Zn2+ induces changes in activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and emissions of floral volatiles in Dendrobium huoshanense

Zhu, Wangsheng; Dai, Jun; Wang, Jiahong

doi:10.2478/fhort-2022-0009

Figures & Tables

Population (A,B), plant (C) and flower (D) of D. huoshanense in the greenhouse.

Intracellular Zn2+ fluorescence images (A-a, control group; B-b, 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; C-c, 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; D-d, 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments) in D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after the treatment of different concentrations of ZnSO4. The images were taken in darkfield (A–D) and brightfield (a–d).

Effects of different concentrations of ZnSO4 at different times on treatments since the treatment on average ± SE activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (A), II (B), III (C), IV (D) and V (E) in D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. SE, standard error.

Effects of ZnSO4 treatments on precursor (IPP, A; DMAPP, B; Phe, C; LA, D; LNA, E) and ATP (F) levels in D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; Phe, phenylalanine, LA, linoleic acid; LNA, linolenic acid, ATP, adenosine triphosphate.

Effects of ZnSO4 treatments on emissions of terpenoids (A), benzenes (B), fatty acid derivatives (C) and total floral volatiles (D) from D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively.

Structure diagram of canonical correlation analysis among the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (X group), production rates of precursors and ATP (Y group) and emissions of floral volatiles (Z group). (A) shows there is a significantly positive correlation between the X group and the Y group at the statistical 1% level. Similar to (A), (B) also shows a statistical correlation between the X and Z groups. (C) has two canonical correlation coefficients, and they are both statistically significant at the 1% level, indicating that there is a very close positive correlation between the Y and Z group even though their internal canonical loading of each indicator inside the Y and Z group is different. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the X group, the Y group and the Z group in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. ATP, adenosine triphosphate, Phe, phenylalanine; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; LA, linoleic acid; LNA, linolenic acid; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.

Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.

Canonical correlation analysis between the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and emission of floral volatiles_

Correlations between Set-1 (the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes) and Set-2 (emission of floral volatiles)

	Terpenoids	Benzoids	Fatty acid derivatives
Complex I	0.6595	0.4476	0.5092
Complex II	0.9692	0.9762	0.9915
Complex III	0.5268	0.3042	0.3576
Complex IV	0.6398	0.4167	0.4832
Complex V	0.9804	0.9706	0.9929
Canonical correlations
0.999
Test that remaining correlations are zero:

Wilk's	Chi-SQ	DF	Sig.

0.000	60.329	15.000	0.000

Canonical correlation analysis between the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and the production of precursors and ATP_

Correlations between Set-1 (the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes) and Set-2 (production of precursors and ATP)

	IPP	DMAPP	Phe	LA	LNA	ATP
Complex I	0.7104	0.6786	0.7207	0.7872	0.6727	0.5994
Complex II	0.9404	0.9674	0.9549	0.9294	0.9483	0.9942
Complex III	0.5799	0.5574	0.6105	0.6911	0.5508	0.4600
Complex IV	0.6895	0.6677	0.7079	0.7787	0.6699	0.5780
Complex V	0.9549	0.9754	0.9643	0.9338	0.9534	0.9942
Canonical correlations
0.999
Test that remaining correlations are zero:

Wilk's		Chi-SQ		DF		Sig.

0.000		51.362		30.000		0.009

Zn2+ fluorescence intensity and Zn concentrations in D_ huoshanense petals at 6 h after the treatment of different concentrations of ZnSO4_

ZnSO₄ treatments (mM)	Zn²⁺ intensity (mean)		Zn concentrations (mg · kg DM)

	Darkfield	Brightfield
0	26.56 ± 1.01	93.82 ± 1.35	39.36 ± 2.63
2	27.33 ± 0.80^*	99.74 ± 1.52^*	45.29 ± 3.85^*
4	37.27 ± 1.42^**	108.33 ± 0.87^**	51.12 ± 3.14^**
8	41.06 ± 1.22^**	120.25 ± 1.43^**	71.45 ± 4.21^**

Canonical correlation analysis between the production of precursors and ATP and emission of floral volatiles_

