Parameters of radish phytomass (Raphanus sativus L.) determined by vermicompost and earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

Treatment		24. IV. (27 days after emergence of plants		3. V. (36 days after emergence of plants		9. V. (42 days after emergence of plants
No.	Mark			g per 10 individuals
No.	Mark	Roots	Leaves	Root	Leaves	Root	Leaves
1	S	2.04 bc	14.75 a	20.92 a	16.00 a	29.94 a	18.63 a
2	SVc_9:1	2.94 h	21.08 de	149.60 f	83.91 def	186.92 e	104.60 cd
3	SVc_4:1	3.66 i	22.56 e	154.72 g	95.96 g	220,27 f	147.78 f
4	SVc_3:1	2.81 h	20.25 cde	146.70 f	85.99 fg	215.42 f	136.35 f
5	SVc_1:1	2.19 cd	17.32 abc	101.98 c	84.87 efg	141.51 c	113.23 de
6	SVc_9:1+EW₁₀	1.99 b	15.47 ab	107.00 d	59.18 b	143.00 c	70.78 b
7	SVc_9:1+EW₂₀	1.65 a	14.47 a	96.04 b	56.38 b	128.98 b	66.76 b
8	SVc_4:1+EW₁₀	2.55 g	19.06 cd	117.12 e	75.58 cdef	183.60 e	95.74 c
9	SVc_4:1+EW₂₀	2.25 df	17.21 abc	115.88 e	74.21 cde	181.44 e	91.58 c
10	SVc_3:1+EW₁₀	2.54 g	18.25 bcd	109.02 d	72.99 cd	167.33 d	120.14 e
11	SVc_3:1+EW₂₀	2.44 fg	17.96 abc	107.16 d	72.99 cd	163.26 d	118.60 e
12	SVc_1:1+EW₁₀	1.96 b	17.38 abc	105.20 cd	70.77 c	141.77 c	115.76 de
13	SVc_1:1+EW₂₀	1.98 b	17.34 abc	105.20 cd	71.02 c	139.64 c	114.80 de
1–13		2.38	17.93	110.50	70.76	157.16	101.13
2–5		2.90	20.30	138.25	87.68	191.03	125.49
6–13		2.17	17.14	107.83	69.14	156.13	99.27
6,8,10,12		2.26	17.54	109.59	69.63	158.93	100.61
7,9,11,13		2.08	16.75	106.07	68.65	153.33	97.94
LSD _0.05		0.195	3.477	4.734	11.429	9.371	13.378

[i] No. – number, 24. IV. – 24 April, 3. V. – 3 May, 9. V. – 9 May, LSD_0.05 – least significant difference at the level α = 0.05; different letter behind a numerical value respond to the statistically significant difference at the level 95.0%

[ii] EW, earthworms; Vc, vermicompost.

Table 3

Impact of Vc and EW on the dynamics of radish leaves to roots phytomass ratio and total phytomass content changes.

Treatment		24. IV. (27 days after emergence of plants		3. V. (36 days after emergence of plants		9. V. (42 days after emergence of plants
No.	Mark	L:R	L+R	L:R	L+R	L:R	L+R
1	S	7.23	16.79	0.76	36.92	0.62	48.57
2	SVc_9:1	7.17	24.02	0.56	233.51	0.56	291.52
3	SVc_4:1	6.16	26.22	0.62	250.68	0.67	368.05
4	SVc_3:1	7.21	23.06	0.59	232.69	0.63	351.77
5	SVc_1:1	7.91	19.51	0.83	186.85	0.80	254.74
6	SVc_9:1+EW₁₀	7.77	17.46	0.55	166.18	0.49	213.78
7	SVc_9:1+EW₂₀	8.77	16.12	0.59	152.42	0.52	195.74
8	SVc_4:1+EW₁₀	7.47	21.61	0.65	192.70	0.52	279.34
9	SVc_4:1+EW₂₀	7.65	19.46	0.64	190.09	0.50	273.02
10	SVc_3:1+EW₁₀	7.19	20.79	0.67	182.01	0.72	287.47
11	SVc_3:1+EW₂₀	7.36	20.40	0.68	180.15	0.73	281.86
12	SVc_1:1+EW₁₀	8.87	19.34	0.67	175.97	0.82	257.53
13	SVc_1:1+EW₂₀	8.76	19.32	0.68	176.22	0.82	254.44
1–13		7.66	20.32	0.65	181.26	0.65	258.29
2–5		7.11	23.20	0.65	225.93	0.67	316.52
6–13		7.98	19.31	0.64	176.97	0.64	255.40
6,8,10,12		7.83	19.80	0.64	179.22	0.64	259.53
7,9,11,13		8.14	18.83	0.65	174.72	0.64	251.27

