Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Essential oil compounds corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups (%)_
| Treatments | Delta-3-carene | Camphene | 2(10)-pinene | 4(10)-thujene | o-cymene | D-limonene | Eucalyptol | Camphor | Endoborneol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 0.690 g | 5.300 c | 0.000 b | 1.790 a | 2.570 b | 0.000 e | 68.970 a | 13.280 bc | 6.580 ef |
| Stress after 11 days | 1.490 e | 4.200 e | 0.690 a | 0.000 f | 1.780 e | 0.000 e | 68.473 a | 17.320 a | 6.020 f |
| Control after 11 days | 1.690 d | 4.670 d | 0.000 b | 0.920 d | 2.190 c | 3.020 b | 66.010 a | 14.990 b | 8.020 cd |
| Stress group: recovery | 1.670 d | 5.360 c | 0.730 a | 0.000 f | 0.000 g | 0.000 e | 69.170 a | 14.180 bc | 8.900 bc |
| Control group: recovery | 0.050 h | 4.160 e | 0.000 b | 0.990 d | 2.783 a | 1.450 c | 69.200 a | 14.220 bc | 7.140 de |
| Stress group: stress | 2.360 b | 6.210 b | 0.000 b | 1.270 c | 2.530 b | 3.720 a | 62.670 a | 18.030 a | 8.940 bc |
| Stress group: control | 1.330 f | 3.980 f | 0.000 b | 0.800 e | 1.500 f | 0.000 e | 64.940 a | 12.300 c | 9.420 ab |
| Control group: stress | 1.800 c | 6.770 a | 0.000 b | 1.550 b | 1.990 d | 0.000 e | 64.317 a | 17.480 a | 8.840 bc |
| Control group: control | 2.950 a | 3.160 g | 0.000 b | 0.910 d | 0.000 g | 0.150 d | 65.983 a | 12.540 bc | 10.060 a |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.201 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 |
Experimental groups of the study, modified according to Kulak (2020) and Pintó-Marijuan et al_ (2017)_
| Treatments | Experimental groups |
|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | Sampling before treatments at Day 0 |
| Stress after 11 days | Sampling on Day 11 in stressed plant groups |
| Control after 11 days | Sampling on Day 11 in irrigated plant groups |
| Stress group: recovery | Samplings on Day 17 after the recovery stage of stressed plant groups |
| Control group: recovery | Samplings on Day 17 after the recovery stages of irrigated plant groups |
| Stress group: stress | Samplings on Day 28 in plants, which were subjected to a 11-day stress, a 6-day recovery and a 11-day stress |
| Stress group: control | Samplings on Day 28 in plants, which were subjected to a 6-day stress, a 11-day recovery and a 7-day irrigation |
| Control group: stress | Sampling on Day 28 in plants that were irrigated for 17 days and then stressed for 11 days |
| Control group: control | Sampling on Day 28 in plants that were irrigated for 28 days |
Mineral content changes corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups (mg · kg−1)_
| Treatments | Ca | K | P | Mg | B | Mo | Fe | Cu | Zn | Mn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 253.53 e | 144.78 c | 196.26 ab | 542.33 a | 21.83 b | 3.59 c | 307.17 g | 11.44 abc | 7.90 e | 61.34 f |
| Stress after 11 days | 327.05 a | 116.15 f | 166.33 d | 464.33 d | 19.43 c | 4.92 a | 603.00 c | 8.21 c | 13.30 a | 78.26 d |
| Control after 11 days | 282.83 d | 103.03 g | 117.33 f | 498.67 b | 23.69 a | 2.24 e | 423.87 e | 8.94 bc | 3.39 g | 60.21 fg |
| Stress group: recovery | 312.06 b | 142.65 cd | 182.80 c | 465.00 d | 18.49 e | 2.17 e | 669.39 b | 11.38 abc | 10.56 b | 85.96 b |
