Investigation of stem anatomy in relation to hydraulic conductance, vegetative growth and yielding potential of ‘Summit’ cherry trees grafted on different rootstock candidates

Accession name	Species, interspecific hybrid
PC_02_01/4	Prunus cerasus ecovar. Oblačinska
PC_05_04	Prunus cerasus ecovar. Oblačinska
PF_01_01	Prunus fruticosa
PF_02_16	Prunus fruticosa
PF_04_09	Prunus fruticosa
PM_09_01	Prunus mahaleb
Gisela 5	Prunus cerasus × Prunus canenscens

Table 2

Rootstock stem anatomical characteristics for seven investigated candidate genotypes.

Genotype	SD (mm)	CSA (mm²)	% P	% SW	% SC	% PD	SW/SC ratio	% V	% R	% X
PC_02_01/4	2.65 d	5.57 d	15.78 a	23.89 e	51.75 a	8.58 d	0.47 e	3.91 de	2.45 d	17.53 d
PC_05_04	2.88 c	6.57 c	9.72 c	37.87 b	42.83 bc	9.59 c	0.90 c	4.29 cd	4.09 c	29.49 a
PF_01_01	2.11 e	3.50 e	9.53 c	27.71 d	51.20 a	11.56 ab	0.55 e	4.68 c	2.24 d	20.79 c
PF_02_16	1.61 f	2.06 f	6.39 e	37.05 b	44.19 b	12.37 a	0.85 c	4.01 cde	2.18 d	30.86 a
PF_04_09	2.12 e	3.56 e	11.40 b	32.03 c	45.27 b	11.31 b	0.71 d	3.52 e	2.75 d	25.76 b
PM_09_01	3.92 a	12.09 a	8.93 cd	44.94 a	38.44 d	7.69 e	1.19 a	8.52 a	6.75 a	29.67 a
Gisela 5	3.12 b	7.67 b	7.91 d	43.77 a	41.09 c	7.23 e	1.08 b	7.64 b	5.92 b	30.21 a
Mean	2.63	5.86	9.95	35.32	44.97	9.76	0.82	5.22	3.77	26.33

[i] Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

[ii] CSA, cross-section area (mm²); % P, percentage of pith area per stem cross-section; % PD, percentage of periderm area per stem cross-section; % SW, percentage of SWA per stem cross-section; SWA, secondary wood area; % SC, percentage of secondary cortex area per stem cross-section; SD, stem diameter (mm); SW/SC ratio, secondary wood/secondary cortex ratio; % V, percentage of total vessel area per stem cross-section; % R, percentage of total ray area per stem cross-section; % X, percentage of xylem area per stem cross-section.

Table 3

‘Summit’ scion stem anatomical characteristics on different rootstock candidates and ‘Gisela 5’ control rootstock.

Summit/Rootstock candidate	SD (mm)	CSA (mm²)	% P	% SW	% SC	% PD	SW/SC ratio	% V	% R	% X
PC_02_01/4	6.28 a	31.31 a	16.92 a	33.58 abc	44.21 d	5.30 c	0.76 ab	5.47 a	6.95 bc	21.15 b
PC_05_04	5.75 bc	26.16 bc	14.73 b	31.05 c	47.64 bc	6.58 b	0.66 c	4.91 abc	6.77 bc	19.37 b
PF_01_01	5.02 d	19.91 d	11.15 cd	32.46 bc	49.82 a	6.58 b	0.66 c	4.17 c	7.81 b	20.48 b
PF_02_16	5.46 c	23.78 c	10.42 d	34.40 ab	48.87 ab	6.30 b	0.71 bc	4.55 bc	8.93 a	20.92 b
PF_04_09	5.90 abc	27.48 abc	12.63 c	36.14 a	44.68 d	6.55 b	0.81 a	5.49 a	7.54 b	23.11 a
PM_09_01	5.87 abc	27.99 ab	15.06 b	32.25 bc	46.12 cd	6.57 b	0.71 bc	5.17 ab	6.23 c	20.84 b
Gisela 5	5.97 ab	28.24 ab	11.10 cd	36.01 a	45.37 d	7.52 a	0.80 a	4.99 abc	7.77 b	23.26 a
Mean	5.75	26.41	13.14	33.70	46.67	6.49	0.73	4.96	7.43	21.31

[i] Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

Table 4

Secondary wood anatomical properties in rootstock stems.