[i] No. – number, 24. IV. – 24 April, 3. V. – 3 May, 9. V. – 9 May, L - leaves, R – roots, LSD_0.05 – least significant difference at the level α = 0.05; different letter behind a numerical value respond to the statistically significant difference at the level 95.0%

[ii] EW, earthworms; Vc, vermicompost.

Table 4

Impact of Vc and EW on the changes of radish roots diameter.

Treatment		3. V. (36 days after emergence of plants)		9. V. (42 days after emergence of plants)
No.	Mark	cm	%	cm	%
1	S	1.46 a	100.00	1.69 a	100.00
2	SVc_9:1	3.15 fg	215.75	3.31 ef	195.86
3	SVc_4:1	3.36 g	230.14	3.72 g	220.12
4	SVc_3:1	3.21 fg	219.86	3.64 fg	215.38
5	SVc_1:1	2.96 ef	202.74	3.08 cde	182.25
6	SVc_9:1+EW₁₀	2.78 cde	190.41	2.85 bcd	168.64
7	SVc_9:1+EW₂₀	2.59 bcd	177.40	2.71 bc	160.36
8	SVc_4:1+EW₁₀	2.97 ef	203.42	3.29 ef	194.67
9	SVc_4:1+EW₂₀	2.94 def	201.40	3.22 de	190.53
10	SVc_3:1+EW₁₀	2.76 bcde	189.04	3.04 cde	179.88
11	SVc_3:1+EW₂₀	2.68 bcde	183.56	2.90 bcd	171.60
12	SVc_1:1+EW₁₀	2.53 bc	173.29	2,79 bc	165.09
13	SVc_1:1+EW₂₀	2.41 b	16.07	2.66 b	157.40
1–13		2.75	–	2.99	–
2–5		3.17	–	3.44	–
6–13		2.71	–	2.93	–
6,8,10,12		2.76	–	2.99	–
7,9,11,13		2.66	–	2.87	–
LSD _0.05		0.351		0.377

[i] No. – number, 24. IV. – 24. April, 3. V. – 3 May, 9. V. – 9 May, LSD_0.05 – least significant difference at the level α = 0.05; different letter behind a numerical value respond to the statistically significant difference at the level 95.0%

[ii] EW, earthworms; Vc, vermicompost.

Table 5

Impact of Vc and EW on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content in radish leaves.

Treatment		3. V. (36 days a.e)				9. V. (42 days a.e)
No.	Mark	chl. a	chl. b	chl. a+b	chl. a:b	chl. a	chl. b	chl. a+b	chl. a:b
		mg · m⁻²				mg · m⁻²
1	S	198.2 a	80.3 a	278.5 a	2.47	189.2 a	78.1 a	267.3 a	2.42
2	SV_9:1	232.4 bc	99.3 bc	331.7 bcd	2.34	206.5 ab	89.8 b	296.3 b	2.30
3	SV_4:1	234.3 bc	104.7 bcd	339.0 cde	2.24	235.4 c	105.6 c	341.0 cde	2.23
4	SV _3:1	238.6 c	109.9 bcd	348.5 de	2.17	240.1 c	111.1 c	351.2 cde	2.16
5	SV _1:1	242.6 c	115.5 d	358.1 e	2.10	242.4 c	115.3 c	357.7 d	2.10
6	SV_9:1+EW₁₀	224.0 bc	97.8 b	321.8 bc	2.29	199.8 a	89.3 b	289.1 b	2.24
7	SV_9:1+EW₂₀	214.4 ab	97.4 b	311.8 b	2.20	194.7 a	88.4 ab	283.1 ab	2.20
8	SV_4:1+EW₁₀	230.2 bc	105.6 bcd	335.8 bcd	2.18	229.8 c	106.2 c	336.0 cd	2.16
9	SV_4:1+EW₂₀	227.8 bc	106.4 bcd	334.2 bcd	2.14	225.9 bc	106.5 c	333.4 c	2.12
10	SV_3:1+EW₁₀	238.6 c	109.9 bcd	348.5 de	2.17	237.9 c	111.2 c	349.1 cde	2.14
11	SV_3:1+EW₂₀	237.2 c	109.3 bcd	346.5 cde	2.17	235.1 c	110.3 c	345.4 cde	2.13
12	SV_1:1+EW₁₀	240.4 c	113.5 d	353.9 de	2.12	238.8 c	114.8 c	353.6 cd	2.08
13	SV_1:1+EW₂₀	237.7 c	112.1 cd	349.8 de	2.12	234.3 c	114.4 c	348.7 cde	2.05
1–13		230.49	104.75	335.24	2.21	223.84	103.15	327.07	2.18
2–5		236.98	107.35	344.33	2.21	231.10	105.45	336.55	2.20
6–13		231.29	106.50	337.79	2.17	224.54	105.14	329.80	2.14
6,8,10,12		233.30	106.70	340.00	2.19	226.58	105.38	331.95	2.155
7,9,11,13		229.28	106.30	335.58	2.16	222.50	104.90	327.65	2.125
LSD_0.05		20.606	13.418	24.964	–	22.055	10.996	19.258	–

