Nanoparticles and magnetic field as novel elicitors improve seed germination and early growth of Mediterranean cypress

Rahmatollah Pordel; Vahide Payamnoor; Mohammad Esmaeilpour; Gholamreza Goodarzi; Hossein Yousefi

doi:10.2478/ffp-2024-0003

Figures & Tables

The used nanoparticles’ images: A – nanochitosan, B – nanochitin and C – nanocellulose (photos by the manufacturer, Nano Novin polymer company, http://nanonovin.com). The average diameters at in at particular applied voltages are 35 ± 10, 24 ± 9 and 32 ± 8 respectively. (SEM: scanning electron microscopic)

The effect of nanopriming on (a) germination percentage, (b) germination rate, (c) length of radicle, (d) length of the stem and (e) fresh weight of the stem. Different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant difference.

The effects of magnetopriming on (a) germination percentage, (b) the number of leaves, (c) leaf area, (d) length of the radicle, (e) length of the stem, (f) fresh weight of the radicle and (g) fresh weight of the stem. Different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant difference.

Average comparison of nano treatments, magnetic field and time on Mediterranean cypress seed germination characteristics

Source of variation	Germination percentage	Germination rate
1	2	3
Cellul-N	53.3^abc	10.6^abcdef
CTS-N	45.3^abcdef	8.2^cdefg
CT-N	46.6^abcdef	8.4^bcdefg
20 mT + 1 min	50.6^abcd	8.1^cdefg
20 mT + 10 min	41.3^bcdef	7^g
20 mT + 20 min	45.3^abcdef	7.78^efg
30 mT + 1 min	44^bcdef	8.3^bcdefg
30 mT + 10 min	48^abcde	8.32^bcdefg
30 mT + 20 min	53.3^abc	11.2^abcd
40 mT + 1 min	49.3^abcd	8^defg
40 mT + 10 min	47.6^abcde	8.9^abcdefg
40 mT + 20 min	60^a	10.93^abcdef
CT-N + 20 mT + 1 min	46.6^abcdef	9.94^abcdefg
CT-N + 20 mT + 10 min	56^ab	9.84^abcdefg
CT-N + 20 mT + 20 min	52^abc	9.58^abcdefg
CT-N + 30 mT + 1 min	42.6^bcdef	12^a
CT-N + 30 mT + 10 min	33.3^de	10.1^abcdefg
CT-N + 30 mT + 20 min	33.3^de	8.3^bcdefg
CT-N + 40 mT + 1 min	44^bcdef	9.8^abcdefg
CT-N + 30 mT + 10 min	48^abcde	10.6^abcdef
CT-N + 30 mT + 20 min	44^bcdef	8.65^bcdefg
Cellul-N + 20 mT + 1 min	32^f	7.16^g
Cellul-N + 20 mT + 10 min	56^ab	11.4^abc
Cellul-N + 20 mT + 20 min	49.3^abcd	11.25^abcd
Cellul-N + 30 mT + 1 min	40^cdef	9.46^abcdefg
Cellul-N + 30 mT + 10 min	50.6^abcd	9.86^abcdefg
Cellul-N + 30 mT + 20 min	38.6^cdef	8.69^bcdefg
Cellul-N + 40 mT + 1 min	50.6^abcd	10.9^abcdef
Cellul-N + 40 mT + 10 min	38.6^cdef	8.49^bcdefg
Cellul-N + 40 mT + 20 min	44^bcdef	8.64^bcdefg
CTS-N + 20 mT + 1 min	42.6^bcdef	8.93^abcdefg
CTS-N + 20 mT + 10 min	45.3^abcdef	11.54^ab
CTS-N + 20 mT + 20 min	48^abcde	11^abcde
CTS-N + 30 mT + 1 min	49.3^abcd	8.08^bcdef
CTS-N + 30 mT + 10 min	48^abcde	7.65^def
CTS-N + 30 mT + 20 min	36^def	9.3^abcdefg
CTS-N + 40 mT + 1 min	50.6^abcd	8.4^abcdefg
CTS-N + 40 mT + 10 min	52^abc	9.76^abcdefg
CTS-N + 40 mT + 20 min	45.3^abcdef	8.7^bcdefg
Ctr	42.6^bcdef	7.8^efg

Average comparison of nano treatments, magnetic field and time on the vegetative characteristics of Mediterranean cypress seedlings