Genotype	SWA (mm²)	% V_SW	% R_SW	% X_SW	VLA (μm²)	VF (N · mm⁻²)
PC_02_01/4	1.33 d	16.26 b	10.27 c	73.46 d	264.65 c	614.56 b
PC_05_04	2.54 c	11.68 c	10.74 c	77.58 c	332.20 b	355.40 d
PF_01_01	0.97 ef	16.85 b	8.28 d	74.87 d	241.58 c	708.91 a
PF_02_16	0.78 f	10.77 c	5.89 e	83.34 a	211.81 d	520.20 c
PF_04_09	1.15 de	11.03 c	8.54 d	80.43 b	215.48 d	511.40 c
PM_09_01	5.42 a	18.99 a	15.11 a	65.90 f	492.45 a	387.79 d
Gisela 5	3.39 b	17.59 ab	13.55 b	68.86 e	334.65 b	556.68 bc
Mean	2.22	14.74	10.34	74.92	298.97	522.14

[i] Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

[ii] SWA, secondary wood area (mm²); % V_SW, percentage of total vessel area relative to SWA; % R_SW, percentage of total ray area relative to SWA; % X_SW, percentage of xylem area relative to SWA, VLA, vessel lumen area (μm²); VF, vessel frequency (number of vessels per mm²).

Table 5

Secondary wood anatomical properties in scion stems.

Summit/Rootstock candidate	SWA (mm²)	% V_SW	% R_SW	% X_SW	VLA (μm²)	VF (N · mm⁻²)
PC_02_01/4	10.66 a	16.18 a	20.67 cd	63.15 abc	368.44 a	456.36 b
PC_05_04	8.15 bc	15.71 a	21.95 bc	62.34 bc	390.55 a	436.23 b
PF_01_01	6.48 c	12.77 c	24.17 ab	63.06 abc	232.84 c	545.37 a
PF_02_16	8.30 bc	13.19 c	26.00 a	60.80 c	248.22 c	549.14 a
PF_04_09	9.94 ab	15.17 ab	20.91 cd	63.93 abc	292.43 b	529.33 a
PM_09_01	9.74 ab	15.41 ab	18.86 d	65.73 a	370.34 a	445.66 b
Gisela 5	10.28 ab	13.92 bc	21.61 bcd	64.47 ab	304.73 b	471.77 b
Mean	9.08	14.62	22.03	63.35	315.36	490.55

[i] Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

[ii] SWA, secondary wood area (mm²); % V_SW, percentage of total vessel area relative to the SWA; % R_SW, percentage of total ray area relative to the SWA; % X_SW, percentage of xylem area relative to SWA; VLA, vessel lumen area (μm²); VF, vessel frequency (number of vessels per mm²).

Rootstock influence on VLA in rootstock candidates and grafted ‘Summit’ cherry trees: (A) PC_02_01/4 rootstock candidate; (B) ‘Summit’/PC_02_01/4 scion-rootstock combination; (C) PF_02_16 rootstock candidate; (D) ‘Summit’/PF_02_16 scion-rootstock combination. VLA, vessel lumen area.

Percentages of vessels per size category in the secondary wood of (A) rootstock stems and (B) scion stems of grafted sweet cherry trees. Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

Diagrams of correlations between: (A) V_e and *k_h(T)* in 2019; (B) V_e and *k_h(T)* in 2020; (C) V_e and yielding potential in 2019; (D) *k_h(T)* and yielding potential in 2020.

Table 6

Effective tree crown volume and trunk hydraulic conductivity of ‘Summit’ trees in 2017–2020.

Effective tree crown volume (m³)
Rootstock	2017	2018	2019	2020
PC_02_01/4	0.47 a	1.29 a	2.47 a	2.97 a
PC_05_04	0.24 b	0.78 bc	1.85 ab	2.41 ab
PF_01_01	0.11 c	0.39 cd	0.91 cd	1.21 cd
PF_02_16	0.05 c	0.24 d	0.47 d	0.86 d
PF_04_09	0.06 c	0.41 cd	0.64 d	1.10 cd
PM_09_01	0.08 c	0.36 d	0.84 cd	1.29 cd
Gisela 5	0.23 b	1.09 ab	1.45 bc	1.97 bc
Mean	0.18	0.65	1.21	1.65