Correlations between Set-1 (the production of precursors and ATP) and Set-2 (emission of floral volatiles)

	Terpenoids	Benzoids	Fatty acid derivatives
IPP	0.9905	0.8834	0.9420
DMAPP	0.9969	0.9262	0.9658
Phe	0.9837	0.8945	0.9446
LA	0.9696	0.8601	0.9096
LNA	0.9883	0.9012	0.9498
ATP	0.9856	0.9704	0.9919
Canonical correlations
0.999

Component of floral volatiles from D_ huoshanense petals treated with different concentrations of ZnSO4_ The values of component contents ± SE in Table 2 were an average of their contents at 6 h, 9 h and 12 h after ZnSO4 treatments_

Component code	Component name	RI (retention time) calculation value	RI (retention time) reference value	Component content (μg · g⁻¹ FW)

				ZnSO₄ concentrations (mM)

				0	2	4	8
Monoterpenes (C 10) and sesquiterpenes (C 15) and terpenoid derivatives

A1	α-Pinene	936	939	0.82 ± 0.01	0.76 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.03	0.72 ± 0.03
A2	1,8-Cineol	1,018	1,015	0.34 ± 0.01	0.34 ± 0.02	0.39 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.02
A3	α-Ocimene	1,023	1,018	0.65 ± 0.03	0.67 ± 0.01	0.75 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.02
A4	β-Ocimene	1,049	1,044	16.49 ± 0.13	17.56 ± 0.15	19.62 ± 0.14	13.97 ± 0.11
A5	β-trans-Ocimene	1,056	1,050	1.45 ± 0.03	4.93 ± 0.06	2.02 ± 0.03	0.61 ± 0.01
A6	α-Cyclocitral	1,091	1,102	0.32 ± 0.02	0.28±0.03	0.26 ± 0.02	0.41 ± 0.03
A7	Linalool	1,096	1,102	0.66 ± 0.02	0.69 ± 0.02	0.63 ± 0.02	0.68 ± 0.01
A8	(E,E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene	1,135	1,143.5	-	-	0.68 ± 0.03	-
A9	(E)-Isopentyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate	1,189	1,195.8	0.75 ± 0.01	0.75 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.02	1.09 ± 0.02
A10	β-Cyclocitral	1,218	1,214	0.16 ± 0.03	0.16 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.01	-
A11	Geraniol	1,258	1,254	0.65 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.01	1.06 ± 0.02	3.04 ± 0.03
A12	δ-Elemene	1,321	1,324	0.91 ± 0.03	2.09 ± 0.04	5.38 ± 0.05	1.14 ± 0.10
A13	β-Elemene	1,369	1,373	0.46 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.03
A14	α-Ionone	1,421	1,426	0.38 ± 0.03	2.84 ± 0.03	0.43 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.02
A15	β-Caryophillene	1,425	1,417	10.46 ± 0.08	7.54 ± 0.06	20.73 ± 0.06	4.60 ± 0.05
A16	α, β-Dihydro-b-ionone	1,438	1,433	2.13 ± 0.04	1.38 ± 0.04	1.83 ± 0.03	0.96 ± 0.02
A17	Geranyl acetone	1,459	1,455	1.32 ± 0.02	1.79 ± 0.03	2.56 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.02
A18	α-Farnesene	1,516	1,507	3.13 ± 0.06	8.05 ± 0.09	6.12 ± 0.05	1.48 ± 0.04
A19	α-Cedrene epoxide	1,598	1,570	0.29 ± 0.03	0.30 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.01
A20	Caryophyllene oxide	1,623	1,593	0.46 ± 0.05	0.45 ± 0.05	0.50 ± 0.03	0.36 ± 0.02
A21	(E, E) -Farnesol	1,692	1,722	0.38 ± 0.01	0.34 ± 0.03	0.39 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.02

