Identification of the profile of endogenous cytokinin-like compounds during different plant growth stages and their effects on flower bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Months	Average monthly temperature (°C)	Monthly maximum temperature (°C)	Monthly minimum temperature (°C)	Monthly relative humidity (%)	Average monthly rainfall (mm)
January	3.8	16.1	−6.0	72.3	105.8
February	5.3	15.5	−1.7	78.3	174.4
March	9.0	22.3	−0.1	64.5	95.4
April	12.6	27.5	3.8	55.4	33.1
May	19.7	33.3	8.7	44.9	35.5
June	23.7	33.5	13.7	41.7	1.1
July	29.3	40.7	19.2	30.1	11.3
August	28.8	39.6	18.4	35.8	5.3
September	26.8	38.6	16.3	32.8	11.2
October	18.4	29.9	9.7	58.3	54.6
November	11.1	22.4	2.2	51.7	21.8
December	6.4	18.8	−1.3	50.9	51.2

Annual	16.2	40.7	−6.0	51.4	589.5

[i] Source: General Directorate of Meteorology in Turkey, 2015.

Table 2

Sampling dates for analyses of CK-like compounds

	Plant parts

	Shoots, leaves, flower buds, panicles and nuts
Physiological periods	35 DAFB	15 May 2015
	45 DAFB	25 May 2015
	55 DAFB	04 June 2015
	65 DAFB	14 June 2015

[i] DAFB, Days after full blooming, which was on 10 April 2015.

Appearance of the plant material used in the research.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the shoots of ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. Percentages were calculated using the formula: each CK compound content × 100/total CK content. DAFB, days after full blooming.

Table 3

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the shoots in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Isoprenoid CKs	Shoots CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW)

	35 DAFB		45 DAFB		55 DAFB		65 DAFB

	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’
iP	3.09^a ± 0.14	2.20^b ± 0.10	5.01 ± 0.28	4.95 ± 0.25	2.14^a ± 0.11	7.19^b ± 0.30	6.94^a ± 0.35	13.63^b ± 0.60
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.25^**		0.58		0.52^**		1.13^**
iPR	58.50 ± 2.63	54.70 ± 2.46	111.58^a ± 6.15	82.02^b± 4.10	42.51^b ± 2.13	65.14 ^a ± 2.95	25.33^b ± 1.21	49.53^a ± 2.28
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	5.75		11.82^**		5.76^**		4.07^**
Total iP type	61.59	56.90	116.59	86.97	44.65	72.33	32.27	63.16
t-Z	1.27 ± 0.05	1.16 ± 0.04	1.18 ± 0.02	1.03 ± 0.05	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
D%5 ‘On’ ×‘Off’ year	0.13		0.09		–		–
t-ZR	25.09^b ± 1.13	30.81^a ± 1.33	13.35^a±0.70	7.11^b ± 0.36	12.69^a ± 0.60	8.83^b ± 0.38	5.18^a ± 0.25	3.07^b ± 0.13
	2.86^**		1.30^**		1.19^**		0.44^**
t-ZOG	24.58^a ± 1.10	32.24^b ± 1.45	16.67^a ± 0.92	15.34^b ± 0.77	15.83^b ± 0.69	17.06 ^a ± 0.77	9.60^b ± 0.45	20.85^a ± 0.91
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	2.91^**		1.92		1.74		1.68^**
c-ZR	3.13^b ± 0.12	3.42^a ± 0.15	4.44 ± 0.20	4.52± 0.21	2.01^b ± 0.09	2.28 ^a ± 0.15	1.96^a ± 0.10	1.50^b ± 0.06
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.27^**		0.52		0.22^**		0.16^**
c-Z	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD
c-ZOG	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD	nd
Total Z type	54.07	67.63	35.64	26.97	31.81	28.17	16.74	25.42
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
DHZR	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ type	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CKs	115.66	124.53	152.23	113.94	76.46	100.5	49.01	88.58

No DHZ was detected in any of the samples. The results represent mean ± standard error. <LOD, below the limit of detection; nd, not detected. Different letters show statistically different levels.

* p < 0.05;

** p > 0.01.

For other explanation, see Table 2.