Source of variation	Length of the stem	Collar diameter	Fresh weight of the radicle	Fresh weight of the stem	Radicle dry weight	Stem dry weight	Number of leaves	Leaf area	Length of the radicle
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Cellul-N	65^a	3.56^abc	0.166^efg	0.353^cdefgh	0.025^ef	0.069^fghi	166.6^ghijkl	2783.3^fghijkl	64.15^cdef
CTS-N	61^a	3.83^ab	0.186^def	0.37^cdefg	0.033^ef	0.063^hijk	168^ghijk	2912^efghijkl	63.8^cdef
CT-N	60.3^a	3.41^abc	0.103^fgh	0.256^hi	0.026^ef	0.065^ghij	157.3^ghijkl	2193.3^ijkl	64^cdef
20 mT + 1 min	34.5^fghij	3.65^abc	0.053^h	0.236ⁱ	0.011^f	0.035^mn	127.3^jklm	2037.3^jkl	24^kl
20 mT + 10 min	34.16^hij	3.84^ab	0.076^gh	0.246^hi	0.007^f	0.036^lmn	119.6^lm	2057.3^jkl	28.16^kl
20 mT + 20 min	35.3^efghij	4.08^a	0.073^gh	0.276^fghi	0.014^f	0.043^klmn	196^cdefgh	3822^abcdefgh	30.3^ghijkl
30 mT + 1 min	36.1^efghij	3.97^ab	0.076^gh	0.25^hi	0.0327^ef	0.041^klmn	172.6^ghijk	3005.3^defghijkl	29.3^kl
30 mT + 10 min	34.3^ghij	3.56^abc	0.073^gh	0.236ⁱ	0.009^f	0.047^jklmn	188^efghi	3276^cdefghijk	28.5^kl
30 mT + 20 min	38.3^cdefghi	3.67^abc	0.12^fgh	0.28^fghi	0.034^ef	0.06^hijk	215.6^bcdefg	4628^abc	57.5^efgh
40 mT + 1 min	35.3^efghij	3.71^abc	0.12^fgh	0.306^defghi	0.022^ef	0.055^ijklm	143^ijklm	2763.3^fghijkl	43.16^ghijkl
40 mT + 10 min	36.16^efghij	3.43^abc	0.123^fgh	0.306^defghi	0.025^ef	0.057^hijkl	163.6^ghijkl	3384^bcdefghij	50.5^fghi
40 mT + 20 min	38.6^cdefghi	3.26^abc	0.093^fgh	0.296^efghi	0.020^ef	0.056^ijklm	175^fghij	3146.6^defghijkl	43.3^ghijkl
CT-N + 20 mT + 1 min	39.5^cdefgh	3.86^ab	0.166^efg	0.4^cde	0.042^cdef	0.074^fghi	156.3^ghijkl	2810.6^fghijkl	40^hijkl
CT-N + 20 mT + 10 min	40.3^cdefgh	3.56^abc	0.12^fh	0.38^cdef	0.022^ef	0.07^fghi	148.6^ghijkl	2875.3^efghi	35.8^igkjll
CT-N + 20 mT + 20 min	41^cdefgh	3.6^abc	0.163^efg	0.393^cde	0.034^ef	0.077^fghi	175^fghij	3500^abcdefghi	43^ghijkl
CT-N + 30 mT + 1 min	30.5^ij	2.96^c	0.11^fgh	0.263^ghi	0.027^ef	0.031ⁿ	100.3^m	1962^kl	28.8^kl
CT-N + 30 mT + 10 min	35.5^efghij	3.29^abc	0.11^fgh	0.316^defghi	0.032^ef	0.062^hijk	126.6^jklm	1849.3^l	39.8^hijkl
CT-N + 30 mT + 20 min	35.5^efghij	2.95^c	0.17^efg	0.373^cdefg	0.035^def	0.069^fghi	173.6^ghij	3332^bcdefghijk	50.6^fghi
CT-N + 40 mT + 1 min	40.6^cdefgh	3.34^abc	0.16^efg	0.416^cde	0.035^def	0.079^fghi	224^abcde	3730^abcdefgh	49.8^fghij
CT-N + 30 mT + 10 min	41.1^bcdefg	3.51^abc	0.183^def	0.416^de	0.03^ef	0.069^fghi	235.3^abcde	4073.3^abcdefg	50.6^fghi
CT-N + 30 mT + 20 min	42.8^bcdefg	3.71^abc	0.16^efg	0.41^cde	0.026^ef	0.072^fghi	222^abcde	3523.3^abcdefghi	42.5^hijkl
Cellul-N + 20 mT + 1 min	45^bcd	3.72^abc	0.366^c	0.6^a	0.063^abcde	0.113^bc	223^abcde	4138.6^abcdef	62.3^cdefg
Cellul-N + 20 mT + 10 min	43bcdef	3.52^abc	0.58^a	0.596^a	0.102^a	0.131^ab	249.3^ab	4800.6^a	87.6^ab
Cellul-N + 20 mT + 20 min	46.5^bc	3.9^ab	0.463^a	0.633^a	0.082^abc	0.134^a	265^a	4610^abc	76.3^abcd
Cellul-N + 30 mT + 1 min	43.8^bcde	3.85^ab	0.443^bc	0.55^ab	0.077^abcd	0.126^ab	237.6^abcd	4127.3^abcdef	91.8^a
Cellul-N + 30 mT + 10 min	45.8^bcd	3.71^ab	0.386^bc	0.616^a	0.085^ab	0.117^abc	242.6^abc	4544^abc	80.1^abcd
Cellul-N + 30 mT + 20 min	43^bcdef	3.83^ab	0.266^d	0.556^ab	0.062^abcde	0.102^cd	241^abcd	4680.6^ab	52^efghi
Cellul-N + 40 mT + 1 min	40.3^cdefgh	3.4^abc	0.373^bc	0.543^ab	0.064^abcde	0.099^cde	225.6^abcde	4356.6^abcd	71.6^bcde
Cellul-N + 40 mT + 10 min	41.8^bcdefgh	3.65^abc	0.19^def	0.456^bc	0.04^def	0.086^defg	193.6^defg	3649^abcdefgh	47.1^fghijk
Cellul-N + 40 mT + 20 min	41.8^bcdefgh	3.91^ab	0.233^de	0.466^bc	0.0513^bcdef	0.089^def	189^efghi	3532.6^abcdefgh	59^defgh
CTS-N + 20 mT + 1 min	39.5^cdefgh	3.86^ab	0.166^efg	0.4^cde	0.042^cdef	0.074^fghi	155^ghijkl	2784^fghijkl	41.1^hijkl
CTS-N + 20 mT + 10 min	37.6^defghi	3.35^abc	0.12^fh	0.38^cdef	0.082^abc	0.07^fghi	138.6^jklm	2675.3^ghijkl	35^ijkl
CTS-N + 20 mT + 20 min	38.6^cdefghi	3.5^abc	0.156^efg	0.393^cde	0.033^ef	0.076^fghi	164^ghijkl	3280^cdefghijk	40.5^kl
CTS-N + 30 mT + 1 min	29^j	2.96^c	0.079^gh	0.263^ghi	0.014^f	0.043^klmn	101.3^m	1982^kl	30.3^ghijkl
CTS-N + 30 mT + 10 min	35.8^efghij	3.29^abc	0.11^fgh	0.316^defghi	0.032^ef	0.062^hijk	125^klm	2428^hijkl	41.1^hijkl
CTS-N + 30 mT + 20 min	35.5^efghij	2.95^c	0.17^efg	0.373^cdeefg	0.035^def	0.069^fghi	173.6^ghij	3332^bcdefghijk	51.6^fghi
CTS-N + 40 mT + 1 min	40.6^cdefgh	3.39^abc	0.16^efg	0.416^cde	0.035^def	0.076^fghi	224^abcde	3730^abcdefgh	50.8^fghi
CTS-N + 40 mT + 10 min	41^cdefgh	3.51^abc	0.183^def	0.416^cde	0.03^ef	0.069^fghi	235.3^abcde	4073.3^abcdefg	47.1^fghijk
CTS-N + 40 mT + 20 min	43^bcdef	3.71^abc	0.16^efg	0.41^e	0.026^ef	0.072^fghi	220.6^abcef	4246.6^abcde	41.6^hijkl
Ctr	49.3^b	3.14^bc	0.146^efg	0.31^defghi	0.027^ef	0.058^hijk	158.6^ghijkl	2538.6^hijkl	50.3^fghi