[i] 3. V. – 3 May, 9. V. – 9 May, days a.e – days after emergence of plants, chl. a – chlorophyll a, LSD_0.05 – least significant difference at the level α = 0.05; different letter behind a numerical value respond to the statistically significant difference at the level 95.0%.

[ii] EW, earthworms; Vc, vermicompost.

Table 6

Impact of Vc and EW on vitamin C content in radish roots and leaves.

Treatment		3. V. (36 days a.e)		9. V. (42 days a.e)		3. V.	9. V.
Treatment		Roots	Leaves	Roots	Leaves	R:L
No.	Mark	mg · kg⁻¹
1	S	111.22 c	350.44 e	159.72 e	295.84 g	0.317	0.540
2	SVc_9:1	100.14 b	260.54 d	118.68 d	241.32 ef	0.384	0.492
3	SVc_4:1	94.40 ab	237.95 c	110.00 bcd	222.74 d	0.397	0.494
4	SVc_3:1	92.00 ab	215.23 ab	105.20 abc	206.50 bc	0.427	0.509
5	SVc_1:1	87.20 a	202.00 a	99.42 a	188.98 a	0.432	0.526
6	SVc_9:1+EW₁₀	98.92 b	257.06 d	117.82 d	240.88 ef	0.385	0.489
7	SVc_9:1+EW₂₀	99.82 b	251.42 cd	118.00 d	242.36 f	0.397	0.487
8	SVc_4:1+EW₁₀	94.88 ab	238.08 c	110.00 bcd	224.06 d	0.399	0.491
9	SVc_4:1+EW₂₀	95.62 ab	239.64 c	111.80 cd	229.88 de	0.399	0.486
10	SVc_3:1+EW₁₀	92.24 ab	216.34 ab	105.60 abc	209.50 c	0.426	0.504
11	SVc_3:1+EW₂₀	93.60 ab	217.44 b	106.80 abc	209.70 c	0.430	0.509
12	SVc_1:1+EW₁₀	88.10 a	204.64 ab	101.00 ab	192.66 a	0.431	0.524
13	SVc_1:1+EW₂₀	89.10 a	206.88 ab	101.80 ab	196.66 ab	0.431	0.518
1–13		95.17	238.28	112.76	223.16	0.404	0.505
2–5		93.44	228.93	108.33	214.89	0.410	0.505
6–13		94.04	228.94	109.10	218.21	0.412	0.501
6,8,10,12		93.54	229.03	108.61	216.78	0.410	0.502
7,9,11,13		94.54	228.85	109.60	219.65	0.414	0.500
LSD_0.05		9.463	14.03	9.407	11.520	–	–

[i] No. – number, 24. IV. – 24 April, 3. V. – 3 May, 9. V. – 9 May, days a.e – days after emergence of plants, LSD_0.05 – least significant difference at the level α = 0.05; different letter behind a numerical value respond to the statistically significant difference at the level of 95.0%.

[ii] EW, earthworms; Vc, vermicompost.

Table 7

Impact of Vc and EW on the nitrates (NaNO₃) content in radish roots and leaves.

