± 163.89	2,933.34 ± 272.59	4,044.84 ± 441.75
Ca	11,220.94 ± 2,918.93	18,263.25 ± 445.73	3,370.71 ± 263.35	3,097.61 ± 599.40	1,476.53 ± 264.57
Mg	1,120.56 ± 169.58	1,241.33 ± 282.32	1,721.86 ± 376.95	1,166.53 ± 252.63	4,234.88 ± 492.44
Se	0.030 ± 0.0058	ND	0.043 ± 0.0087	0.032 ± 0.0036	0.0364 ± 0.011

Formulations for Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes_

Number	Cultivated species	Formula
1 (CK)	P. ostreatus	Cottonseed husk 80%, corn cob 3%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%
2	P. ostreatus	Apple sawdust 50%, cotton seed husk 20%, corn cob 20%, wheat bran 8%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%
3 (CK)	L. edodes	Oak sawdust 80%, wheat bran 18%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%
4	L. edodes	Apple sawdust 80%, wheat bran 18%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%

Analysis of the contents of heavy metal elements in apple wood samples_

Heavy metal	Detection rate (%)	Detection range (mg · kg⁻¹)	Average (mg · kg⁻¹)	Standard deviation	Coefficient of variation (%)
Pb	100	0.14–41.51	2.37	5.15	217.26
Cd	72.60	0.08–2.23	0.20	0.31	159.79
Hg	91.78	1.4–0.0031	0.057	0.17	292.96
As	86.30	0.17–6.14	0.60	0.75	125.91
Cr	97.26	0.12–16.12	3.49	2.75	78.70
Ni	100	1.30–21.82	4.73	3.29	69.45
Zn	100	1.12–115.15	18.55	19.48	105.02
Fe	100	107–8,709	486.61	1,081.55	222.26
Mn	100	20.3–204.62	84.73	43.93	51.85
Cu	100	5.97–235.93	34.38	34.80	101.21

Contents of heavy metal elements and other mineral elements in Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

	P. ostreatus		L. edodes

	Formula 1 (CK)	Formula 2	Formula 3 (CK)	Formula 4
Pb	ND	ND	ND	ND
Cd	0.11 ± 0.04	0.17 ± 0.02	1.06 ± 0.12	0.19 ± 0.03
Hg	0.12 ± 0.03	0.033 ± 0.0024	0.018 ± 0.0028	0.028667 ± 0.0045
As	0.52 ± 0.035	0.059 ± 0.010	0.48 ± 0.035	0.72 ± 0.094
Cr	ND	0.60 ± 0.06	0.86 ± 0.19	1.34 ± 0.27
Ni	0.16 ± 0.05	1.62 ± 0.24	3.00 ± 0.36	9.29 ± 0.78
Zn	65.95 ± 8.50	75.47 ± 5.03	108.43 ± 7.97	90.22 ± 8.63
Fe	69.18 ± 16.13	92.35 ± 6.26	95.47 ± 10.40	51.51 ± 7.86
Mn	8.03 ± 0.30	7.25 ± 1.42	16.83 ± 3.15	14.89 ± 2.64
Cu	12.63 ± 0.86	8.47 ± 2.20	26.03 ± 4.69	13.35 ± 2.44
P	9,244.25 ± 1,133.32	9,275.98 ± 697.41	9,737.44 ± 1,277.03	9,470.33 ± 658.03
K	16,654.00 ± 2,968.71	18,212.00 ± 936.16	18,507.33 ± 2,236.68	11,271.36 ± 2,829.37
S	4,037.00 ± 249.92	4,186.00 ± 75.45	24,796.33 ± 4,636.61	16,388.44 ± 2,085.69
Ca	178.24 ± 17.15	132.01 ± 10.57	908.50 ± 61.21	851.67 ± 31.13
Mg	1,115.00 ± 148.58	1,463.33 ± 97.01	1,479.67 ± 320.01	889.33 ± 38.44
Se	0.028 ± 0.0061	0.162 ± 0.034	0.096 ± 0.013	0.0605 ± 0.012

