Figure 1
Rosehip genotypes displayed in horizontal and vertical orientation.
Figure 2
Length and area measurements of rosehip genotypes.
Table 1
Biochemical characteristics of rosehip genotypes (fresh weight base).
| Genotypes | Antioxidant activity (DPPH) (mmol TE · kg−1) | Total flavonoids (mg QE · kg−1) | Total phenolics (mg GAE · kg−1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| G1 | 46.777 ± 0.145 n | 523.20 ± 5.41 jk | 63,495.40 ± 230.94 ih |
| G2 | 46.462 ± 0.204 n | 708.40 ± 3.91 g | 63,452.80 ± 255.46 ih |
| G3 | 51.042 ± 0.139 k | 517.40 ± 4.47 jk | 71,282.80 ± 256.12 d |
| G4 | 52.186 ± 0.128 j | 500.80 ± 6.18 kl | 67,119.80 ± 229.01 f |
| G5 | 51.334 ± 0.280 k | 402.20 ± 4.28 o | 48,936.20 ± 147.12 n |
| G6 | 39.510 ± 0.172 o | 615.40 ± 5.94 h | 39,103.20 ± 135.65 s |
| G7 | 48.791 ± 0.321 lm | 287.80 ± 6.53 r | 41,221.40 ± 235.79 r |
| G8 | 64.726 ± 0.227 c | 560.00 ± 3.82 i | 63,220.00 ± 477.88 i |
| G9 | 55.626 ± 0.209 h | 480.80 ± 6.73 l | 50,449.80 ± 443.70 m |
| G10 | 61.904 ± 0.234 d | 629.20 ± 9.56 h | 57,572.20 ± 443.72 j |
| G11 | 46.446 ± 0.355 n | 292.80 ± 1.77 r | 38,519.40 ± 95.26 s |
| G12 | 46.958 ± 0.243 n | 452.60 ± 0.92 m | 39,297.40 ± 323.95 s |
| G13 | 52.887 ± 0.203 i | 342.20 ± 3.15 p | 46,377.80 ± 283.56 o |
| G14 | 56.329 ± 0.292 g | 407.80 ± 2.59 no | 45,989.00 ± 454.78 o |
| G15 | 58.241 ± 0.205 f | 726.80 ± 5.90 g | 58,534.00 ± 291.88 j |
| G16 | 53.422 ± 0.227 i | 431.60 ± 4.84 mn | 44,822.20 ± 90.64 p |
| G17 | 56.142 ± 0.172 gh | 985.20 ± 12.41 d | 56,139.40 ± 326.93 k |
| G18 | 59.361 ± 0.273 e | 1,686.20 ± 4.55 a | 62,851.80 ± 304.91 i |
| G19 | 72.673 ± 0.198 a | 1,505.20 ± 35.01 b | 79,080.60 ± 267.63 a |
| G20 | 67.944 ± 0.316 b | 1,095.80 ± 10.00 c | 73,391.60 ± 455.63 b |
| G21 | 48.318 ± 0.160 m | 754.40 ± 4.05 f | 68,647.00 ± 272.68 e |
| G22 | 59.838 ± 0.257 e | 537.60 ± 3.73 ij | 64,285.20 ± 894.97 gh |
| G23 | 49.226 ± 0.163 l | 533.60 ± 5.11 ij | 52,998.00 ± 177.86 l |
| G24 | 64.864 ± 0.173 c | 636.60 ± 7.29 h | 72,313.20 ± 252.59 c |
| G25 | 67.705 ± 0.243 b | 864.80 ± 4.07 e | 64,672.60 ± 253.87 g |
[i] *The difference between the averages indicated by different letters in the same column is significant (p < 0.05).
[ii] QE, quercetin equivalent.
Figure 3
Shape and size characteristics of rosehip genotypes. SD, standard deviation of a sample; SCR, surface closure rate.
Table 2
Eigen statistics and vectors for three PCs.
| Physical attributes | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surface area | 0.997 | ||
| Geometric mean diameter | 0.997 | ||
| Volume | 0.997 | ||
| Elongation at horizontal | −0.989 | ||
| Sphericity | 0.979 | ||
| Circularity | 0.952 | ||
| SCR | 0.998 | ||
| Eigenvalues | 3.000 | 2.860 | 1.041 |
| % of variance | 42.853 | 40.853 | 14.865 |
| Cumulative (%) | 42.853 | 83.706 | 98.571 |
[i] PC, principal component; SCR, surface closure rate.
Figure 4
PC analysis scatter plot made on shape and size data. (A) Distribution of genotypes according to PC1 and PC2. (B) Distribution of genotypes according to PC1 and PC3. PC, principal component.
Figure 5
Change in shape contours of genotypes according to PC scores determined by EFA (from left to right: mean − 2SD, mean, mean + 2SD). EFA, elliptic Fourier analysis; PC, principal component.