Benzoids

B1	1-Ethenyl-4-methoxybenzene	1,149	1,151.6	1.02 ± 0.01	1.14 ± 0.02	1.46 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.01
B2	1,4-Dimethoxybenzene	1,158	1,165	0.82 ± 0.02	0.86 ± 0.02	0.97 ± 0.02	0.74 ± 0.01
B3	4-(2-Propenyl) phenol	1,249	1,254	0.14 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.02	-
B4	1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene	1,263	1,260	0. 22 ± 0. 01	0. 22 ± 0. 02	0. 19 ± 0. 02	0. 26 ± 0. 02
B5	3-methoxy-5-methylphenol	1,340	1,342	0. 33 ± 0. 02	0. 33 ± 0. 03	0. 32 ± 0. 01	0. 33 ± 0. 02
B6	Butylated Hydroxytoluene	1,507	1,511	-	-	1.65 ± 0.02	-

Fatty acid derivatives

C1	3-Methylbutanoic acid methyl ester	769	765	0.46 ± 0.02	0.63 ± 0.05	0.81 ± 0.03	0.22 ± 0.02
C2	2-Methylbutyric acid, methyl ester	778	780	0.27 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.02	0.25 ± 0.01	0.25 ± 0.03
C3	Hexanal	793	800	0.21 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.03	0.24 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.02
C4	2-Hexanol	806	803	0.85 ± 0.02	0.97 ± 0.01	1.57 ± 0.04	0.64 ± 0.02
C5	Acetic acid, butyl ester	809	812	0.59 ± 0.03	0.54 ± 0.02	0.66 ± 0.04	0.53 ± 0.02
C6	2-Methylbutanoic acid ethyl ester	841	846	0.56 ± 0.01	0.59 ± 0.021	0.68 ± 0.03	-
C7	(Z)-Hex-3-en-1-ol	849	851	0.45 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.02	0.51 ± 0.02	0.39 ± 0.03
C8	1-Hexanol	856	867	1.41 ± 0.04	1.04 ± 0.02	6.33 ± 0.08	3.02 ± 0.01
C9	3-Methylbutanoic acid ethyl ester	857	859	0.32 ± 0.02	1.11 ± 0.03	1.65 ± 0.04	0.51 ± 0.01
C10	Acetic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester	881	876	0.47 ± 0.03	0.37 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.01	0.40 ± 0.02
C11	Tiglic acid ethyl ester	952	949	-	1.28 ± 0.05	1.74 ± 0.02	-
C12	1-Heptanol	975	970	1.08 ± 0.04	2.56 ± 0.06	1.56 ± 0.02	0.89 ± 0.02
C13	1-Octen-3-ol	998	986	0.94 ± 0.02	1.16 ± 0.01	1.78 ± 0.01	0.73 ± 0.02
C14	3-Octanone	1,003	987	4.53 ± 0.09	1.78 ± 0.02	7.33 ± 0.03	2.84 ± 0.03
C15	3-Octanol	1,009	995	0.51 ± 0.01	0.47 ± 0.02	0.54 ± 0.02	0.49 ± 0.01
C16	(E) -2-Octen-1-ol	1,062	1,067	0.51 ± 0.01	0.52 ± 0.01	0.58 ± 0.02	0.99 ± 0.02
C17	Nonanal	1,110	1,089	0.44 ± 0.02	0.35 ± 0.02	0.33 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.01
C18	3-Nonen-2-one	1,142	1,136	0.67 ± 0.02	0.69 ± 0.03	0.78 ± 0.03	0.65 ± 0.02

Zn2+ induces changes in activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and emissions of floral volatiles in Dendrobium huoshanense

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure S1

Figure S2

Figure S3

Canonical correlation analysis between the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and emission of floral volatiles_

Canonical correlation analysis between the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and the production of precursors and ATP_

Zn2+ fluorescence intensity and Zn concentrations in D_ huoshanense petals at 6 h after the treatment of different concentrations of ZnSO4_

Canonical correlation analysis between the production of precursors and ATP and emission of floral volatiles_

Component of floral volatiles from D_ huoshanense petals treated with different concentrations of ZnSO4_ The values of component contents ± SE in Table 2 were an average of their contents at 6 h, 9 h and 12 h after ZnSO4 treatments_

Paradigm

My account