Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Detailed information about variables according to the damage inventory data from ungulate browsing at three experimental enterprises_ The number of measurements (n) represents the total number of surveyed plots_ Indicators are presented in the respective mean (±SD) for the three experimental enterprises for each variable
| Variables | Vyschedubechanske FE | Teterivske FE | Dniprovsko-Teterivske SFHE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26,746.00, ha | 32,169.00, ha | 18,477.00, ha | |
| Young forest area (up to 10 years old), ha | 914.00 | 1,390.00 | 210.00 |
| Percentage of young forest area, % | 3.42 | 4.32 | 1.13 |
| Number of measurements (n) | 144 | 41 | 90 |
| Area of young forests damaged by ungulates, ha | 0.25 (±0.27) | 0.50 (±0.46) | 0.33 (±0.31) |
| Average age of trees, years | 3.38 (±1.01) | 2.85 (±1.01) | 3.02 (±1.37) |
| Proportion of areas with damages by ungulates to the total area of young forest | 0.027 (±0.03) | 0.036 (±0.03) | 0.159 (±0.15) |
| Proportion of areas with damage of the main species to the areas with damages | 0.25 (±0.05) | 0.49 (±0.12) | 0.27 (±0.07) |
| Average damage degree, score | 1.91 (±0.47) | 2.37 (±0.77) | 1.94 (±0.71) |
| Proportion of areas with low damage | 0.026 (±0.018) | 0.022 (±0.019) | 0.145 (±0.129) |
| Proportion of areas with moderate damage | 0.026 (±0.032) | 0.027 (±0.022) | 0.189 (±0.175) |
| Proportion of areas with high damage | 0.041 (±0.028) | 0.045 (±0.039) | 0.110 (±0.071) |
| Moose density index | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Red deer density index | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Roe deer density index | 0.018 | 0.021 | 0.017 |
| Proportion of Scots pine area | 0.71 (±0.01) | 0.83 (±0.02) | 0.68 (±0.02) |
| Proportion of silver birch | – | 0.11 (±0.02) | 0.15 (±0.02) |
| Proportion of English oak | 0.04 (±0.01) | 0.04 (±0.01) | 0.17 (±0.02) |
| Proportion of red oak | 0.23 (±0.02) | – | – |
Accuracy assessment of the RFM and GLM prediction models for Vyschedubechanske FE, DniprovskoTeterivske SFHE and Teterivske FE
| Prediction models | Vyschedubechanske FE | Teterivske FE | DniprovskoTeterivske SFHE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSE | R2 | MSE | R2 | MSE | R2 | |
| RFM | 0.0005 | 0.87 | 0.0019 | 0.77 | 0.0038 | 0.89 |
| GLM | 0.0003 | 0.92 | 0.0014 | 0.82 | 0.0067 | 0.80 |
Significance of features according to the results of the generalized linear model_ Values represent model coefficients indicating the effect size and direction of each variable on the predicted degree of browsing damage
| Features | Vyschedubechanske FE, n = 144 | Teterivske FE, n = 41 | Dniprovsko-Teterivske SFHE, n = 90 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE | z-value | p-value | SE | z-value | p-value | SE | z-value | p-value | |
| Intercept | –1.72 (±1.16) | –1.49 | 0.14 | –4.66 (±21.84) | –0.214 | 0.83 | –2.01 (±1.50) | –1.334 | 0.18 |
| Moose density | 957.66 (±5276.23) | 0.182 | 0.18 | 135.28 (±989.14) | 0.137 | 0.90 | –301.88 (±817.16) | –0.369 | 0.71 |
| Deer density | –555.56 (±3820.72) | –0.145 | 0.88 | 17.52 (±1982.96) | –0.009 | 0.99 | –13.39 (±58.41) | –0.229 | 0.82 |
| Roe deer density | –49.84 (±442.62) | –0.113 | 0.91 | –69.27 (±1455.44) | –0.048 | 0.96 | 179.92 (±465.09) | 0.387 | 0.70 |
| Age of plants | 0.03 (±0.27) | 0.127 | 0.90 | 0.01 (±0.95) | 0.018 | 0.99 | –0.10 (±0.27) | –0.376 | 0.71 |
| Proportion of Scots pine, % | –1.03 (±0.86) | –1.202 | 0.23 | 1.23 (±13.45) | 0.091 | 0.92 | –0.005 (±1.14) | –0.004 | 0.99 |
| Proportion of silver birch, % | – | – | – | 1.04 (±13.66) | 0.077 | 0.94 | – | – | – |
| Proportion of English oak, % | –0.80 (±1.50) | –0.537 | 0.59 | 1.22 (±13.77) | 0.089 | 0.92 | –0.23 (±0.99) | –0.239 | 0.81 |
| Proportion of red oak, % | –0.87 (±0.75) | –1.152 | 0.25 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Forest type | –0.03 (±0.50) | –0.063 | 0.95 | –0.01 (±0.72) | 0.016 | 0.99 | 0.06 (±0.25) | 0.224 | 0.82 |
| Damage degree, score | 0.005 (±0.55) | 0.010 | 0.99 | –0.06 (±0.67) | –0.090 | 0.93 | –0.05 (±0.37) | –0.148 | 0.88 |
| Pearson chi2 | 0.347 | 0.125 | 0.98 | ||||||
| Pseudo R-squ. | 0.028 | 0.040 | 0.121 | ||||||