Analysis of variance for the effect of nano treatments, magnetic field and time on the germination traits and characteristics of Mediterranean cypress seeds and seedlings

Source of variation	Degree of freedom	Germination percentage	Germination speed	Number of leaves	Leaf area	Length of the radicle	Length of the stem
Nano	3	0.889^ns	8.6^**	46.6^**	33^**	49.2^**	55.6^**
Magnetic	2	3.18^*	1.54^ns	22.3^**	6.4^**	0.03^ns	8.7^**
Time	2	1.39^ns	0.78^ns	3.6^*	2.96^ns	0.05^ns	1.7^ns
Nano × magnetic	6	1.8^ns	1.07^ns	20^*	6.09^**	3.9*	5.3^**
Nano + magnetic × time	6	0.58^ns	1.38^ns	0.97^ns	0.94^ns	1.83^ns	0.35^ns
Magnetic × time	4	2.46^ns	2.34^ns	3.2^*	1.7^ns	1.53^ns	1.02^ns
Nano × magnetic × time	12	1.26^ns	1.37^ns	1.35^ns	0.7^ns	4.08^**	0.41^ns
Source of variation	collar diameter	fresh weight of radicle	fresh weight of the stem	radicle dry weight	stem dry weight
Nano	5.76^**	130.07^**	85.3^**	20.7^**	118.4^**
Magnetic	2.14^ns	7.64^**	5.2^**	3.6^*	10.5^**
Time	0.127^ns	0.17ns	0.45ns	0.7ns	1.01ns
Nano × magnetic	2.28ns	11.05^**	5.7^**	1.56ns	8.9^**
Nano + magnetic × time	0.15ns	2.34^*	0.32ns	0.61ns	0.96ns
Magnetic × time	0.95^ns	1.46ns	1.6ns	0.94^ns	2.3^ns
Nano × magnetic × time	0.18ns	5.01^**	0.65ns	0.92ns	2.48^*

Nanoparticles and magnetic field as novel elicitors improve seed germination and early growth of Mediterranean cypress

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Average comparison of nano treatments, magnetic field and time on Mediterranean cypress seed germination characteristics

Average comparison of nano treatments, magnetic field and time on the vegetative characteristics of Mediterranean cypress seedlings

Analysis of variance for the effect of nano treatments, magnetic field and time on the germination traits and characteristics of Mediterranean cypress seeds and seedlings

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