Table 3
Discriminant analysis results and paired comparison.
| a. Eigenvalue statistics of discriminant functions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Functions | Eigenvalues | % of the variance explained | Cumulative, % | Canonical correlation | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 5.820 | 81.8 | 81.8 | 0.924 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 0.755 | 10.6 | 92.4 | 0.656 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 0.308 | 4.3 | 96.7 | 0.485 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| b. MANOVA results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statistics | Value | Hypothesis df | Error df | F value | P (Sigma) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Wilks’ lambda | 0.05145 | 120 | 8,856 | 61.17 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Pillai trace | 1.72 | 120 | 9,025 | 39.42 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| c. Hotelling's paired comparison test results (Top triangle: Mahalonabis distances; Bottom triangle: Bonferroni corrected) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G types | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | G6 | G7 | G8 | G9 | G10 | G11 | G12 | G13 | G14 | G15 | G16 | G17 | G18 | G19 | G20 | G21 | G22 | G23 | G24 | G25 |
| G1 | 16.5 | 9.5 | 22.8 | 26.4 | 4.3 | 19.0 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 8.6 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 39.2 | 6.9 | 15.5 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 58.4 | 7.7 | 28.9 | 10.3 | 7.1 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 13.1 | |
| G2 | 4E-47 | 28.0 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 7.8 | 10.6 | 28.1 | 19.2 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 2.4 | 28.5 | 34.6 | 16.3 | 6.6 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 6.5 | 3.5 | 2.4 | |
| G3 | 3E-34 | 5E-61 | 41.0 | 44.9 | 9.3 | 32.3 | 18.2 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 56.7 | 8.9 | 31.3 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 78.8 | 9.4 | 32.9 | 7.0 | 12.9 | 13.3 | 16.9 | 17.2 | |
| G4 | 2E-53 | 6E-07 | 5E-69 | 1.1 | 11.5 | 1.4 | 7.1 | 15.1 | 18.8 | 38.6 | 28.3 | 3.2 | 12.6 | 2.3 | 40.3 | 45.0 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 6.0 | 16.8 | 13.4 | 12.0 | 6.8 | 6.6 | |
| G5 | 3E-57 | 2E-15 | 1E-71 | 9E-04 | 14.5 | 1.3 | 9.5 | 17.2 | 21.9 | 42.1 | 29.9 | 4.7 | 16.5 | 3.9 | 44.9 | 49.0 | 7.7 | 16.3 | 7.6 | 19.6 | 16.7 | 14.4 | 8.8 | 7.9 | |
| G6 | 6E-19 | 2E-23 | 9E-34 | 5E-37 | 2E-42 | 8.0 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 8.9 | 5.1 | 22.1 | 0.6 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 13.2 | 38.2 | 1.2 | 11.4 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | |
| G7 | 8E-51 | 3E-03 | 5E-65 | 2E-05 | 3E-05 | 2E-30 | 5.7 | 9.7 | 13.5 | 31.2 | 20.7 | 6.3 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 33.0 | 38.0 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 4.7 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 4.5 | 3.3 | |
| G8 | 4E-19 | 3E-19 | 9E-48 | 7E-26 | 1E-31 | 3E-09 | 7E-23 | 4.1 | 7.6 | 13.6 | 9.0 | 17.4 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 15.3 | 16.7 | 31.3 | 4.3 | 13.5 | 8.0 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 2.6 | 4.7 | |
| G9 | 6E-21 | 5E-30 | 7E-28 | 3E-43 | 2E-46 | 8E-02 | 1E-34 | 1E-17 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 27.2 | 1.5 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 11.7 | 41.4 | 2.4 | 13.5 | 1.5 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 3.7 | |
| G10 | 9E-31 | 4E-35 | 3E-22 | 9E-47 | 2E-50 | 4E-10 | 1E-40 | 5E-27 | 4E-10 | 8.6 | 6.3 | 27.7 | 1.3 | 12.6 | 8.2 | 15.1 | 45.2 | 0.8 | 12.7 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | |
