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Are prohexadione calcium and Pseudomonas fluorescens a solution to limit the spread of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) on football pitches? Cover

Are prohexadione calcium and Pseudomonas fluorescens a solution to limit the spread of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) on football pitches?

Folia Horticulturae
Volume 33 (2021): Issue 2 (December 2021)
By: ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Sep 2021
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Spraying dates within Experiments 1 and 2.

Experiment typeTreatmentDates
11th Feb18th Feb25th Feb3rd Mar10th Mar17th Mar24th Mar31st Mar7th Apr
1ContrYesYesYesYesYesYes
Pf × AbYesYesYesYesYesYes
PcYesYesYesYesYesYes
EthYesYesYesYesYesYes
MesYesNoYesNoNoNo
2ContrYesYesYesYesYesYes
Pf × AbYesYesYesYesYesYes
PcYesYesYesYesYesYes
EthYesYesYesYesYesYes
MesYesNoYesNoNoNo

[i] Yes – spraying was performed; No – without spraying; Feb – February; Mar – March; Apr – April.

[ii] Eth, ethephon; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium.

Table 2

Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interaction for average plant height.

Source between variablesdfFp
All between3041.13<0.05
Intercept133.12<0.05
Treatment461.34<0.05
Turfgrass species242.72<0.05
Experiment type114.23<0.05
Treatment × turfgrass species88.10<0.05
Treatment × experiment type40.660.053
Turfgrass species × experiment type28.26<0.05
Treatment × turfgrass species × experiment type82.03<0.05
Source within Experiment 1
Within interactions14087.12<0.05
Date of evaluation181,749.17<0.05
Treatment4154.24<0.05
Turfgrass species2197.68<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment7229.46<0.05
Date of evaluation × turfgrass species36122.71<0.05
Treatment × turfgrass species8132.78<0.05
Source within Experiment 2
Within interactions13977.08<0.05
Date of evaluation19154.62<0.05
Treatment4142.48<0.05
Turfgrass species2109.22<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment7668.22<0.05
Date of evaluation × turfgrass species3845.45<0.05

[i] df – degrees of freedom; F – F-distribution, is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of test statistics; p – p-value as probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.

[ii] ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 3

Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interactions for plant height within turfgrass species in Experiments 1 and 2 (error df = 470).

Experiment typeSourcedfFp
1Sources within annual bluegrass
Date of evaluation1811.7<0.05
Treatment443.3<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment722.9<0.05
Source within perennial ryegrass
Date of evaluation1819.9<0.05
Treatment450.6<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment722.7<0.05
Source within Kentucky bluegrass
Date of evaluation1833.4<0.05
Treatment417.1<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment728.3<0.05
2Source within annual bluegrass
Date of evaluation15245.436<0.05
Treatment4105.3<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment6093.9<0.05
Source within Lolium perenne
Date of evaluation15198.8<0.05
Treatment4122.1<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment6066.3<0.05
Source within Poa pratensis
Date of evaluation15148.5<0.05
Treatment4163.8<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment608.3<0.05

[i] df – degrees of freedom; F – F-distribution, is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of test statistics; p – p-value as probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.

[ii] ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Figure 1

The average plant height on annual bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, comparison was done between different treatment (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p = 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (11th February, F = 0.62, p = 0.6526; 14th February, F = 7.41, p < 0.05; 18th February, F = 27.76, p < 0.05; 21st February, F = 52.00, p < 0.05; 25th February, F = 110.50, p < 0.05; 28th February, F = 122.37, p < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 84.03, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 39.57, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 18.10, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 16.61, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 16.10, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 23.81, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 4.44, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 45.97, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 26.60, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 96.00; 7th April, F = 50.40, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 86.40, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 65.33, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 2

The average plant height on perennial ryegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p = 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (11th February, F = 0.08, p = 0.9862; 14th February, F = 0.79, p = 0.5435; 18th February, F = 5.96, p < 0.05; 21st February, F = 18.08, p < 0.05; 25th February, F = 26.76, p < 0.05; 28th February, F = 49.53, p < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 35.67, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 6.30, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 18.10, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 26.98, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 26.37, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 22.43, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 18.80, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 16.65, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 111.00, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 140.00, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 50.40, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 116.67, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 80.76, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 3

The average plant height in Kentucky treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p = 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (11th February, F = 2.23, p = 0.1020; 14th February, F = 0.57, p = 0.6864; 18th February, F = 7.47, p < 0.05; 21st February, F = 18.83, p < 0.05; 25th February, F = 27.45, p < 0.05; 28th February, F = 67.49, p < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 109.41, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 78.67, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 75.42, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 102.62, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 107.32, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 143.46, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 73.35, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 108.69, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 15.47, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 102.67, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 187.67, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 187.67, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 174.89, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 4

