Figure 1
Keywords related to stress memory in the agriculture field.
Table 1
Experimental groups of the study, modified according to Kulak (2020) and Pintó-Marijuan et al. (2017).
| Treatments | Experimental groups |
|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | Sampling before treatments at Day 0 |
| Stress after 11 days | Sampling on Day 11 in stressed plant groups |
| Control after 11 days | Sampling on Day 11 in irrigated plant groups |
| Stress group: recovery | Samplings on Day 17 after the recovery stage of stressed plant groups |
| Control group: recovery | Samplings on Day 17 after the recovery stages of irrigated plant groups |
| Stress group: stress | Samplings on Day 28 in plants, which were subjected to a 11-day stress, a 6-day recovery and a 11-day stress |
| Stress group: control | Samplings on Day 28 in plants, which were subjected to a 6-day stress, a 11-day recovery and a 7-day irrigation |
| Control group: stress | Sampling on Day 28 in plants that were irrigated for 17 days and then stressed for 11 days |
| Control group: control | Sampling on Day 28 in plants that were irrigated for 28 days |
Figure 2
Experimental scheme of the study.
Table 2
Plant growth and biomass production traits corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups.
| Treatments | Leaf (FW; g) | Leaf (DW; g) | Leaf rehydration (g) | SWC (g) | Leaf length (%) | Leaf width (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 24.21 bcd | 8.70 c | 2.08 b | 0.39 b | 3.23 c | 0.33 bc |
| Stress after 11 days | 20.95 cd | 13.88 abc | 0.88 c | 0.11 d | 3.83 bc | 0.23 de |
| Control after 11 days | 35.25 b | 14.06 abc | 2.80 a | 0.20 c | 4.33 ab | 0.33 bc |
| Stress group: recovery | 20.17 cd | 9.14 c | 2.08 b | 0.40 b | 4.10 bc | 0.27 cde |
| Control group: recovery | 34.87 b | 17.06 ab | 2.13 b | 0.52 a | 5.13 a | 0.40 b |
| Stress group: stress | 13.79 d | 12.07 bc | 0.39 cd | 0.048 e | 3.80 bc | 0.25 de |
| Stress group: control | 27.05 bc | 13.08 abc | 2.85 a | 0.37 b | 3.77 bc | 0.30 cd |
| Control group: stress | 15.81 cd | 12.03 bc | 0.21 d | 0.058 e | 4.07 bc | 0.20 e |
| Control group: control | 50.36 a | 18.42 a | 2.38 ab | 0.23 c | 5.100 a | 0.50 a |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.026 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.007 | p = 0.000 |
| Treatments | Stem length (cm) | Stem (FW;g) | Stem (DW;g) | Root length (cm) | Root (FW; g) | Root (DW; g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 19.83 f | 14.82 b | 6.24 b | 22.67 b | 19.53 bc | 6.78 b |
| Stress after 11 days | 21.46 ef | 12.30 b | 7.93 ab | 25.00 ab | 13.16 cd | 6.96 b |
| Control after 11 days | 28.33 bcd | 14.77 b | 8.52 ab | 24.50 b | 18.75 bc | 10.55 ab |
| Stress group: recovery | 24.00 def | 13.15 b | 6.58 b | 28.67 ab | 24.41 ab | 7.91 b |
| Control group: recovery | 29.93 bcd | 17.09 ab | 6.98 b | 30.17 ab | 28.67 ab | 10.41 ab |
| Stress group: stress | 25.67 cde | 9.38 b | 7.04 b | 37.50 a | 9.83 d | 7.49 b |
| Stress group: control | 30.23 bc | 14.40 b | 7.14 b ab | 31.83ab | 28.87 ab | 10.48 ab |
| Control group: stress | 31.67 b | 8.88 b | 7.41 ab | 32.00 ab | 7.567 cd | 6.83 b |
| Control group: control | 43.27 a | 23.17 a | 11.46 a | 38.67 a | 31.25 a | 13.39 a |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.027 | p = 0.259 | p = 0.169 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.014 |
[i] The means in the same column followed by the same letters were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p < 0.05).
[ii] DW, dry weight; FW, fresh weight; SWC, soil water content.
Figure 3
Heat map clustering of (A) plant growth and biomass production traits, (B) mineral contents in leaf, (C) essential oil compounds in leaf and (D) phenolic acids in leaf corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups.
Figure 4
PCA of (A) plant growth and biomass production traits, (B) mineral contents in leaf, (C) essential oil compounds in leaf and (D) phenolic acids in leaf corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups. PCA, principal component analysis.