List of pesticide residues not detected_

Numbers	Pesticide residues	Numbers	Pesticide residues
1	Atrazine	85	Fenpropimorph
2	Azinphos-methyl	86	Fenthion
3	Azoxystrobin	87	Fenvalerate
4	Benalaxyl	88	Fipronil
5	Bendiocarb	89	Flucythrinate
6	Benfluralin	90	Flufenoxuron
7	Benfuracarb	91	Flusilazole
8	Benoxacor	92	Fluvalinate
9	Bifenthrin	93	Furathiocarb
10	Boscalid	94	HCH-gamma
11	Bromopropylate	95	Imazalil
12	Buprofezin	96	Indoxacarb
13	Butachlor	97	Isocarbophos
14	Cadusafos	98	Isofenphos
15	Carbofuran	99	Isoprocarb
16	Chlorfenvinphos	100	Isoprothiolane
17	Chlordane	101	Kresoxim Methy l
18	Chlorfenapyr	102	Malathion
19	Chlorpropham	103	Metalaxyl
20	Chlorpyrifos Methyl	104	Metamitron
21	Cyanazine	105	Methamidophos
22	Cyfluthrin	106	Tolclofos-methyl
23	Cyprodinil	107	Triadimefon
24	DDD (p,p’)	108	Triadimenol
25	DDE (p,p’)	109	Triazophos
26	DDT (o,p’)	110	Triflumizole
27	DDT (p,p’)	111	Trifluralin
28	Deltamethrin	112	Vamidothion
29	Diazinon	113	Vinclozolin
30	Dichlorvos	114	Hexythiazox
31	Dicloran	115	Linuron
32	Dicofol	116	2-phenyl-phenol
33	Diethofencarb	117	Bupirimate
34	Methidathion	118	DDD (o,p’)
35	Metolachlor	119	DDE (o,p’)
36	Mevinphos	120	Isoproturon
37	Myclobutanil	121	Quintozane
38	Napropamide	122	Tetrachlorvinphos
39	Nitrothal-isopropyl	123	Tetradifon
40	Oxadixyl	124	Tolylfluanid
41	Oxadiazon	125	Butocarboxim
42	Paclobutrazol	126	Heptenophos
43	Parathion	127	Acephate
44	Penconazole	128	Aldicarb
45	Pendimethalin	129	Aldicarb-sulfoxide
46	Permethrin	130	Aldoxycarb
47	Phenthoate	131	Bensulfuron-methyl
48	Phorate	132	Captan
49	Phosalone	133	Carbaryl
50	Phosmet	134	Carbofuran-3-hydroxy
51	Phoxim	135	Clethodim
52	Pirimicarb	136	Cyromazine
53	Pirimiphos-methyl	137	Dichlofluanid
54	Procymidone	138	Emamectin benzoate(Et)
55	Profenofos	139	Ethiofencarb
56	Promecarb	140	Fenhexamid
57	Prometryn	141	Fluazifop-p-butyl
58	Propamocarb	142	Iprodione
59	Propargite	143	Iprovalicarb
60	Propham	144	Isofenphos-methyl
61	Propiconazole	145	Methiocarb
62	Propoxur	146	Methomyl
63	Propyzamide	147	Methoxyfenozide
64	Pyrazophos	148	Monocrotophos
65	Pyridaben	149	Nicosulfuron
66	Pyridaphenthion	150	Omethoate
67	Pyrimethanil	151	Oxydemeton-methyl
68	Quinalphos	152	Pirimiphos-ethy l
69	Simazine	153	Pymetrozin
70	S421	154	Quizalofop-ethyl
71	Dimethoate	155	Rimsulfuron
72	Edifenphos	156	Spinosad
73	Endosulfan (alpha isomer)	157	Spiroxamine
74	Endosulfan (beta isomer)	158	Tebufenozide
75	Endosulfan sulfate	159	Thiabendazole
76	Ethion	160	Thiacloprid
77	Ethoprophos	161	Thiamethoxam
78	Etofenprox	162	Hifensulfuron-methyl
79	Etrimfos	163	Thiodicarb
80	Fenarimol	164	Triasulfuron
81	Fenitrothion	165	Trichlorfon
82	Fenobucarb	166	Triflusulfuron-methyl
83	Fenoxycarb	167	Thiofanox-sulfone
84	Fenpropathrin	168	Thiofanox-sulfoxid

Comparison of the biological efficiency of edible mushrooms cultivated with apple sawdust and other materials_

	Pleurotus ostreatus		Lentinus edodes

	Formula 1 (CK)	Formula 2	Formula 3 (CK)	Formula 4
Biological efficiency %	112.17 ± 4.23^**	89.70 ± 2.04	80.79 ± 1.89	81.62 ± 1.40

Pesticide residue test results of apple wood (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

Apple Wood Sample No	Chlorpyrifos	Cyhalothrin	Cypermethrin	Difenoconazole	Tebuconazole	Chlorbenzuron	Carbendazim	Imidacloprid	Acetamiprid	Cymoxanil	Prochloraz
1	0.010	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.015	ND	ND	ND	ND
2	0.45	ND	0.19	0.083	0.16	0.21	1.43	0.19	0.038	0.083	0.040
3	0.13	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.40	0.10	0.023	ND	ND
4	0.04	ND	ND	ND	0.052	0.037	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
5	0.14	ND	ND	ND	0.10	ND	0.35	0.075	0.010	ND	ND
6	0.035	ND	ND	ND	0.090	0.16	0.40	0.037	0.021	ND	ND
7	0.037	ND	ND	ND	0.044	ND	0.12	0.036	0.015	ND	ND
8	0.22	ND	0.11	ND	0.031	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
9	0.14	ND	ND	ND	0.027	ND	0.028	ND	ND	ND	ND
10	0.094	ND	ND	ND	0.083	ND	1.22	0.095	0.048	ND	ND
11	0.10	ND	ND	ND	0.11	0.13	4.86	0.11	0.030	ND	ND
12	0.043	ND	ND	ND	0.060	ND	1.25	0.14	0.013	ND	ND
13	0.010	ND	ND	ND	0.017	ND	0.047	ND	0.11	ND	ND
14	0.18	ND	ND	ND	0.44	0.21	0.62	0.32	0.077	ND	ND
15	0.31	0.14	ND	ND	0.41	ND	0.62	0.11	0.072	ND	ND
16	0.029	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.052	0.086	0.045	ND	ND	ND
17	0.066	ND	ND	0.034	0.16	ND	0.25	ND	ND	ND	ND
18	0.017	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.04	ND	ND	ND	ND
19	0.067	ND	ND	ND	0.098	ND	0.12	0.047	ND	ND	ND
20	0.47	0.19	ND	ND	0.18	0.093	1.3	0.065	0.053	0.056	ND
21	0.75	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.051	0.13	0.031	0.025	ND	ND