Trunk hydraulic conductivity (10⁻⁴ kg · m· MPa⁻¹ · s⁻¹)
Rootstock	2017	2018	2019	2020
PC_02_01/4	10.31 a	24.21 a	38.25 a	51.07 a
PC_05_04	8.82 a	21.64 a	33.30 a	37.90 b
PF_01_01	1.73 c	3.63 d	6.90 c	10.58 d
PF_02_16	1.67 c	4.88 cd	7.88 c	8.59 d
PF_04_09	2.30 c	5.27 cd	10.02 c	15.99 d
PM_09_01	5.17 b	12.06 b	22.40 b	27.97 bc
Gisela 5	4.49 b	8.66 bc	13.27 c	17.97 cd
Mean	4.93	11.48	18.86	24.29

[i] Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

Yielding potential of seven scion-rootstock combinations in three consecutive years. Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

Table S1

Correlation coefficients between rootstocks’ stem anatomical characteristics in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

	SD (mm)	CSA (mm²)	% P	% SW	% SC	% PD	SW/SC ratio	% V	% R	% X	SWA (mm²)	% V_SW	% R_SW	% X_SW	VLA (μm²)	VF (N · mm⁻²)	% of vessels <300 μm²	% of vessels 300–700 μm²	% of vessels >700 μm²
SD (mm)	1.00
CSA (mm²)	0.99	1.00
% P	0.06	−0.01	1.00
% SW	0.57	0.62	−0.72	1.00
% SC	−0.58	−0.64	0.62	−0.97	1.00
% PD	−0.90	−0.86	−0.20	−0.44	0.42	1.00
SW/SC ratio	0.64	0.69	−0.66	0.99	−0.98	−0.49	1.00
% V	0.82	0.85	−0.38	0.77	−0.68	−0.74	0.79	1.00
% R	0.91	0.92	−0.31	0.84	−0.82	−0.81	0.88	0.93	1.00
% X	0.22	0.28	−0.82	0.91	−0.91	−0.09	0.88	0.44	0.55	1.00
SWA (mm²)	0.95	0.98	−0.22	0.77	−0.77	−0.79	0.83	0.91	0.97	0.47	1.00
% V_SW	0.69	0.68	0.12	0.18	−0.07	−0.70	0.22	0.77	0.58	−0.23	0.61	1.00
% R_SW	0.98	0.96	0.04	0.59	−0.58	−0.94	0.65	0.86	0.93	0.23	0.93	0.73	1.00
% X_SW	−0.89	−0.88	−0.09	−0.40	0.34	0.88	−0.46	−0.87	−0.80	0.01	−0.82	−0.94	−0.92	1.00
VLA (μm²)	0.95	0.98	−0.15	0.68	−0.69	−0.76	0.75	0.86	0.91	0.37	0.98	0.63	0.91	−0.82	1.00
VF (N · mm⁻²)	−0.50	−0.54	0.25	−0.67	0.79	0.28	−0.70	−0.28	−0.56	−0.70	−0.60	0.24	−0.41	0.07	−0.59	1.00
% of vessels <300 μm²	−0.98	−0.99	0.10	−0.67	0.65	0.85	−0.73	−0.88	−0.93	−0.33	−0.98	−0.69	−0.95	0.88	−0.99	0.53	1.00
% of vessels 300–700 μm²	0.97	0.96	−0.04	0.62	−0.59	−0.92	0.67	0.85	0.92	0.28	0.93	0.71	0.97	−0.90	0.93	−0.46	−0.98	1.00
% of vessels >700 μm²	0.85	0.91	−0.21	0.67	−0.70	−0.58	0.74	0.80	0.83	0.40	0.93	0.54	0.78	−0.71	0.96	−0.61	−0.90	0.79	1.00

[i] CSA, cross-section area (mm²); % P, percentage of pith area per stem cross-section; % SW, percentage of SWA per stem cross-section; SD, stem diameter (mm); % SC, percentage of secondary cortex area per stem cross-section; % PD, percentage of periderm area per stem cross-section; SW/SC ratio, secondary wood/secondary cortex ratio; % V, percentage of total vessel area per stem cross-section; % R, percentage of total ray area per stem cross-section; % X, percentage of xylem area per stem cross-section; SWA, secondary wood area (mm²); % V_SW, percentage of total vessel area relative to SWA; % R_SW, percentage of total ray area relative to SWA; % X_SW, percentage of xylem area relative to SWA; VLA, vessel lumen area (μm²); VF, vessel frequency (number of vessels per mm²).