Table 4

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the leaves in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Isoprenoid CK s	Leaves CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW)

	35 DAFB		45 DAFB		55 DAFB		65 DAFB

	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’
iP	21.85^b ± 0.98	27.55^a ± 1.24	22.89^a ± 1.03	12.85 ^b ± 0.58	12.72^a±0.51	7.66 ^b ± 0.34	22.39^a ± 1.01	16.09^b ± 0.70
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	2.52^**		1.88 ^**		0.99^**		1.97^**
iPR	18.95 ± 0.80	21.78 ± 0.99	35.34 ± 1.51	20.54 ± 0.92	42.75 ± 1.70	23.08 ± 1.05	24.32 ± 1.10	23.52 ± 1.04
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	2.07^**		2.93^**		3.19^**		2.43
Total iP type	40.8	49.33	58.23	33.39	55.47	30.74	46.71	39.61
t-Z	<LOD	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-ZR	3.52 ± 0.16	1.98 ± 0.08	1.70 ± 0.06	2.01 ± 0.09	1.23 ± 0.06	1.22 ± 0.05	1.06 ± 0.04	1.13 ± 0.04
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.27^**		0.16^**		0.11		0.09
c-ZR	1.29 ± 0.07	1.19 ± 0.05	1.20^a ± 0.06	1.07 ^b ± 0.04	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.12		0.11^**		–		–
t-ZOG	5.12^a ± 0.23	4.37 ^b ± 0.20	3.17^b ± 0.14	6.08^a ± 0.27	2.05 ± 0.10	2.00 ± 0.8	6.66^a ± 0.30	5.07^b ± 0.22
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.41^**		0.47^**		0.19		0.60^**
c-ZOG	nd	nd	<LOD	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd
Total Z type	9.93	7.54	6.07	9.16	3.28	3.22	7.72	6.20
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
DHZR	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ-type	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CKs	50.73	56.87	64.3	42.55	58.75	33.96	54.43	45.81

No c-Z nor DHZ were detected in any of the samples. The results represent mean ± standard error. <LOD, below the limit of detection; nd, not detected. Different letters show statistically different levels.

* p < 0.05;

** p > 0.01.

For explanation, see Table 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the leaves of ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanation, see Figure 3.

Table 5

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the flower buds in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Isoprenoid CKs	Flower buds CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW)

	35 DAFB		45 DAFB		55 DAFB		65 DAFB

	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’
iP	2.02 ± 0.10	1.11 ± 0.06	4.01^a ± 0.18	2.90^b ± 0.13	3.06^b ± 0.11	6.60^a ± 0.30	15.76^a ± 0.61	12.47^b ± 0.50
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.17		0.33^**		0.52^**		1.27^**
iPR	14.82^a ± 0.67	12.41^b± 0.62	26.18^b ± 1.14	30.19^a ± 1.36	18.74^b ± 0.66	37.13^a ± 1.65	56.60 ± 2.20	53.86 ± 2.10
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	1.44^**		2.85^**		2.99^**		4.98
Total iP type	16.84^a	13.52^b	30.19^b	33.09^a	21.8^b	43.73^a	72.36^a	66.33^b
t-ZOG	6.46 ± 0.29	7.63 ± 0.38	4.26 ± 0.20	7.15 ± 0.22	3.24 ± 0.17	4.54± 0.24	2.12 ± 0.08	3.98 ± 0.18
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.74^**		0.58^**		0.38^**		0.27^**
c-ZOG	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-Z	<LOD	nd	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-ZR	5.20 ± 0.18	5.26 ± 0.25	1.95^b ± 0.11	2.59^a ± 0.13	3.02^a ± 0.18	2.06^b ± 0.08	3.15^b ± 0.14	3.76^a ± 0.20
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.50		0.22^**		0.25^**		0.33^**
c-ZR	1.53 ± 0.07	1.62 ± 0.09	1.61^b ± 0.08	2.34^a ± 0.11	1.18^b ± 0.05	1.65^a ± 0.14	1.23^b ± 0.06	3.87^a ± 0.15
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.16		0.19^**		0.13^**		0.24^**
Total Z-type	13.19	14.51	7.82	12.08	7.44	8.25	6.5	12.75
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
DHZR	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ type	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CK s	30.03	28.03	38.01	45.17	29.24	51.98	78.86	79.08

No c-Z, c-ZOG or DHZ were detected in any of the samples. The results represent mean ± standard error. <LOD, below the limit of detection; nd, not detected. Different letters show statistically different levels.