Correlation analysis of the content of each element in apple wood samples_

Element	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	Cr	Ni	Zn	Fe	Mn
Cd	0.031
Hg	0.156	0.080
As	0.059	0.386^**	0.133
Cr	0.530^**	0.124	0.336^**	−0.001
Ni	0.056	−0.090	0.054	−0.076	0.378^**
Zn	0.361^**	0.733^**	0.162	0.207	0.446^**	0.203
Fe	0.988^**	0.050	0.118	0.065	0.560^**	0.112	0.394^**
Mn	0.249^*	0.125	0.235^*	0.211	0.171	0.050	0.216	0.243^*
Cu	0.346^**	0.104	0.452^**	−0.027	0.626^**	0.025	0.292^*	0.342^**	0.250^*

Pesticide residue contents of culture raw material samples (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

Pesticide residues	Apple sawdust	Oak sawdust	Cottonseed husk	Corn cobs	Wheat bran
Chlorpyrifos	0.56 ± 0.075	ND	ND	ND	ND
Acetamiprid	0.16 ± 0.020	ND	ND	ND	ND
Phoxim	0.053 ± 0.0047	ND	ND	ND	0.058 ± 0.0047

Analysis of the contents of pesticide residues in apple wood samples_

Pesticide residues	Detection rate (%)	Detection range (mg · kg⁻¹)	Average (mg · kg⁻¹)	Standard deviation	Coefficient of variation (%)
Chlorpyrifos	100	0.01–0.75	0.16	0.19	119.64
Cyhalothrin	9.52	0.14–0.19	0.17	0.04	21.43
Cypermethrin	9.52	0.11–0.19	0.15	0.06	37.71
Chlorbenzuron	38.10	0.037–0.21	0.12	0.07	59.87
Carbendazim	90.48	0.015–4.86	0.70	1.12	157.31
Imidacloprid	66.67	0.031–0.32	0.10	0.08	76.69
Acetamiprid	61.90	0.01–0.11	0.04	0.03	76.88
Difenoconazole	9.52	0.034–0.083	0.06	0.03	59.23
Tebuconazole	76.19	0.017–0.44	0.13	0.13	97.43
Cymoxanil	9.52	0.056–0.083	0.07	0.02	27.47
Prochloraz	4.76	0.04	0.04

Waste apple wood: A safe and economical alternative substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Top five contents of each heavy metal element in apple wood samples (mg · kg−1)_

The content of heavy metal elements and other mineral elements in culture material samples (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

Formulations for Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes_

Analysis of the contents of heavy metal elements in apple wood samples_

Contents of heavy metal elements and other mineral elements in Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

List of pesticide residues not detected_

Comparison of the biological efficiency of edible mushrooms cultivated with apple sawdust and other materials_

Pesticide residue test results of apple wood (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

Correlation analysis of the content of each element in apple wood samples_

Pesticide residue contents of culture raw material samples (mg · kg−1 dry weight)_

Analysis of the contents of pesticide residues in apple wood samples_

Paradigm

My account

Ranking	Pb		Cd		Hg		As		Cr		Ni		Zn		Fe		Mn		Cu

	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content	Sample number	Content
1	27	41.51	57	2.23	32	1.4	69	6.14	19	16.12	4	21.82	57	115.15	27	8,708.92	38	204.62	19	235.93
2	19	18.48	36	1.05	38	0.25	57	1.99	46	12.58	49	14.02	41	81.62	19	3,963.58	41	188.95	46	134.28
3	32	7.03	41	0.90	19	0.23	2	1.51	27	9.70	72	12.78	27	61.07	4	1,251.47	43	183.50	34	126.23
4	16	3.81	56	0.68	60	0.22	36	1.4	4	8.82	33	11.48	19	58.07	32	1,105.65	44	180.38	32	107.42
5	4	3.16	24	0.60	69	0.19	27	1.10	32	8.80	64	10.50	36	56.03	46	641.30	66	176.62	73	90.45