Table S2

Correlation coefficients between scions’ stem anatomical characteristics in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

	SD (mm)	CSA (mm²)	% P	% SW	% SC	% PD	SW/SC ratio	% V	% R	% X	SWA (mm²)	% V_SW	% R_SW	% X_SW	VLA (μm²)	VF (N · mm⁻²)	% of vessels <300 μm²	% of vessels 300–700 μm²	% of vessels >700 μm²
SD (mm)	1.00
CSA (mm²)	1.00	1.00
% P	0.66	0.69	1.00
% SW	0.28	0.25	−0.45	1.00
% SC	−0.94	−0.93	−0.55	−0.47	1.00
% PD	−0.25	−0.27	−0.62	0.27	0.16	1.00
SW/SC ratio	0.67	0.65	0.00	0.88	−0.83	0.10	1.00
% V	0.92	0.92	0.65	0.33	−0.95	−0.28	0.72	1.00
% R	−0.48	−0.50	−0.83	0.51	0.44	0.15	0.07	−0.52	1.00
% X	0.37	0.35	−0.33	0.95	−0.60	0.38	0.92	0.43	0.26	1.00
SWA (mm²)	0.95	0.95	0.46	0.51	−0.95	−0.12	0.83	0.90	−0.33	0.60	1.00
% V_SW	0.81	0.82	0.92	−0.21	−0.73	−0.44	0.26	0.85	−0.78	−0.09	0.64	1.00
% R_SW	−0.71	−0.73	−0.71	0.05	0.76	0.03	−0.39	−0.77	0.88	−0.21	−0.67	−0.78	1.00
% X_SW	0.38	0.41	0.31	0.10	−0.54	0.32	0.37	0.45	−0.67	0.40	0.48	0.33	−0.85	1.00
VLA (μm²)	0.72	0.73	0.87	−0.43	−0.54	−0.24	0.02	0.64	−0.85	−0.28	0.51	0.91	−0.75	0.36	1.00
VF (N · mm⁻²)	−0.66	−0.68	−0.76	0.42	0.48	0.04	0.00	−0.51	0.82	0.23	−0.48	−0.77	0.73	−0.45	−0.95	1.00
% of vessels <300 μm²	−0.79	−0.80	−0.91	0.35	0.62	0.32	−0.11	−0.71	0.82	0.22	−0.58	−0.94	0.75	−0.34	−0.99	0.93	1.00
% of vessels 300–700 μm²	0.89	0.89	0.90	−0.19	−0.74	−0.38	0.28	0.81	−0.74	−0.07	0.71	0.96	−0.76	0.34	0.95	−0.87	−0.98	1.00
% of vessels >700 μm²	0.54	0.56	0.84	−0.60	−0.35	−0.20	−0.19	0.47	−0.87	−0.45	0.31	0.83	−0.68	0.32	0.97	−0.93	−0.94	0.85	1.00

[i] CSA, cross-section area (mm²); % P, percentage of pith area per stem cross-section; % SW, percentage o f S WA p er s tem cross-section; % SC, percentage of secondary cortex area per stem cross-section; % PD, percentage of periderm area per stem cross-section; SD, stem diameter (mm); SW/SC ratio, secondary wood/secondary cortex ratio; % V, percentage of total vessel area per stem cross-section; % R, percentage of total ray area per stem cross-section; % X, percentage of xylem area per stem cross-section; SWA, secondary wood area (mm²); % V_SW, percentage of total vessel area relative to SWA; % R_SW, percentage of total ray area relative to SWA; % X_SW, percentage of xylem area relative to SWA; VLA, vessel lumen area (μm²); VF, vessel frequency (number of vessels per mm²).

Table S3

Correlation coefficients between calculated effective tree crown volumes, trunk hydraulic conductivity and potential yielding in 2017–2021 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

	V_e (mm³) in 2017	V_e (mm³) in 2018	V_e (mm³) in 2019	V_e (mm³) in 2020	k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2017	k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2018	k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2019	k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2020	Number of flowers· tree⁻¹ in 2019	Number of flowers· tree⁻¹ in 2020	Number of flowers· tree⁻¹ in 2021
V_e (mm³) in 2017	1.00
V_e (mm³) in 2018	0.93	1.00
V_e (mm³) in 2019	0.97	0.91	1.00
V_e (mm³) in 2020	0.96	0.92	1.00	1.00
k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2017	0.86	0.76	0.93	0.94	1.00
k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2018	0.83	0.70	0.89	0.91	0.99	1.00
k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2019	0.80	0.66	0.86	0.88	0.99	0.99	1.00
k_h(T)(10⁻⁴ kg · m ·MPa⁻¹ ·s⁻¹) in 2020	0.84	0.71	0.89	0.89	0.98	0.98	0.99	1.00
Number of flowers· tree⁻¹ in 2019	0.85	0.89	0.91	0.94	0.91	0.87	0.84	0.82	1.00
Number of flowers· tree⁻¹ in 2020	0.90	0.89	0.95	0.96	0.91	0.88	0.85	0.87	0.90	1.00
Number of flowers· tree⁻¹ in 2021	0.61	0.58	0.73	0.75	0.85	0.82	0.85	0.84	0.79	0.75	1.00