The average plant height on annual bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (11th February, F = 0.62, p = 0.6526; 28th February, F = 10.38, p < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 12.97, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 19.11, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 23.30, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 24.30, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 22.24, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 32.62, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 13.20, p = 0.0624; 27th March, F = 20.20, p = 0.0523; 31st March, F = 30.30, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 26.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 25.13, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 40.11, p < 0.05; 14th April, F = 52.00, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 142.37, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 5

The average plant height on perennial ryegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (11th February, F = 5.42, p = 0.0726; 28th February, F = 13.13, p = 0.0595; 3rd March, F = 44.97, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 39.81, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 11.30, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 16.30, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 33.24, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 32.62, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 23.11, p = 0.0724; 27th March, F = 23.26, p = 0.06; 31st March, F = 11.30, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 30.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 44.23, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 30.60, p < 0.05; 14th April, F = 16.00, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 88.37, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 6

The average plant height on Kentucky bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (11th February, F = 3.02, p = 0.0626; 28th February, F = 11.26, p = 0.0485; 3rd March, F = 11.97, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 103.81, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 151.20, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 23.30, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 55.24, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 32.62, p = 0.0532; 24th March, F = 7.11, p = 0.0814; 27th March, F = 23.26, p = 0.08; 31st March, F = 30.30, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 25.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 38.23, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 30.60, p < 0.05; 14th April, F = 32.00, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 30.37, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Table 4

Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interaction for average tiller number.

Source between variablesdfFp
All between2888.1<0.05
Intercept177.1<0.05
Treatment4109.8<0.05
Turfgrass species2145.2<0.05
Experiment type111.6<0.05
Treatment × turfgrass species814.7<0.05
Turfgrass species × experiment type44.7<0.05
Treatment × turfgrass species × experiment type812.3<0.05
Source within Experiment 1
Within interactions12687.3<0.05
Date of evaluation1840.9<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment724.9<0.05
Date of evaluation × turfgrass species363.4<0.05
Source within Experiment 2
Within interactions9865.1<0.05
Date of evaluation1455.3<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment5644.4<0.05
Date of evaluation × turfgrass species2825.1<0.05

[i] df – degrees of freedom; F – F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of test statistics; p – p-value as probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.

[ii] ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 5

Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interactions for average tiller number per plant within turfgrass species in Experiments 1 and 2 (error df = 474).

Experiment typeSourcedfFp
1Sources within annual bluegrass
Date of evaluation1811.7<0.05
Treatment443.3<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment722.9<0.05
Source within perennial ryegrass
Date of evaluation1819.9<0.05
Treatment450.7<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment722.7<0.05
Source within Kentucky bluegrass
Date of evaluation1813.3<0.05
Treatment444.4<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment7213.3<0.05
2Sources within annual bluegrass
Date of evaluation144.4<0.05
Treatment424.8<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment563.8<0.05
Source within perennial ryegrass
Date of evaluation144.7<0.05
Treatment425.6<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment562.7<0.05
Source within Kentucky bluegrass
Date of evaluation183.0<0.05
Treatment422<0.05
Date of evaluation × treatment7213.33<0.05

[i] df – degrees of freedom; F – F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of test statistics; p – p-value as probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.

[ii] ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Figure 7

The average number of tillers on annual bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (14th February, F = 3.02, p = 0.0626; 18th February, F = 0.57, p = 0.0485; 21st February, F = 0.50, p = 0.7360; 25th February, F = 3.30, p = 0.0623; 28th February, F = 30.40, p < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 0.88, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 4.56, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 4.23, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 6.87, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 5.63, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 5.63, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 6.19, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 23.62 p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 2.71, p < 0.0591; 3rd April, F = 20.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 7.25, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 81.15, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 30.11, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 8

The average number of tillers on perennial ryegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparions within date, df = 4.24 (14th February, F = 0.0723, p < 0.05; 18th February, F = 2.09, p = 0.1200; 21st February, F = 1.55, p = 0.2274; 25th February, F = 12.12, p = 0.2236; 28th February, F = 13.07, P < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 1.10, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 7.50, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 10.10, p = 0.0564; 13th March, F = 19.29, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 3.21, p = 0.0345; 20th March, F = 6.31, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 4.75, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 30.30, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 21.70, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 15.08, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 25.40, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 61.13, p < 0.05; 14th April, F = 61.13, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 33.15; p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 9

The average number of tillers on Kentucky bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, a comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparisons within date, df = 4.24 (14th February, F = 3.09, p < 0.05; 18th February, F = 2.09, p = 0.7200; 21st February, F = 1.55, p = 0.2274; 25th February, F = 30.12, p = 0.7236; 28th February, F = 20.07, p < 0.05; 3rd March, F = 1.10, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 7.50, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 10.10, p = 0.0564; 13th March, F = 19.29, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 3.21, p = 0.0345; 20th March, F = 6.31, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 4.75, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 30.30, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 21.70, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 15.08, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 75.40, p = 0.0935; 10th April, F = 61.13, p < 0.05; 14th April, F = 77.13, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 37.15; p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 10