| G11 | 2E-16 | 4E-61 | 2E-13 | 2E-67 | 9E-70 | 1E-32 | 5E-64 | 9E-41 | 1E-28 | 9E-31 | 2.0 | 57.2 | 10.7 | 27.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 78.1 | 11.0 | 38.7 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 19.3 | |
| G12 | 6E-15 | 5E-51 | 4E-19 | 5E-59 | 2E-60 | 6E-22 | 7E-53 | 1E-31 | 1E-13 | 1E-24 | 7E-09 | 45.5 | 7.3 | 20.3 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 60.5 | 8.1 | 28.6 | 6.8 | 9.6 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 12.3 | |
| G13 | 2E-70 | 3E-26 | 5E-81 | 6E-14 | 2E-19 | 1E-54 | 1E-25 | 1E-46 | 3E-60 | 2E-58 | 3E-81 | 1E-74 | 21.4 | 6.7 | 58.5 | 66.5 | 6.7 | 20.4 | 6.4 | 25.9 | 20.9 | 16.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 | |
| G14 | 2E-27 | 2E-24 | 1E-32 | 4E-39 | 3E-45 | 4E-01 | 2E-33 | 2E-17 | 1E-06 | 4E-05 | 1E-36 | 1E-28 | 7E-54 | 8.7 | 9.8 | 16.0 | 39.2 | 0.5 | 9.5 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | |
| G15 | 1E-45 | 6E-11 | 4E-64 | 4E-10 | 8E-17 | 4E-29 | 5E-10 | 8E-16 | 1E-36 | 4E-39 | 7E-61 | 2E-52 | 6E-27 | 4E-32 | 30.5 | 33.7 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 2.9 | 4.9 | |
| G16 | 2E-20 | 3E-59 | 4E-07 | 5E-66 | 6E-69 | 2E-31 | 3E-63 | 6E-42 | 1E-27 | 1E-28 | 3E-02 | 7E-14 | 6E-79 | 2E-33 | 5E-61 | 2.1 | 82.3 | 10.9 | 37.7 | 10.1 | 13.1 | 16.7 | 18.0 | 19.7 | |
| G17 | 6E-18 | 7E-67 | 2E-27 | 1E-71 | 5E-74 | 1E-41 | 1E-69 | 1E-45 | 7E-39 | 4E-43 | 2E-04 | 8E-19 | 1E-85 | 2E-46 | 4E-66 | 3E-09 | 89.1 | 17.0 | 48.7 | 17.8 | 16.7 | 24.2 | 22.9 | 26.7 | |
| G18 | 7E-82 | 7E-47 | 9E-91 | 2E-35 | 1E-28 | 1E-69 | 8E-39 | 1E-61 | 5E-72 | 1E-71 | 2E-90 | 6E-83 | 7E-27 | 2E-70 | 2E-45 | 1E-88 | 2E-94 | 37.7 | 16.4 | 41.2 | 37.6 | 31.7 | 25.7 | 23.8 | |
| G19 | 1E-29 | 2E-26 | 7E-34 | 2E-39 | 4E-45 | 6E-05 | 7E-34 | 3E-18 | 3E-11 | 3E-02 | 2E-37 | 9E-31 | 1E-52 | 1E+00 | 1E-29 | 8E-36 | 6E-48 | 3E-69 | 9.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 | |
| G20 | 1E-59 | 1E-14 | 4E-63 | 7E-23 | 3E-27 | 9E-37 | 1E-19 | 5E-39 | 1E-40 | 9E-38 | 2E-67 | 2E-59 | 5E-25 | 8E-33 | 1E-30 | 3E-64 | 8E-74 | 3E-45 | 3E-33 | 9.9 | 14.4 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 3.7 | |
| G21 | 7E-36 | 3E-31 | 9E-28 | 7E-46 | 1E-49 | 7E-10 | 9E-38 | 3E-29 | 1E-06 | 3E-03 | 1E-37 | 3E-27 | 7E-59 | 7E-05 | 2E-40 | 5E-34 | 5E-49 | 8E-72 | 7E-08 | 9E-34 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 3.0 | |
| G22 | 8E-27 | 3E-31 | 2E-39 | 6E-39 | 7E-44 | 7E-14 | 1E-35 | 2E-15 | 2E-21 | 2E-13 | 9E-37 | 4E-33 | 3E-51 | 4E-14 | 1E-24 | 2E-38 | 1E-45 | 1E-66 | 4E-06 | 2E-40 | 1E-23 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 4.9 | |
| G23 | 1E-39 | 4E-25 | 3E-40 | 2E-36 | 1E-40 | 2E-15 | 4E-30 | 1E-24 | 4E-20 | 5E-07 | 5E-45 | 3E-38 | 6E-46 | 4E-10 | 4E-27 | 5E-44 | 6E-55 | 5E-62 | 6E-03 | 5E-26 | 2E-12 | 3E-09 | 1.3 | 1.7 | |
| G24 | 6E-35 | 7E-16 | 8E-48 | 3E-26 | 4E-31 | 2E-11 | 1E-19 | 2E-11 | 4E-19 | 2E-16 | 3E-47 | 2E-38 | 4E-41 | 4E-12 | 2E-13 | 2E-47 | 1E-55 | 9E-59 | 1E-06 | 2E-27 | 2E-20 | 2E-06 | 6E-05 | 1.2 | |
| G25 | 6E-40 | 2E-10 | 3E-46 | 2E-24 | 9E-28 | 2E-12 | 2E-14 | 6E-19 | 4E-16 | 3E-16 | 3E-49 | 2E-38 | 1E-38 | 4E-11 | 2E-20 | 7E-48 | 1E-57 | 2E-54 | 2E-10 | 2E-15 | 3E-13 | 2E-19 | 7E-07 | 9E-05 | |
[i] MANOVA, multivariate variance analysis.
Figure 6
Centripetal distribution of canonical separation functions explaining the shape variations of rosehip genotypes. (A) Functions 1 and 2. (B) Functions 1 and 3.
Figure 7
Hierarchical clustering analysis of the first five PC scores determined by EFA (Paired (UPGMA) algorithm and Euclidean similarity index). EFA, elliptic Fourier analysis; PC, principal component.