| Control group: recovery | 290.60 cd | 153.83 b | 153.50 e | 430.33 e | 15.72 h | 2.01 f | 596.30 c | 10.70 abc | 5.42 f | 80.54 c |
| Stress group: stress | 229.85 f | 124.78 e | 200.97 a | 393.00 f | 18.53 e | 1.50 g | 594.60 c | 12.86 a | 13.54 a | 78.62 d |
| Stress group: control | 295.47 c | 138.42 d | 193.67 b | 504.33 b | 18.03 f | 2.60 d | 833.13 a | 12.69 ab | 8.99 c | 90.38 a |
| Control group: stress | 321.58 a | 164.02 a | 194.00 b | 461.67 d | 19.49 d | 4.12 b | 401.57 f | 10.79 abc | 8.44 d | 73.38 e |
| Control group: control | 249.99 e | 142.30 cd | 170.67 d | 481.67 c | 16.74 g | 1.70 g | 454.60 d | 9.87 abc | 5.30 f | 59.45 g |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.121 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 |
Individual phenolic acids corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups (ng · μL−1)_
| Treatments | Ascorbic acid | Catechin | Caffeic acid | Ferulic acid | o-Coumaric acid | Rosmarinic acid | Quercetin | Kaempferol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 0.000 f | 2.150 g | 1.567 g | 3.805 b | 1.293 c | 6.460 f | 0.650 d | 1.099 g |
| Stress after 11 days | 12.753 a | 10.511 d | 5.797 d | 1.072 d | 5.970 a | 11.619 c | 0.000 e | 1.607 cde |
| Control after 11 days | 0.000 f | 2.864 g | 1.884 fg | 4.970 a | 1.933 b | 8.121 e | 1.599 b | 1.462 ef |
| Stress group: recovery | 4.066 d | 43.124 a | 14.511 a | 3.934 b | 5.794 a | 25.434 a | 0.000 e | 1.938 b |
| Control group: recovery | 0.000 f | 11.412 d | 2.703 ef | 1.741 c | 1.935b | 9.941 d | 2.399 a | 1.374 f |
| Stress group: stress | 7.654 b | 8.362 e | 7.961 b | 0.000 e | 1.896 b | 3.997 g | 0.000 e | 2.773 a |
| Stress group: control | 2.737 e | 4.849 f | 7.172 c | 1.253 d | 1.367 c | 6.330 f | 1.236 bc | 1.689 c |
| Control group: stress | 5.982 c | 17.827 c | 2.954 e | 1.789 c | 1.941 b | 10.796 cd | 1.278 bc | 1.654 cd |
| Control group: control | 3.179 e | 21.540 b | 2.199 efg | 2.001 c | 1.379 c | 13.427 b | 1.025 c | 1.500 def |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.201 |
Plant growth and biomass production traits corresponding to the stressed and non-stressed groups_
| Treatments | Leaf (FW; g) | Leaf (DW; g) | Leaf rehydration (g) | SWC (g) | Leaf length (%) | Leaf width (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampling at Day 0 | 24.21 bcd | 8.70 c | 2.08 b | 0.39 b | 3.23 c | 0.33 bc |
| Stress after 11 days | 20.95 cd | 13.88 abc | 0.88 c | 0.11 d | 3.83 bc | 0.23 de |
| Control after 11 days | 35.25 b | 14.06 abc | 2.80 a | 0.20 c | 4.33 ab | 0.33 bc |
| Stress group: recovery | 20.17 cd | 9.14 c | 2.08 b | 0.40 b | 4.10 bc | 0.27 cde |
| Control group: recovery | 34.87 b | 17.06 ab | 2.13 b | 0.52 a | 5.13 a | 0.40 b |
| Stress group: stress | 13.79 d | 12.07 bc | 0.39 cd | 0.048 e | 3.80 bc | 0.25 de |
| Stress group: control | 27.05 bc | 13.08 abc | 2.85 a | 0.37 b | 3.77 bc | 0.30 cd |
| Control group: stress | 15.81 cd | 12.03 bc | 0.21 d | 0.058 e | 4.07 bc | 0.20 e |
| Control group: control | 50.36 a | 18.42 a | 2.38 ab | 0.23 c | 5.100 a | 0.50 a |
| Significance | p = 0.000 | p = 0.026 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.000 | p = 0.007 | p = 0.000 |