Table 3
Mineral content changes corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups (mg · kg−1).
| Treatments | Ca | K | P | Mg | B | Mo | Fe | Cu | Zn | Mn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 253.53 e | 144.78 c | 196.26 ab | 542.33 a | 21.83 b | 3.59 c | 307.17 g | 11.44 abc | 7.90 e | 61.34 f |
| Stress after 11 days | 327.05 a | 116.15 f | 166.33 d | 464.33 d | 19.43 c | 4.92 a | 603.00 c | 8.21 c | 13.30 a | 78.26 d |
| Control after 11 days | 282.83 d | 103.03 g | 117.33 f | 498.67 b | 23.69 a | 2.24 e | 423.87 e | 8.94 bc | 3.39 g | 60.21 fg |
| Stress group: recovery | 312.06 b | 142.65 cd | 182.80 c | 465.00 d | 18.49 e | 2.17 e | 669.39 b | 11.38 abc | 10.56 b | 85.96 b |
| Control group: recovery | 290.60 cd | 153.83 b | 153.50 e | 430.33 e | 15.72 h | 2.01 f | 596.30 c | 10.70 abc | 5.42 f | 80.54 c |
| Stress group: stress | 229.85 f | 124.78 e | 200.97 a | 393.00 f | 18.53 e | 1.50 g | 594.60 c | 12.86 a | 13.54 a | 78.62 d |
| Stress group: control | 295.47 c | 138.42 d | 193.67 b | 504.33 b | 18.03 f | 2.60 d | 833.13 a | 12.69 ab | 8.99 c | 90.38 a |
| Control group: stress | 321.58 a | 164.02 a | 194.00 b | 461.67 d | 19.49 d | 4.12 b | 401.57 f | 10.79 abc | 8.44 d | 73.38 e |
| Control group: control | 249.99 e | 142.30 cd | 170.67 d | 481.67 c | 16.74 g | 1.70 g | 454.60 d | 9.87 abc | 5.30 f | 59.45 g |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.121 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 |
[i] The means in the same column followed by the same letters were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p < 0.05).
Table 4
Essential oil compounds corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups (%).
| Treatments | Delta-3-carene | Camphene | 2(10)-pinene | 4(10)-thujene | o-cymene | D-limonene | Eucalyptol | Camphor | Endoborneol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 0.690 g | 5.300 c | 0.000 b | 1.790 a | 2.570 b | 0.000 e | 68.970 a | 13.280 bc | 6.580 ef |
| Stress after 11 days | 1.490 e | 4.200 e | 0.690 a | 0.000 f | 1.780 e | 0.000 e | 68.473 a | 17.320 a | 6.020 f |
| Control after 11 days | 1.690 d | 4.670 d | 0.000 b | 0.920 d | 2.190 c | 3.020 b | 66.010 a | 14.990 b | 8.020 cd |
| Stress group: recovery | 1.670 d | 5.360 c | 0.730 a | 0.000 f | 0.000 g | 0.000 e | 69.170 a | 14.180 bc | 8.900 bc |
| Control group: recovery | 0.050 h | 4.160 e | 0.000 b | 0.990 d | 2.783 a | 1.450 c | 69.200 a | 14.220 bc | 7.140 de |
| Stress group: stress | 2.360 b | 6.210 b | 0.000 b | 1.270 c | 2.530 b | 3.720 a | 62.670 a | 18.030 a | 8.940 bc |
| Stress group: control | 1.330 f | 3.980 f | 0.000 b | 0.800 e | 1.500 f | 0.000 e | 64.940 a | 12.300 c | 9.420 ab |
| Control group: stress | 1.800 c | 6.770 a | 0.000 b | 1.550 b | 1.990 d | 0.000 e | 64.317 a | 17.480 a | 8.840 bc |
| Control group: control | 2.950 a | 3.160 g | 0.000 b | 0.910 d | 0.000 g | 0.150 d | 65.983 a | 12.540 bc | 10.060 a |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.201 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 |
[i] The means in the same column followed by the same letters were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p < 0.05).
Table 5
Individual phenolic acids corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups (ng · μL−1).
| Treatments | Ascorbic acid | Catechin | Caffeic acid | Ferulic acid | o-Coumaric acid | Rosmarinic acid | Quercetin | Kaempferol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 0.000 f | 2.150 g | 1.567 g | 3.805 b | 1.293 c | 6.460 f | 0.650 d | 1.099 g |
| Stress after 11 days | 12.753 a | 10.511 d | 5.797 d | 1.072 d | 5.970 a | 11.619 c | 0.000 e | 1.607 cde |
| Control after 11 days | 0.000 f | 2.864 g | 1.884 fg | 4.970 a | 1.933 b | 8.121 e | 1.599 b | 1.462 ef |
| Stress group: recovery | 4.066 d | 43.124 a | 14.511 a | 3.934 b | 5.794 a | 25.434 a | 0.000 e | 1.938 b |
| Control group: recovery | 0.000 f | 11.412 d | 2.703 ef | 1.741 c | 1.935b | 9.941 d | 2.399 a | 1.374 f |
| Stress group: stress | 7.654 b | 8.362 e | 7.961 b | 0.000 e | 1.896 b | 3.997 g | 0.000 e | 2.773 a |
| Stress group: control | 2.737 e | 4.849 f | 7.172 c | 1.253 d | 1.367 c | 6.330 f | 1.236 bc | 1.689 c |
| Control group: stress | 5.982 c | 17.827 c | 2.954 e | 1.789 c | 1.941 b | 10.796 cd | 1.278 bc | 1.654 cd |
| Control group: control | 3.179 e | 21.540 b | 2.199 efg | 2.001 c | 1.379 c | 13.427 b | 1.025 c | 1.500 def |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.201 |
[i] The means in the same column followed by the same letters were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p < 0.05).