[i] V_e effective tree crown volume (mm³), k_h(T) trunk hydraulic conductivity (10⁻⁴ kg · m · MPa⁻¹ · s⁻¹).

Table S4

Correlation coefficients between cross-section anatomical characteristics of rootstocks’ and scions’ stems in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

Rootstock/Scion	SD (mm)	CSA (mm²)	% P	% SW	% SC	% PD	SW/SC ratio	% V	% R	% X
SD (mm)	0.47	0.51	0.53	−0.30	−0.41	0.24	0.04	0.38	−0.83	−0.03
CSA (mm²)	0.43	0.47	0.49	−0.31	−0.36	0.24	0.01	0.35	−0.79	−0.05
% P	0.56	0.56	0.76	−0.05	−0.60	−0.72	0.28	0.61	−0.47	0.01
% SW	0.08	0.09	−0.22	0.03	0.01	0.72	0.03	−0.01	−0.13	0.13
% SC	−0.19	−0.20	0.10	−0.04	0.11	−0.62	−0.10	−0.16	0.23	−0.14
% PD	−0.67	−0.69	−0.50	0.05	0.59	−0.21	−0.29	−0.48	0.66	−0.18
SW/SC ratio	0.14	0.15	−0.13	0.00	−0.05	0.67	0.04	0.06	−0.22	0.11
% V	0.15	0.19	0.01	−0.04	−0.14	0.55	0.06	0.03	−0.39	0.18
% R	0.34	0.37	0.17	−0.08	−0.29	0.57	0.12	0.24	−0.55	0.15
% X	−0.06	−0.07	−0.40	0.09	0.17	0.67	−0.02	−0.11	0.15	0.07

[i] CSA, cross-section area (mm²); % P, percentage of pith area per stem cross-section; % SW, percentage of SWA per stem cross-section; SWA, secondary wood area; SD, stem diameter (mm); % SC, percentage of secondary cortex area per stem cross-section; % PD, percentage of periderm area per stem cross-section; SW/SC ratio, secondary wood/secondary cortex ratio; % V, percentage of total vessel area per stem cross-section; % R, percentage of total ray area per stem cross-section; % X, percentage of xylem area per stem cross-section.

Table S5

Correlation coefficients between secondary wood anatomical characteristics of rootstocks’ and scions’ stems in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

Rootstock/Scion	SWA (mm²)	% V_SW	% R_SW	% X_SW	VLA (μm²)	VF (N · mm⁻²)
SWA (mm²)	0.35	0.33	−0.69	0.76	0.57	−0.70
% V_SW	0.19	0.00	−0.48	0.72	0.18	−0.38
% R_SW	0.49	0.44	−0.81	0.85	0.64	−0.79
% X_SW	−0.36	−0.23	0.68	−0.84	−0.43	0.62
VLA (μm²)	0.26	0.38	−0.68	0.71	0.63	−0.74
VF (N · mm⁻²)	−0.22	−0.53	0.40	−0.16	−0.66	0.58

[i] SWA, secondary wood area (mm²); % V_SW, percentage of total vessel area relative to SWA; % R_SW, percentage of total ray area relative to SWA; % X_SW, percentage of xylem area relative to SWA; VLA, vessel lumen area (μm²); VF, vessel frequency (number of vessels per mm²).

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 248 - 264

Submitted on: Jun 8, 2021

Accepted on: Jul 29, 2021

Published on: Sep 2, 2021

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

crown volume,

Prunus,

rootstock selection,

semi-arid conditions,

Related subjects:

© 2021 Tijana Narandžić, Mirjana Ljubojević, Jovana Ostojić, Goran Barać, Vladislav Ognjanov, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 33 (2021): Issue 2 (December 2021)

Investigation of stem anatomy in relation to hydraulic conductance, vegetative growth and yielding potential of ‘Summit’ cherry trees grafted on different rootstock candidates

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 6

Figure 4

Table S1

Table S2

Table S3

Table S4

Table S5

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