* p < 0.05;

** p > 0.01.

For explanation, see Table 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the flower buds of ‘On’ and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanations, see Figure 3.

Table 6

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the panicles in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Panicles CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW) ‘On’ year

	35 DAFB	45 DAFB	55 DAFB	65 DAFB	Period average	D%5 periods × ‘On’ year
iP	3.27^c ± 0.19	7.69^b ± 0.26	7.88^b ± 0.18	13.34^a ± 0.21	8.05	0.71^**
iPR	60.47^c ± 0.30	105.31^a ± 1.01	78.78^b ± 0.28	58.36^c ± 0.20	75.73	6.09^**
Total iP type	63.74	113	86.66	71.7
t-ZOG	29.22^a ± 1.31	6.53^b ± 0.26	6.95^b ± 0.29	6.99^b ± 0.33	12.42	1.31^**
c-ZOG	2.27^c ± 0.10	2.51^b ± 0.18	2.38^bc ± 0.09	2.76^a ± 0.17		0.18^**
t-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd		–
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd		–
t-ZR	12.24^a ± 0.55	3.90^b ± 0.21	2.99^c ± 0.13	2.06^d ± 0.09	2.48	0.55^**
c-ZR	5.44^a ± 0.25	4.20^b ± 0.19	4.00^b ± 0.16	1.66^c ± 0.07	3.82	0.32^**
Total Z type	50.27	17.14	16.32	13.47
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd		–
DHZR	1.10 ± 0.05	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ type	1.10	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CKs	114.01	130.14	102.98	85.17

No t-Z. c-Z or DHZ were detected in any of the samples. The results represent mean ± standard error. <LOD, below the limit of detection; nd, not detected. Different letters show statistically different levels.

* p < 0.05;

** p > 0.01.

For explanation, see Table 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the panicles of only ‘On’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanation, see Figure 3.

Table 7

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the nuts in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Nuts CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW) ‘On’ year

	35 DAFB	45 DAFB	55 DAFB	65 DAFB	Period average	D%5 periods × ‘On’ year
t-ZOG	161.87^a ± 8.09	56.55^c ± 3.13	52.41^c ± 2.38	74.51^b ± 3.75	86.34	9.13^**
c-ZOG	2.42^b ± 0.14	2.38^b±0.12	1.56^c ± 0.07	3.22^a ± 0.19	2.65	0.25^**
t-Z	<LOD	<LOD	nd	nd
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-ZR	184.85^a ± 9.24	32.90^b ± 1.82	24.18^bc ± 1.09	21.51^c ± 1.20	65.86	8.97^**
c-ZR	1.81^a ± 0.10	1.85^a ± 0.11	1.45^b ± 0.07	1.38^b ± 0.06	1.62	0.14^**
Total Z type	350.95	93.68	79.6	100.62
DHZ	3.04^a ± 0.14	2.80^b ± 0.15	1.90^c ± 0.10	1.17^d ± 0.06	2.22	0.20^**
DHZR	24.95^a ± 1.25	7.23^b ± 0.40	7.18^b ± 0.32	5.83^c ± 0.30	11.29	1.28^**
Total DHZ type	27.99	10.03	9.08	7
iP	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
iPR	3.04^a ± 0.15	1.67^bc ± 0.07	1.86^b ± 0.11	1.63^c ± 0.19	2.05	0.19^**
Total iP type	3.04	1.67	1.86	1.63
Total isoprenoid CKs	381.98	105.38	90.54	109.25

No c-Z was detected in any of the samples. The results represent mean ± standard error. <LOD, below the limit of detection; nd, not detected. Different letters show statistically different levels.

* p < 0.05;

** p > 0.01.

For explanation, see Table 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the nuts of only ‘On’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanation, see Figure 3.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 21 - 35

Submitted on: Sep 24, 2019

Accepted on: Nov 20, 2019

Published on: Apr 18, 2020

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

alternate bearing,

cytokinin-like compounds,

Pistacia vera L

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Plant science

© 2020 Muhammet Ali Gundesli, Salih Kafkas, Murat Guney, Nesibe Ebru Kafkas, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 32 (2020): Issue 1 (June 2020)

Identification of the profile of endogenous cytokinin-like compounds during different plant growth stages and their effects on flower bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 3

Table 4

Figure 4

Table 5

Figure 5

Table 6

Figure 6

Table 7

Figure 7

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