The average number of tillers on annual bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, comparison was done between different treatment (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparisons within dates, df = 4.24 (28th February, F = 9.06, p = 0.0936; 3rd March, F = 7.38, p < 0.05; 6th March, F = 4.56, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 4.23, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 13.87, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 77.33, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 130.63, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 31.19, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 66.62 p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 77.71, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 220.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 34.25, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 111.15, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 230.11, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 11

The average number of tiller on perennial ryegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparions within date, df = 4.24 (28th February, F = 17.06, p = 0.0936; 3rd March, F = 7.38, p = 0.2005; 6th March, F = 4.56, p < 0.05; 10th March, F = 4.23, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 22.87, p < 0.05; 17th March, F = 77.33, p < 0.05; 20th March, F = 130.63, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 70.16, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 30.11, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 13.71, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 70.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 130.35, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 17.15, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 90.11, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Figure 12

The average number of tillers per plant on Kentucky bluegrass treated with different PGRs. Within each evaluation date, comparison was done between different treatments (PGRs; Student-Neuman Keuls at p < 0.05). For comparions within date, df = 4.24 (28th February, F = 7.03, p = 0.0636; 3rd March, F = 9.33, p = 0.4005; 6th March, F = 9.53, p = 0.5246; 10th March, F = 9.23, p < 0.05; 13th March, F = 22.87, p = 0.0563; 17 th March, F = 7.23, p = 0.0625; 20th March, F = 30.11, p < 0.05; 24th March, F = 70.16, p < 0.05; 27th March, F = 11.11, p < 0.05; 31st March, F = 143.61, p < 0.05; 3rd April, F = 270.11, p < 0.05; 7th April, F = 136.31, p < 0.05; 10th April, F = 141.15, p < 0.05; 17th April, F = 90.11, p < 0.05). df, degrees of freedom; Eth, ethephon; F, F-distribution; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium; PGRs, plant growth regulators; SE, standard error.

Table 6

Plant height ratio of three turfgrass species across five treatments and three growth periods – Experiment 1.

Turfgrass speciesTreatmentPeriod
3rd Mar/11th Feb27th Mar/6th Mar17th Apr/31st Mar
Annual bluegrassContr2.031.451.10
Pf × Ab1.861.581.00
Pc1.281.001.00
Eth1.581.521.00
Mes1.811.521.00
Perennial ryegrassContr1.251.581.07
Pf × Ab1.171.711.04
Pc0.941.201.00
Eth1.051.171.14
Mes1.001.00–
Kentucky bluegrassContr2.061.801.35
Pf × Ab2.411.571.37
Pc1.091.211.00
Eth1.751.031.00
Mes1.35––

[i] (−) because of the high efficacy of the product, we could not calculate the ratio; Feb – February; Mar – March; Apr – April.

[ii] Eth, ethephon; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium.

Table 8

Plant height ratio of three turfgrass species across five treatments and two growth periods – Experiment 2.

Turfgrass speciesTreatmentPeriod
20th Mar/28th Feb17th Apr/23rd Mar
Annual bluegrassContr1.621.40
Pc × Ab1.481.32
Pc1.241.00
Eth1.521.15
Mes1.301.18
Perennial ryegrassContr1.521.28
Pc × Ab1.731.63
Pc1.420.95
Eth1.541.68
Mes1.28–
Kentucky bluegrassContr1.841.75
Pc × Ab1.741.84
Pc1.351.02
Eth1.381.00
Mes1.11–

[i] (−) because of the high efficacy of the product, we could not calculate the ratio; Feb – February; Mar – March; Apr – April.

[ii] Eth, ethephon; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium.

Table 9

Tillers ratio of three turfgrass species across five treatments and two growth periods – Experiment 2.

Turfgrass speciesTreatmentPeriod
20th Mar/28th Feb17th Apr/23rd Mar
Annual bluegrassContr1.131.00
Pc × Ab0.931.06
Pc1.191.23
Eth0.941.63
Mes0.891.06
Perennial ryegrassContr1.261.04
Pc × Ab1.350.89
Pc1.421.21
Eth1.751.37
Mes1.00–
Kentucky bluegrassContr1.190.80
Pc × Ab1.121.06
Pc1.431.00
Eth1.371.04
Mes0.94–

[i] (−) because of the high efficacy of the product, we could not calculate the ratio; Feb – February; Mar – March; Apr – April.

[ii] Eth, ethephon; Mes, mesotrione; Pc, prohexadione calcium.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0021 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 275 - 292
Submitted on: May 28, 2021
Accepted on: Jul 22, 2021
Published on: Sep 7, 2021
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
annual bluegrass,
ethephon,
Kentucky bluegrass,
mesotrione,
perennial ryegrass,
prohexadione calcium,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science

© 2021 Tanja Bohinc, Barbara Zanelli, Matej Vidrih, Stanislav Trdan, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 33 (2021): Issue 2 (December 2021)
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