Treatment		3. V. (36 days a.e)		9. V. (42 days a.e)		3. V.	9. V.
Treatment		Roots	Leaves	Roots	Leaves	R:L
No.	Mark	mg · kg⁻¹
1	S	652.44 a	268.82 a	458.86 a	256.38 a	2.427	1.790
2	SV_9:1	1,680.32 c	583.10 b	1,127.08 c	550.86 b	2.882	2.046
3	SV_4:1	2,562.50 e	948.20 c	2,490.42 e	880.82 c	2.702	2.827
4	SV _3:1	2,633.00 e	1,272.42 d	2,390.52 de	1,098.42 d	2.069	2.176
5	SV _1:1	3,078.68 f	1,673.54 e	3,000.62 f	1,248.00 e	1.840	2.404
6	SV_9:1+EW₁₀	1,477.26 b	566.20 b	981.78 b	530.40 b	2.609	1.851
7	SV_9:1+EW₂₀	1,439.88 b	566.20 b	980.16 b	522.00 b	2.543	1.878
8	SV_4:1+EW₁₀	2,342.48 d	920.46 c	2,335.00 d	864.76 c	2.545	2.700
9	SV_4:1+EW₂₀	2,278.82 d	900.00 c	2,307.82 d	864.76 c	2.532	2.669
10	SV_3:1+EW₁₀	2,578.82 e	1,200.00 d	2,382.50 de	1,056.76 d	2.149	2.255
11	SV_3:1+EW₂₀	2,562.62 e	1,200.00 d	2,380.00 de	1,040.20 d	2.136	2.288
12	SV_1:1+EW₁₀	3,004.06 f	1,650.86 e	2,950.00 f	1,248.00 e	1.820	2.364
13	SV_1:1+EW₂₀	3,012.22 f	1,658.98 e	2,950.00 f	1,248.80 e	1.816	2.362
1–13		2,254.09	1,031.45	2,056.52	877.70	2.19	2.34
2–5		2,488.63	1,119.32	2,252.16	944.53	2.22	2.38
6–13		2,337.02	1,082.84	2,158.41	921.96	2.16	2.34
6,8,10,12		2,350.66	1,084.38	2,162.32	924.98	2.16	2.34
7,9,11,13		2,323.39	1,081.30	2,154.50	918.94	2.15	2.34
LSD		98.884	77.286	116.116	132.053	–	–

[ii] EW, earthworms; Vc, vermicompost.

Table 8

Relationship between the qualitative (nitrates and vitamin C contents) and quantitative yield parameters.

Parameter		Date of sampling
Parameter		3. V. (36 days after emergence of plants	9. V. (42 days after emergence of plants
Dependent	Independent	Correlation coefficient (r)
Weight of roots	Total chlorophyll	0.514⁺⁺	0.515⁺⁺
Weight of roots	Diameter of roots	0.488⁺⁺	0.488⁺⁺
Weight of leaves	0.600⁺⁺	0.777⁺⁺
Vitamin C in roots	Total chlorophyll	−0.621⁺⁺	−0.740⁺⁺
Vitamin C in roots	Diameter of roots	−0.340₊	−0.585⁺⁺
Weight of roots	−0.365⁺⁺	−0.645⁺⁺
NaNO₃ in roots	−0.708⁺⁺	−0.773⁺⁺
Vitamin C in leaves	Total chlorophyll	−0.738⁺⁺	−0.843⁺⁺
Vitamin C in leaves	Weight of leaves	−0.730⁺⁺	−0.774⁺⁺
NaNO₃ in leaves	−0.836⁺⁺	−0.900⁺⁺
NaNO₃ in roots	Total chlorophyll	0.759⁺⁺	0.911⁺⁺
NaNO₃ in roots	Diameter of roots	0.441⁺⁺	0.436⁺⁺
Weight of roots	0.500⁺⁺	0.490⁺⁺
NaNO₃ in leaves	Total chlorophyll	0.707⁺⁺	0.880⁺⁺
Weight of leaves	0.515⁺⁺	0.729⁺⁺

[i] No.-52, ⁺ statistically significant (p < 0.05), ⁺⁺statistically highly significant (p < 0.01), n – number of measurements.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0017 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 217 - 233

Submitted on: Jun 1, 2021

Accepted on: Apr 9, 2021

Published on: Jul 1, 2021

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

earthworms,

nitrates,

root weight,

total chlorophyll content,

Related subjects:

© 2021 Peter Kováčik, Katarína Olšovská, Sylwester Smoleń, Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 33 (2021): Issue 1 (June 2021)